Jewish Nationalism in the Second Temple Period? On the Legitimacy of a Category
Abstract The present contribution has its starting-point in a clearly conflicting historiographical situation: whilst many historians refuse to apply the terms «nation» and «nationalism» to Second Temple Judaism, many other colleagues use it without further ado, to the extent that several whole monographs have been devoted to the so-called «Jewish ancient nationalism». In these circumstances, the aim of this article is twofold: on the one hand, to understand the reasons of those scholars who are wary of using such language; on the other, to set forth and clarify the arguments of those who opt to accept it. The study concludes that a kind of Jewish nationalism did indeed exist at least at the end of the Hellenistic period and in the Roman age, and that this conclusion allows us to understand better the movements of Jewish resistance to the Roman Empire in the early Principate.
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Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities. London: Verso, 1983.
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Burrows, Millar. The Dead Sea Scrolls. New York: The Viking Press, 1955.
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Davies, Philip R. In Search of Ancient Israel. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1992.
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Grosby, Steven. Nationalism. A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: OUP, 2005.
Gruen, Erich S. Heritage and Hellenism. The Reinvention of Jewish Tradition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
Harris, William V. Ancient Literacy. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press, 1989.
Hastings, Adrian. The Construction of Nationhood. Ethnicity, Religion, and Nationalism. Cambridge: CUP, 2012.
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Schwartz, Seth. «Language, Power and Identity in Ancient Palestine». Past & Present 148 (1995): 3-47.
Smallwood, Mary. The Jews under Roman Rule. From Pompey to Diocletian. Leiden: Brill, 1976.
Smith, Anthony D. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986.
Smith, Anthony D. Nationalism and Modernism. A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nation and Nationalism. London/New York: Routledge, 20032.
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Smith, Anthony D. Nationalism. Theory, Ideology, History. Cambridge: Polity Press, 20102.
Tebes, Juan Manuel. «Memories of Humiliation, Cultures of Resentment towards Edom and the Formation of Ancient Jewish National Identity», Nations and Nationalism 25 (2019): 124-145.
Van Henten, Jan W. «The Ancestral Language of the Jews in 2 Maccabees». En Hebrew Study from Ezra to Ben-Yehuda, editado por William Horbury, 53-68. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1999.
Weeks, Stuart D. E. «Biblical Literature and the Emergence of Ancient Jewish Nationalism». Biblical Interpretation 10 (2002): 144-160.
Weitzman, Steven. The Origin of the Jews. The Quest for Roots in a Rootless Age. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2017.
Zeitlin, Solomon. «Megillat Taanit as a Source for Jewish Chronology and History in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods». Jewish Quarterly Review 9 (1918): 71-102.
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities. London: Verso, 1983.
Atkinson, Kenneth. «On the Herodian Origin of Militant Davidic Messianism at Qumran: New Light from Psalm of Solomon 17». Journal of Biblical Literature 118 (1999): 435-460.
Bar Asher, Moshé. «Il y avait à Suse un homme juif». Revue des Études Juives 161 (2002): 227-231.
Bermejo-Rubio, Fernando. «Was Pontius Pilate a Single-Handed Prefect? Roman Intelligence Sources as a Missing Link in the Gospels’ Story», Klio 101 (2019): 505-542.
Bermejo-Rubio, Fernando. Los judíos en la Antigüedad. Del exilio en Babilonia a la irrupción del islam. Madrid: Síntesis, 2020.
Bermejo-Rubio, Fernando. La invención de Jesús de Nazaret. Historia, ficción, historiografía. Madrid: Siglo XXI, 20214.
Breuilly, John (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Burrows, Millar. The Dead Sea Scrolls. New York: The Viking Press, 1955.
Cohen, Shaye J. D. The Beginnings of Jewishness. Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
Cotton, Hannah. «The Languages of the Legal and Administrative Documents from the Judaean Desert». Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 125 (1999): 219-231.
Davies, Philip R. In Search of Ancient Israel. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1992.
Deutsch, Karl W. Nationalism and Social Communication: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Nationality. New York: The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1953.
Farmer, William R. Maccabees, Zealots, and Josephus. An Inquiry into Jewish Nationalism in the Graeco-Roman Period. New York: Columbia University Press, 1956.
Finkelstein, Israel y N. A. Silberman. The Bible Unearthed. Archaeology’s New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts. New York: Free Press, 2001 (trad. cast. La Biblia desenterrada. Madrid: Siglo XXI, 2003).
Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell, 1983.
Goodblatt, David. Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism. Cambridge: CUP, 2006.
Goodman, Martin. The Ruling Class of Judaea. The Origins of the Jewish Revolt Against Rome A D. 66-70. Cambridge: CUP, 1987.
Grosby, Steven. Biblical Ideas of Nationality: Ancient and Modern. Winona Lake (Ind.): Eisenbrauns, 2002.
Grosby, Steven. Nationalism. A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: OUP, 2005.
Gruen, Erich S. Heritage and Hellenism. The Reinvention of Jewish Tradition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
Harris, William V. Ancient Literacy. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press, 1989.
