Reconstructing the Career of Tiberius Gracchus the Elder: Some Reconsiderations on the Minor Magistracies
Abstract The figure of Tiberius Gracchus the Elder has remained quite shadowed in most of the publications on the Middle Republic even though he was undoubtedly one of the most prominent leaders of his generation (first half of the 2nd century BC). He was a member of a side branch of the Sempronii Gracchi, and apparently not even the eldest son. Moreover, his father did not hold the consulship. However, Tiberius Gracchus carried out the consulship twice, celebrated two triumphi and became the first man in his family holding the censorship. He even married to Scipio Africanus’ daughter, Cornelia. It is noteworthy that, compared with the rest of his contemporary family, there are several references to his activity during the minor magistracies, in which he would show some of the characteristics that that would define him: profesionality, moderation and some other virtues that would make him an exemplary Roman.
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Adam, R.: «Valerius Antias et la fin de Scipion l’Africain», REL, 58, 1980, pp. 90-99.
Astin, A. E.: «The Lex Annalis before Sulla», Latomus, 16/4, 1957, pp. 588-613.
Badian, E.: Foreign clientelae (264 - 70 B. C.). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958.
Bandelli, G.: «I processi degli Scipioni: le fonti», Index, 3, 1972, pp. 304-342.
Bandelli, G.: «Il processo dell’Asiatico», Index, 5, 1974/75, pp. 93-126.
Beard, M.: «Priesthood in the Roman Republic», en Beard, M. y North, J.: Pagan
Priests: religion and power in the ancient world. New York: Cornell University Press, 1990, pp. 17-48.
Beck, H.: Karriere und Hierarchie. Die römische Aristokratie und die Anfänge des cursus honorum in der mittleren Republik. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1524/9783050048468
Bernstein, F.: Ludi publici. Untersuchungen zur Entstehung und Entwicklung der öffentlichen Spiele im republikanischen Rom. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998.
Bradley, G.: «Colonization and identity in Republican Italy», en Bradley, G. y Wilson, J. P.: Greek and Roman Colonization: Origins, Ideologies and
Interactions, Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, 2006, pp. 161-187.
Bradley, G.: «The nature of Roman strategy in Mid-Republican colonization and road building», en Stek, T. D. y Pelgrom, J.: Roman Republican Colonization, new perspectives from archaeology and ancient history. Roma: Papers of the Royal Netherlands Institute in Rome, 2014, pp. 60-72.
Brizzi, G.: «Per una rilettura del processo degli Scipioni. Aspetti politici e istituzionali», RSA, 36, 2006, pp. 49-76.
Broughton, T. R. S.: The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, I. New York: American Philological Association, 1951.
Càssola, F.: «Aspetti sociali e politici della colonizzazione», Dialoghi di Archeologia, 6, 1988, pp. 5-17.
Clemente, G.: «“Esperti”» ambasciatori del senato e la formazione della política estera romana tra il III e il II secolo a. C.», Athenaeum, 54, 1976, pp. 319-352.
Crawford, M. H.: «Foedus and sponsio», PBSR, 41, 1973, pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200008011
Crawford, M. H.: Roman Republican Coinage (2 vol.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511584015
De Regibus, L.: Il processo degli Scipioni. Torino: Bona, 1921.
Delgado, J. A.: «Criterios y procedimientos para la eleccion de sacerdotes en la Roma republicana», Ilu, 4, 1998, pp. 57-81.
Evans, R. J. y Kleijwegt, M.: «Did the Romans like young men? A study of the lex Villia annalis: causes and effects», ZPE, 92, 1992, pp. 181-195.
Fentress, E.: «Saturnia. La citta», en Carandini, A. y Cambi, F.: Paesaggi d’Etruria. Valle dell’Abegna, Valle d’Oro, Valle del Chiarone, Valle del Tafone. Roma:
Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 2002, pp. 123-124.
