The gratitude to the adversary as a resource in the construction of the political narrative: the case of Libanius and Gregory Nazianzen in relation to the peace treaty of 363 AD
Abstract Emperor Julian´s unexpected death during the retreat of the Roman army amid the Persian campaign (363 A.D.) led to the election of Jovian as the new emperor in a very complex context, which was resolved through the negotiation of a peace treaty. That treaty guaranteed the return of the army to Roman soil in exchange for certain territorial transfers to the Persians, among which the city of Nisibis stands out. From the outset, that treaty was exploited by pagan and Christian authors as a resource to attack their rivals and legitimise their own political positions in a context of intense religious competition, especially in the eastern part of the Roman Empire. At the peak of this dialectical struggle, both the pagan Libanius and the Christian Gregory of Nazianzus would ultimately resort to a similar argument: gratitude towards the Persians to save the reputations of Julian and Jovian, respectively.
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Blockley, Roger C. “The Romano-Persian Peace Treaties of A. D. 299 and 363”, en Florilegium, 6, 1984, pp. 28-49. https://doi.org/10.3138/flor.6.002
Blockley, Roger C. “East Roman Foreign Policy, Formation and Conduct from Diocletian to Anastasius”, en ARCA, 30, Leeds, 1992.
Brodka, Dariusz. Ammianus Marcellinus: Studien zum Geschichtsdenken im vierten Jahrhundert n.Chr., Jagiellonian University Press, Krákow, 2009.
Comfort, Anthony. “Fortresses of the Tur Abdin and the Confrontation between Rome and Persia”, en Anatolian Studies, 67, 2017, pp. 181-229. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0066154617000047
Den Boeft, Jan, Drijvers, Jan Willem, Den Hengst, Daniel y Teitler, Hans C. Philological and Historical Commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus XXV, Leiden, 2005.
Dignas, Beate y Winter, Engelbert. Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals, Cambridge, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511619182
Dillemann, Louis. Haute Mésopotamie orientale et pays adjacents, Paul Geuthner (Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique 72), Paris, 1962.
Elton, Hugh. The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity: A Political and Military History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139030236
Edwell, Peter. Rome and Persia at War: Imperial Competition and Contact, 193-363 CE, Routledge, London/New York, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315607023
Garsoïan, Nina G. The Epic Histories Attributed to PꜤAwstos Buzand (Buzandaran PatmutꜤiwnkꜤ), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1989.
Geffcken, Johannes. Der Ausgang des griechisch-römischen Heidentums, Carl Winters, Heidelberg, 1920.
Grattarola, Pio. “La satrapie romane da Diocleziano a Gioviano”, en Garzya, Antonio (ed.). Metodologie della ricerca sulla tarda antichità: Atti del Primo Convegno dell´Associazione di Studi Tardoantichi, D´Auria, Nápoles, 1989, pp. 415-433.
Greatrex, Geoffrey. “The Romano-Persian Frontier and the Context of the Book of Steps”, en Heal, Kristian. S. y Kitchen, Robert. A. (eds.), Breaking the Mind: New Studies in the Syriac ‘Book of Steps’”, The Catholic University of America Press, Washington DC, 2014, pp. 9-31. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt5vj8hk.5
Kulikowski, Michael. Imperial Tragedy: From Constantine’s Empire to the Destruction of Roman Italy, AD 363-658, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2019.
Lenski, Noel. Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D., Berkeley, Los Ángeles, 2002.
Lightfoot, Chris S. “Facts and Fiction: The Third Siege of Nisibis (A.D. 350)”, en Historia. Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 37, 1988, pp. 105-125.
Lightfoot, Chris S. “Armenia and the Eastern Marches”, en A. K. Bowman, P. Garnsey y Av. Cameron (eds.), Cambrideg Ancient History, XII. The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193-337, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005, pp. 481-497. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521301992.020
Mosig-Walburg, Karin. “Zur Schlacht bei Singara”, en Historia, Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 48, 1999, pp. 330-384.
Mosig-Walburg, Karin. Römer und Perser vom 3. Jahrhundert bis zum Jahr 363 n. Chr., Guttenberg, 2009.
Palermo, Rocco. On the Edge of Empires. North Mesopotamia during the Roman Period (2nd-4th C. CE), Routledge, London/New York, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315648255
Paschoud, François. Cinq études sur Zosime, Les Belles Letrres, Paris, 1975
Potter, David Stone, The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395, Routledge, London/New York, 2014 (orig. 2004). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315882567
Shayegan, Rahim M. “On the Rationale behind the Roman Wars of Sabuhr II the Great”, en Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 18, 2004, pp. 111-133
Stein, Ernst. Histoire du Bas-Empire, I. De l’état Romain à l’état Byzantin (284-476) (ed. J.-R. Palanque), Desclée de Brouwer, Bruges, 1959
Straub, Johannes. Vom Herrscherideal in der Spätantike, W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, 1939.
Wiemer, Hans-Ulrich. “Emperors and Empire in Libanius”, en L. Van Hoof (ed.), Libanius: A Critical Introduction, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014, pp. 187-219. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139012089.014
Winter, Engelbert. Die sāsānidisch-römischen Friedensverträge des 3. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. – ein Beitrag zum Verständnis der außenpolitischen Beziehungen zwischen den beiden Großimächten, Peter Lang, Frankfurt aM, 1988.
Winter, Engelbert. “On the Regulation of the Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire in 298”, en French, David H. y Lightfoot, Chris S. (eds.), The Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire. Proceedings of a colloquium held at Ankara in September 1988, BAR International Series 553, Oxford, 1989, pp. 555-571.
Gil Gutiérrez, P. (2025). The gratitude to the adversary as a resource in the construction of the political narrative: the case of Libanius and Gregory Nazianzen in relation to the peace treaty of 363 AD. Studia Historica. Historia Antigua, 43, e32069. https://doi.org/10.14201/shha32069
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