Hastings, Adrian. The Construction of Nationhood. Ethnicity, Religion, and Nationalism. Cambridge: CUP, 2012.
Hezser, Caroline. Jewish Literacy in Roman Palestine. Tübingen: Mohr, 2001.
Hirschi, Caspar. The Origins of Nationalism. An Alternative History from Ancient Rome to Early Modern Germany. Cambridge: CUP, 2012.
Hobsbawm, Eric. «Introduction: Inventing Traditions». En The Invention of Tradition, editado por Eric Hobsbawm y Terence O. Ranger, 1-14. Cambridge: CUP, 1983.
Hobsbawm, Eric. Nations and Nationalism since 1780. London: Canto, 1991.
Hogan, Patrick Colm. Understanding Nationalism. On Narrative, Cognitive Science, and Identity. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 2009.
Hopkins, Keith. «Conquest by the Book». En Literacy in the Roman World, editado por J. H. Humphrey, 133-158. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1991.
Hornblower, Simon y A. Spawforth (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford: OUP, 1996.
Horsley, Richard A. «Power Vacuum and Power Struggle in 66-7 CE». En The First Jewish Revolt, Archaeology, History, and Ideology, editado por Andrea M. Berlin y J. Andrew Overman, 87-109. New York: Routledge, 2002.
Hutchinson, John. Nationalism & War. Oxford: OUP, 2017.
In der Smitten, Wilhelm. Gotesherrschaft und Gemeinde. Beobachtungen an Frühformen eines jüdischen Nationalismus in der Spätzeit des Alten Testaments. Bern: Herbert Lang, 1974.
Jansen, Christian y Henning Borggräfe. Nation – Nationalität – Nationalismus. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 2007.
Juergensmeyer, Mark. The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State. Berkeley y Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993.
Kohn, Hans. Nationalism. Its Meaning and History. Malabar: R. E. Krieger, 1965.
Laham Cohen, Rodrigo. The Jews in Late Antiquity. Leeds: Arc Humanities Press, 2018.
Mendels, Doron. The Rise and Fall of Jewish Nationalism. Jewish and Christian Ethnicity in Ancient Palestine. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
Mendenhall, George E. The Tenth Generation: The Origins of the Biblical Tradition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.
Millar, Fergus. «Empire, Community and Culture in the Roman Near East: Greeks, Syrians, Jews and Arabs». Journal of Jewish Studies 38 (1987): 143-164.
Mullen, E. Theodore. Narrative History and Ethnic Boundaries. The Deuteronomistic Historian and the Creation of Israelite National Identity. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1993.
Mullen, E. Theodore. Ethnic Myths and Pentateuchal Foundations: A New Approach to the Formation of the Pentateuch. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997.
Noam, Vered. «Megillat Taanit: The Scroll of Fasting». En The Literature of the Sages. Second Part, editado por Shmuel Safrai et al., 339-362. Assen: Van Gorcum, 2006.
Roshwald, Aviel. The Endurance of Nationalism. Ancient Roots and Modern Dilemmas. Cambridge: CUP, 2006.
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. The Culture of Defeat: On National Trauma, Mourning, and Recovery. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2003.
Schwartz, Daniel R. «Zeloten, Martin Hengels Die Zeloten und Dichotomie im antiken Judentum». En Martin Hengels «Zeloten». Ihre Bedeutung im Licht von fünfzig Jahren Forschungsgeschichte, editado por Herman Lichtenberger, 135-167. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013.
Schwartz, Seth. «Language, Power and Identity in Ancient Palestine». Past & Present 148 (1995): 3-47.
Smallwood, Mary. The Jews under Roman Rule. From Pompey to Diocletian. Leiden: Brill, 1976.
Smith, Anthony D. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986.
Smith, Anthony D. Nationalism and Modernism. A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nation and Nationalism. London/New York: Routledge, 20032.
Smith, Anthony D. Chosen Peoples: Sacred Sources of National Identity. Oxford: OUP, 2003.
Smith, Anthony D. Nationalism. Theory, Ideology, History. Cambridge: Polity Press, 20102.
Tebes, Juan Manuel. «Memories of Humiliation, Cultures of Resentment towards Edom and the Formation of Ancient Jewish National Identity», Nations and Nationalism 25 (2019): 124-145.
Van Henten, Jan W. «The Ancestral Language of the Jews in 2 Maccabees». En Hebrew Study from Ezra to Ben-Yehuda, editado por William Horbury, 53-68. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1999.
Weeks, Stuart D. E. «Biblical Literature and the Emergence of Ancient Jewish Nationalism». Biblical Interpretation 10 (2002): 144-160.
Weitzman, Steven. The Origin of the Jews. The Quest for Roots in a Rootless Age. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2017.
Zeitlin, Solomon. «Megillat Taanit as a Source for Jewish Chronology and History in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods». Jewish Quarterly Review 9 (1918): 71-102.
Bermejo Rubio, F. (2021). Jewish Nationalism in the Second Temple Period? On the Legitimacy of a Category. Studia Historica. Historia Antigua, 39, 73–105. https://doi.org/10.14201/shha20213973105
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