Fentress, E. y Jacques, F.: «Saturnia. La centuriazione», en Carandini, A. y Cambi, F.:
Paesaggi d’Etruria. Valle dell’Abegna, Valle d’Oro, Valle del Chiarone, Valle del Tafone. Roma: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 2002, pp. 124-126.
Gabrielli, C.: Moneta e finanza a Roma in età repubblicana. Roma: Carocci editore, 2012.
Gagé, J.: «La ‘rogatio Petillia’ et le proces de P. Scipion. Sur une procedure latine arcaique contre l’hostis Capitolinus», RPh, 27, 1953, pp. 34-64.
Gargola, D. J.: Lands, Laws & Gods: magistrates & ceremony in the regulation of public lands in Republican Rome. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
Geer, R. M.: «The Scipios and the Father of the Gracchi», TAPhA, 69, 1938, pp. 381-388. https://doi.org/10.2307/283187
Geer, R. M.: «Ti. Sempronius Gracchus and T. Veturius Gracchus Sempronianus», AJPh, 60/4, 1939, pp. 466-467. https://doi.org/10.2307/290859
Giovannini, A.: «Les livres auguraux», en Moatti, C.: La mémoire perdue. Recherches sur l’administration romaine. Roma: Ecole Francaise de Rome, 1998, pp. 103-122.
Gruen, E. S.: «The ‘fall’ of the Scipios», en Malkin, I. y Rubinsohn, Z. W.: Leaders and Masses in the Roman World. Studies in Honor of Zvi Yavetz. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 59-90.
Gwyn Morgan, M.: «Politics, religion and the games in Rome, 200-150 B.C.», Philologus, 134/1, 1990, pp. 14-36.
Hahm, D. E.: «Roman nobility and the three major priesthoods, 218-167 B.C.», TAPhA, 94, 1963, pp. 73-85. https://doi.org/10.2307/283637
Hamilton, C. D.: «The tresviri monetales and the republican cursus honorum», TAPhA, 100, 1969, pp. 181-199. https://doi.org/10.2307/2935909
Hölkeskamp, K. J.: «Das Plebiscitum Ogulnium de Sacerdotibus: Uberlegungen zu Authentizitat und Interpretation der livianischen Uberlieferung», RhM, 131/1,1988, pp. 51-67.
Jehne, M. y Pina Polo, F.: Foreign clientelae in the Roman Empire. A reconsideration. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2015.
Laffi, U.: «La colonizzazione Romana tra la Guerra Latina e l’eta dei Gracchi: aspetti istituzionali», Dialoghi di Archeologia, 6, 1988, pp. 23-33.
Laffi, U.: Colonie e municipi nello stato romano. Roma: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 2007.
Liegle, J.: «L. Aemilius Paullus als Augur maximus im Jahre 160 und das Augurium das Heils», Hermes, 77/3-4, 1942, pp. 249-312.
Linderski, J.: «The augural law», ANRW II, 16/3, 1986, pp. 2146-2312. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110841671-011
Meadows, A. y Williams, J.: «Moneta and the monuments: coinage and politics in Republican Rome», JRS, 91, 2001, pp. 27-49.
Orlin, E.: «Urban Religion in the Middle and Late Republic», en Rüpke, J.: A companion to Roman religion. Oxford: Blackwell, 2007, pp. 58-70. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470690970.ch5
Pina Polo, F.: «La colonizacion romana en el siglo ii a. C.», en Pereira, G.: Actas del I Congreso Peninsular de Historia Antigua, III. Santiago de Compostela: Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 1988, pp. 107-125.
Pina Polo, F.: «Deportation, Kolonisation, Migration: Bevolkerungsverschiebungen im republikanischen Italien und Former der Identitatsbildung», en Jehne, M. y Pfeilschifter, R.: Herrschaft ohne Integration? Rom und Italien in republikanischer Zeit. Frankfurt: Verlag Antike, 2006, pp. 171-206.
Pina Polo, F.: «Foreign clientelae revisited: a methodological critique», en Jehne, M. y Pina Polo, F.: Foreign clientelae in the Roman Empire. A reconsideration. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2015, pp. 19-41.
