Imperial Adjudication in Late Antiquity: Evolutions and Perceptions in the Light of Documentary Evidence
Resumen This paper explores the functions of recorded proceedings in late antique court administration, focusing on documentary records related to imperial adjudication. Verbatim records of verdicts uttered by the emperor on individual cases are on the whole scarcely attested; they become particularly rare from the mid-3rd century AD, and are no longer preserved after the 4th century. The author scrutinizes the causes and meaning of such a state of evidence. After an in-depth analysis of the extracts of proceedings included in the Theodosian and Justinian codes, parallel literary and non-literary sources on imperial jurisdiction in the 4th and 5th centuries are considered. The discussion highlights changes occurred in the function, circulation and reception of minuted records. These reflect evolutions which affected not only judicial procedure, but also the understanding of the imperial role, the forms of institutional communication, and late antique legal thinking. <w:LsdException
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Andriollo, Luisa (2018): «Imperial adlocutiones to the army: performance, recording and functions (2nd - 4th centuries CE)», GFA 21, 67-99.
Barnes, Thimoty D. (1982): The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine, Cambridge, Mass.-London.
Bianchini, Mariagrazia (1975): «Per l'interpretazione di CI 10.48.2», Labeo 21, 333-342.
Bianchini, Mariagrazia (1984): «L'imperatore Costantino e una certa Agrippina: Riflessioni su CTh 8.15.1», in Giuffrè, Vincenzo (ed.), Sodalitas. Scritti in onore di Antonio Guarino, Naples, 1191-1206.
Buti, Ignazio (1982): «La cognitio extra ordinem: da Augusto a Diocleziano», in ANRW II.14, 29-59. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110839746-002
Cameron, Alan (1976): Circus Factions: Blues and Greens at Rome and Byzantium, Oxford.
Castello, Maria G. (2018): «La Collectio Avellana e gli archivi: una questione aperta», in Lizzi Testa, Rita and Marconi, Giulia (eds.), The Collectio Avellana and Its Revivals, Cambridge, 302-317.
Coles, Revel A. (1966): Reports of Proceedings in Papyri, Brussels.
Connolly, Serena (2010): «Constantine answers the veterans», in McGill, Scott et al. (eds.), From the Tetrarchs to the Theodosians. Later Roman History and Culture, 284-450 CE, Cambridge-New York, 93-114. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511712296.006
Corcoran, Simon (2000): The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government AD 284-324, Oxford.
Corcoran, Simon (2006): «Emperor and Citizen in the Era of Constantine», in Hartley, Elizabeth et al. (eds.), Constantine the Great: York's Roman Emperor, London, 41-51.
Corcoran, Simon (2018): «Less of the same? Continuity and change in the official epigraphy of the late Empire», Travaux et Mémoires 22/2, 3-27.
Coriat, Jean-Pierre (1997): Le prince législateur. La technique législative des Sévères et les méthodes de création du droit impérial à la fin du Principat, Rome.
Coriat, Jean-Pierre (2016): «L'empereur juge et son tribunal à la fin di Principat: Un essai de synthèse», in Haensch (2016), 41-61.
Delmaire, Roland (2012): «Du Code Théodosien au Code Justinien. L'adaptation des lois anciennes à des situations nouvelles», in Crogiez-Pétrequin, Sylvie and Jaillette, Pierre (eds.), Société, économie, administration dans le Code Théodosien, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 165-182. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.septentrion.48479
Dillon, John N. (2012): The Justice of Constantin. Law, Communication, and Control, Ann Arbor. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.4348433
Drake, Harold (2015): «Speaking of Power: Christian Redefinition of the Imperial Role in the Fourth Century», in Wienand, Johannes (ed.), Contested Monarchy. Integrating the Roman Empire in the Fourth Century AD (Oxford), 291-308.
Dvornik, Francis (1951): «Emperors, Popes and General Councils», DOP 6, 3-23. https://doi.org/10.2307/1291081
Färber, Roland (2014): Römische Gerichtsorte. Räumliche Dynamiken von Jurisdiktion im Imperium Romanum, Munich.
Feissel, Denis (2009): «Les actes de l'état impérial dans l'épigraphie tardive (324-610): prolégomènes à un inventaire», in Haensch, Rudolf (ed.), Selbstdarstellung und Kommunikation. Die Veröffentlichung staatlicher Urkunden auf Stein und Bronze in der Römischen Welt, Munich, 97-128 [reprinted in Feissel (2010), 43-68].
Feissel, Denis (2004): «Pétitions aux empereurs et formes du rescrit dans les sources documentaires du IVe au VIe siècle», in Feissel and Gascou (2004), 33-49 [reprinted in Feissel (2010), 363-384].