Richardson, J. S.: Hispaniae. Spain and the development of Roman imperialism,218-82 B.C. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511518591
Roldán, J. M. y Wulff, F.: Citerior y Ulterior. Las provincias romanas de Hispania en la era republicana. Madrid: Istmo, 2001.
Roselaar, S.: Public Land in the Roman Republic. A Social and Economical History of Ager Publicus in Italy, 396-89 BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577231.001.0001
Rosenberger, V.: «Republican Nobiles: Controlling the Res Publica», en Rüpke, J.: A companion to Roman religion. Oxford: Blackwell, 2007, pp. 292-303. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470690970.ch21
Rosenstein, N.: «Imperatores victi: the case of C. Hostilius Mancinus», ClAnt, 5/2, 1986, pp. 230-252. https://doi.org/10.2307/25010850
Rotondi, G.: Leges Publicae Populi Romani. Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1990 (reimpresion de 1.. ed. Milan, 1912).
Rüpke, J.: Fasti Sacerdotum. Die Mitlieder der Priesterschaften und das sakrale Funktionspersonal römischer, griechischer, orientalischer und jüdischchristalicher Kulte in der Stadt Rom von 300 v. Chr. bis 499 n. Chr. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2005.
Salmon, E. T.: Roman Colonization under the Republic. London: Thames and Hudson, 1969.
Santangelo, F.: «Priestly auctoritas in the Roman Republic», CQ, 63/2, 2013, pp. 743-763. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009838813000220
Scullard, H. H.: Roman Politics, 220-150 B. C. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 19732 (1.. ed. 1951).
Szemler, G. J.: The Priests of the Roman Republic: a study of interactions between priesthoods and magistracies. Bruxelles: Latomus, 1972.
Torregaray, E.: La elaboración de la tradición sobre los Cornelii Scipiones.
Zaragoza: Institucion Fernando el Catolico.
Tweedie, F. C.: «The case of the missing veterans: Roman colonisation and veteran settlement in the Second Century B.C.», Historia, 60/4, 2011, pp. 458-473.
Van Nerom, C.: «Le discours de Ti. Sempronius Gracchus pere en faveur de Scipion l’Asiatique (Tite Live, XXXVIII, 56)», Latomus, 25, 1966, pp. 426-447.
Astin, A. E.: «The Lex Annalis before Sulla», Latomus, 16/4, 1957, pp. 588-613.
Badian, E.: Foreign clientelae (264 - 70 B. C.). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958.
Bandelli, G.: «I processi degli Scipioni: le fonti», Index, 3, 1972, pp. 304-342.
Bandelli, G.: «Il processo dell’Asiatico», Index, 5, 1974/75, pp. 93-126.
Beard, M.: «Priesthood in the Roman Republic», en Beard, M. y North, J.: Pagan
Priests: religion and power in the ancient world. New York: Cornell University Press, 1990, pp. 17-48.
Beck, H.: Karriere und Hierarchie. Die römische Aristokratie und die Anfänge des cursus honorum in der mittleren Republik. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1524/9783050048468
Bernstein, F.: Ludi publici. Untersuchungen zur Entstehung und Entwicklung der öffentlichen Spiele im republikanischen Rom. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998.
Bradley, G.: «Colonization and identity in Republican Italy», en Bradley, G. y Wilson, J. P.: Greek and Roman Colonization: Origins, Ideologies and
Interactions, Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, 2006, pp. 161-187.
Bradley, G.: «The nature of Roman strategy in Mid-Republican colonization and road building», en Stek, T. D. y Pelgrom, J.: Roman Republican Colonization, new perspectives from archaeology and ancient history. Roma: Papers of the Royal Netherlands Institute in Rome, 2014, pp. 60-72.
Brizzi, G.: «Per una rilettura del processo degli Scipioni. Aspetti politici e istituzionali», RSA, 36, 2006, pp. 49-76.
Broughton, T. R. S.: The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, I. New York: American Philological Association, 1951.