Feissel, Denis (2010): Documentation, droit, diplomatique de l'empire romain tardif, Paris.
Feissel, Denis and Gascou, Jean (eds.) (2004): La pétition à Byzance, Paris.
Gaudemet, Jean (1979): La formation du droit séculier et du droit de l'Église aux IVe et Ve siècles, 2e édition, Paris.
Graumann, Thomas (2018): «Documents, Acts and Archival Habits in Early Christian Church Councils: A Case Study», in Bausi, Alberto et al. (eds.), Manuscripts and Archives: Comparative Views on Record-Keeping, Berlin-Boston, 273-294. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110541397-009
Haensch, Rudolf (2007): «Apokrimata und Authentica. Dokumente römischer Herrschaft in der Sicht der Untertanen», in Haensch, Rudolf and Heinrichs, Johannes (eds.), Herrschen und Verwalten. Der Alltag der römischen Administration in der Hohen Kaiserzeit, Köln, 213-233.
Haensch, Rudolf (2008): «Des empereurs et des gouverneurs débordés. À propos des lettres d'Hadrien aux technites dionysiaques récemment publiées», CCG 19, 177-186. https://doi.org/10.3406/ccgg.2008.1676
Haensch, Rudolf (ed.) (2016): Recht haben und Recht bekommen im Imperium Romanum. Das Gerichtswesen der Römischen Kaiserzeit und seine dokumentarische Evidenz, Warsaw.
Harries, Jill (1999): Law and Empire in Late Antiquity, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511482809
Hauken, Tor (1998): Petition and Response; An Epigraphic Study of Petitions to Roman Emperors 181-249, Bergen.
Honoré, Tony (1994): Emperors and Lawyers. Second edition. Completely Revised. With a Palingenesia of Third-Century Imperial Rescripts 193-305 A.D., Oxford.
Honoré, Tony (1998): Law in the Crisis of Empire, 379-455 AD. The Theodosian Dynasty and Its Quaestors, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198260783.001.0001
Hurlet, Frédéric (2016): «Les origines de la juridiction impériale: Imperator Caesar Augustus iudex», in Haensch (2016), 5-39.
Kaygusuz, Ismail (1987): «Neue Inschriften aus Ainos (Enez)», EA 8, 65-70.
Kelly, Christopher (2004): Ruling the Later Roman Empire, Cambridge, Mass. and London.
Kelly, John M. (1957): Princeps iudex. Eine Untersuchung zur Entwicklung und zu den Grundlagen der kaiserlichen Gerichtsbarkeit, Weimar.
Mantovani, Dario (2015): Review of Wankerl (2009), ZRG 132, 654-662. https://doi.org/10.7767/zrgra-2015-0145
Mathisen, Ralph W. (2004): «Adnotatio and Petitio: The Emperor's Favor and Special Exceptions in the Early Byzantine Empire», in Feissel and Gascou (2004), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1093/earlyj/32.1.169
Matthews, John F. (2000): Laying Down the Law. A Study of the Theodosian Code, New Haven-London. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt211qwgm
McEvoy, Meaghan (2013): Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367-455, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199664818.001.0001
Millar, Fergus (1977): The Emperor in the Roman World (31 BC - AD 337), London. https://doi.org/10.2307/1087113
Millar, Fergus (2006): A Greek Roman Empire. Power and belief under Theodosius II, 408-450. Berkeley-Los Angeles-London, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520247031.001.0001
Miller, David J. D. and Sarris, Peter (2018): The Novels of Justinian. A Complete Annotated English Translation, Cambridge.
Moffatt, Anne and Tall, Maxeme (2012): Constantine Porphyrogennetos. The Book of Ceremonies, Canberra. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004344921
Moreno Resano, Esteban (2003): «La acepción de interlocutio en derecho romano», RIDA 50, 249-286.
Moreno Resano, Esteban (2008): «Las 'interlocutiones' imperiales: origen y evolución», Index 36, 461-490.
Mourgues, Jean-Louis (1998): «Forme diplomatique et pratique institutionnelle des commentarii augustorum», in La mémoire perdue. Recherches sur l'administration romaine, Rome, 123-197.
Nörr, Dieter (1983): «Zu einem fast vergessenen Konstitutionentyp: interloqui de plano», in Studi in onore di Cesare Sanfilippo III, Milan, 521-543.
Peachin, Michael (1996): Iudex vice Caesaris. Deputy Emperors and the Administration of Justice during the Principate, Stuttgart.
Pergami, Federico (2000): L'appello nella legislazione del tardo impero, Milan.