Càssola, F.: «Aspetti sociali e politici della colonizzazione», Dialoghi di Archeologia, 6, 1988, pp. 5-17.
Clemente, G.: «“Esperti”» ambasciatori del senato e la formazione della política estera romana tra il III e il II secolo a. C.», Athenaeum, 54, 1976, pp. 319-352.
Crawford, M. H.: «Foedus and sponsio», PBSR, 41, 1973, pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200008011
Crawford, M. H.: Roman Republican Coinage (2 vol.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511584015
De Regibus, L.: Il processo degli Scipioni. Torino: Bona, 1921.
Delgado, J. A.: «Criterios y procedimientos para la eleccion de sacerdotes en la Roma republicana», Ilu, 4, 1998, pp. 57-81.
Evans, R. J. y Kleijwegt, M.: «Did the Romans like young men? A study of the lex Villia annalis: causes and effects», ZPE, 92, 1992, pp. 181-195.
Fentress, E.: «Saturnia. La citta», en Carandini, A. y Cambi, F.: Paesaggi d’Etruria. Valle dell’Abegna, Valle d’Oro, Valle del Chiarone, Valle del Tafone. Roma:
Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 2002, pp. 123-124.
Fentress, E. y Jacques, F.: «Saturnia. La centuriazione», en Carandini, A. y Cambi, F.:
Paesaggi d’Etruria. Valle dell’Abegna, Valle d’Oro, Valle del Chiarone, Valle del Tafone. Roma: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 2002, pp. 124-126.
Gabrielli, C.: Moneta e finanza a Roma in età repubblicana. Roma: Carocci editore, 2012.
Gagé, J.: «La ‘rogatio Petillia’ et le proces de P. Scipion. Sur une procedure latine arcaique contre l’hostis Capitolinus», RPh, 27, 1953, pp. 34-64.
Gargola, D. J.: Lands, Laws & Gods: magistrates & ceremony in the regulation of public lands in Republican Rome. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
Geer, R. M.: «The Scipios and the Father of the Gracchi», TAPhA, 69, 1938, pp. 381-388. https://doi.org/10.2307/283187
Geer, R. M.: «Ti. Sempronius Gracchus and T. Veturius Gracchus Sempronianus», AJPh, 60/4, 1939, pp. 466-467. https://doi.org/10.2307/290859
Giovannini, A.: «Les livres auguraux», en Moatti, C.: La mémoire perdue. Recherches sur l’administration romaine. Roma: Ecole Francaise de Rome, 1998, pp. 103-122.
Gruen, E. S.: «The ‘fall’ of the Scipios», en Malkin, I. y Rubinsohn, Z. W.: Leaders and Masses in the Roman World. Studies in Honor of Zvi Yavetz. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 59-90.
Gwyn Morgan, M.: «Politics, religion and the games in Rome, 200-150 B.C.», Philologus, 134/1, 1990, pp. 14-36.
Hahm, D. E.: «Roman nobility and the three major priesthoods, 218-167 B.C.», TAPhA, 94, 1963, pp. 73-85. https://doi.org/10.2307/283637
Hamilton, C. D.: «The tresviri monetales and the republican cursus honorum», TAPhA, 100, 1969, pp. 181-199. https://doi.org/10.2307/2935909
Hölkeskamp, K. J.: «Das Plebiscitum Ogulnium de Sacerdotibus: Uberlegungen zu Authentizitat und Interpretation der livianischen Uberlieferung», RhM, 131/1,1988, pp. 51-67.
Jehne, M. y Pina Polo, F.: Foreign clientelae in the Roman Empire. A reconsideration. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2015.
Laffi, U.: «La colonizzazione Romana tra la Guerra Latina e l’eta dei Gracchi: aspetti istituzionali», Dialoghi di Archeologia, 6, 1988, pp. 23-33.
Laffi, U.: Colonie e municipi nello stato romano. Roma: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 2007.
Liegle, J.: «L. Aemilius Paullus als Augur maximus im Jahre 160 und das Augurium das Heils», Hermes, 77/3-4, 1942, pp. 249-312.
Linderski, J.: «The augural law», ANRW II, 16/3, 1986, pp. 2146-2312. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110841671-011
Meadows, A. y Williams, J.: «Moneta and the monuments: coinage and politics in Republican Rome», JRS, 91, 2001, pp. 27-49.
Orlin, E.: «Urban Religion in the Middle and Late Republic», en Rüpke, J.: A companion to Roman religion. Oxford: Blackwell, 2007, pp. 58-70. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470690970.ch5
Pina Polo, F.: «La colonizacion romana en el siglo ii a. C.», en Pereira, G.: Actas del I Congreso Peninsular de Historia Antigua, III. Santiago de Compostela: Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 1988, pp. 107-125.
Pina Polo, F.: «Deportation, Kolonisation, Migration: Bevolkerungsverschiebungen im republikanischen Italien und Former der Identitatsbildung», en Jehne, M. y Pfeilschifter, R.: Herrschaft ohne Integration? Rom und Italien in republikanischer Zeit. Frankfurt: Verlag Antike, 2006, pp. 171-206.
Pina Polo, F.: «Foreign clientelae revisited: a methodological critique», en Jehne, M. y Pina Polo, F.: Foreign clientelae in the Roman Empire. A reconsideration. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2015, pp. 19-41.
Richardson, J. S.: Hispaniae. Spain and the development of Roman imperialism,218-82 B.C. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511518591
Roldán, J. M. y Wulff, F.: Citerior y Ulterior. Las provincias romanas de Hispania en la era republicana. Madrid: Istmo, 2001.
Roselaar, S.: Public Land in the Roman Republic. A Social and Economical History of Ager Publicus in Italy, 396-89 BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577231.001.0001
Rosenberger, V.: «Republican Nobiles: Controlling the Res Publica», en Rüpke, J.: A companion to Roman religion. Oxford: Blackwell, 2007, pp. 292-303. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470690970.ch21
Rosenstein, N.: «Imperatores victi: the case of C. Hostilius Mancinus», ClAnt, 5/2, 1986, pp. 230-252. https://doi.org/10.2307/25010850
Rotondi, G.: Leges Publicae Populi Romani. Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1990 (reimpresion de 1.. ed. Milan, 1912).
Rüpke, J.: Fasti Sacerdotum. Die Mitlieder der Priesterschaften und das sakrale Funktionspersonal römischer, griechischer, orientalischer und jüdischchristalicher Kulte in der Stadt Rom von 300 v. Chr. bis 499 n. Chr. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2005.
Salmon, E. T.: Roman Colonization under the Republic. London: Thames and Hudson, 1969.
Santangelo, F.: «Priestly auctoritas in the Roman Republic», CQ, 63/2, 2013, pp. 743-763. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009838813000220
Scullard, H. H.: Roman Politics, 220-150 B. C. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 19732 (1.. ed. 1951).
Szemler, G. J.: The Priests of the Roman Republic: a study of interactions between priesthoods and magistracies. Bruxelles: Latomus, 1972.
Torregaray, E.: La elaboración de la tradición sobre los Cornelii Scipiones.
Zaragoza: Institucion Fernando el Catolico.
Tweedie, F. C.: «The case of the missing veterans: Roman colonisation and veteran settlement in the Second Century B.C.», Historia, 60/4, 2011, pp. 458-473.
Van Nerom, C.: «Le discours de Ti. Sempronius Gracchus pere en faveur de Scipion l’Asiatique (Tite Live, XXXVIII, 56)», Latomus, 25, 1966, pp. 426-447.
Llamazares Martín, A. (2016). Reconstructing the Career of Tiberius Gracchus the Elder: Some Reconsiderations on the Minor Magistracies. Studia Historica. Historia Antigua, 34, 13–40. Retrieved from https://revistas.usal.es/uno/index.php/0213-2052/article/view/15322
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