Riedlberger, Peter (2020): Prolegomena zu den spätantiken Konstitutionen, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt.
Rizzi, Mariagrazia (2012): Imperator cognoscens decrevit. Profili e contenuti dell'attività giudiziaria imperiale in età classica, Milan.
Rolfe, John C. (1950): Ammianus Marcellinus. History, Vol. I, Cambridge, MA.
Schamp, Jacques (2006): Jean le Lydien. Des Magistratures de l'état romain. Tome II, Paris.
Schwartz, Eduard (1933-1935): Acta conciliorum oecumenicorum. Tomus alter (6 voll.), Berlin-Lipsia.
Sirks, Adriaan J. B. (2007): The Theodosian Code. A Study, Friedrichsdorf.
Stolte, Bernard (2003): «Jurisdiction and the representation of power, or the Emperor on circuit», in De Blois, Lukas et al. (eds.), The Representation and Perception of Roman Imperial Power, Amsterdam, 261-268. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004401631_023
Teitler, Hans C. (1985): Notarii and exceptores: An Inquiry on the Role and Significance of Shorthand Writers in the Imperial and Ecclesiastical Bureaucracy of the Roman Empire (from the Early Principate to c. 450 AD), Amsterdam.
Tuori, Kaius (2016): The Emperor of Law. The Emergence of Roman Imperial Adjudication. Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198744450.001.0001
Volterra, Edoardo (1971): «Il problema del testo nelle costituzioni imperiali», in La critica del testo II, Florence, 821-1097.
Wankerl, Veronika (2009): Appello ad principem. Urteilsstil und Urteilstechnik in kaiserlichen Berufungsentscheidungen (Augustus bis Caracalla), Munich. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.chbeck.1177
Westermann, William L. and Schiller, A. Arthur (eds.), transl. and commentary (1954): Apokrimata. Decisions of Septimius Severus on Legal matters, New York.
Whitby, Michael and Whitby, Mary (1989): Chronicon Paschale, 284-628 AD, Liverpool. https://doi.org/10.3828/978-0-85323-096-0
Youtie, Herbert C. and Schiller, A. Arthur (1955): «Second thoughts on the Columbia Apokrimata (P.Col. 123)», CE 30, 327-345. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.CDE.2.307771
Barnes, Thimoty D. (1982): The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine, Cambridge, Mass.-London.
Bianchini, Mariagrazia (1975): «Per l'interpretazione di CI 10.48.2», Labeo 21, 333-342.
Bianchini, Mariagrazia (1984): «L'imperatore Costantino e una certa Agrippina: Riflessioni su CTh 8.15.1», in Giuffrè, Vincenzo (ed.), Sodalitas. Scritti in onore di Antonio Guarino, Naples, 1191-1206.
Buti, Ignazio (1982): «La cognitio extra ordinem: da Augusto a Diocleziano», in ANRW II.14, 29-59. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110839746-002
Cameron, Alan (1976): Circus Factions: Blues and Greens at Rome and Byzantium, Oxford.
Castello, Maria G. (2018): «La Collectio Avellana e gli archivi: una questione aperta», in Lizzi Testa, Rita and Marconi, Giulia (eds.), The Collectio Avellana and Its Revivals, Cambridge, 302-317.
Coles, Revel A. (1966): Reports of Proceedings in Papyri, Brussels.
Connolly, Serena (2010): «Constantine answers the veterans», in McGill, Scott et al. (eds.), From the Tetrarchs to the Theodosians. Later Roman History and Culture, 284-450 CE, Cambridge-New York, 93-114. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511712296.006
Corcoran, Simon (2000): The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government AD 284-324, Oxford.
Corcoran, Simon (2006): «Emperor and Citizen in the Era of Constantine», in Hartley, Elizabeth et al. (eds.), Constantine the Great: York's Roman Emperor, London, 41-51.
Corcoran, Simon (2018): «Less of the same? Continuity and change in the official epigraphy of the late Empire», Travaux et Mémoires 22/2, 3-27.
Coriat, Jean-Pierre (1997): Le prince législateur. La technique législative des Sévères et les méthodes de création du droit impérial à la fin du Principat, Rome.
Coriat, Jean-Pierre (2016): «L'empereur juge et son tribunal à la fin di Principat: Un essai de synthèse», in Haensch (2016), 41-61.
Delmaire, Roland (2012): «Du Code Théodosien au Code Justinien. L'adaptation des lois anciennes à des situations nouvelles», in Crogiez-Pétrequin, Sylvie and Jaillette, Pierre (eds.), Société, économie, administration dans le Code Théodosien, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 165-182. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.septentrion.48479
Dillon, John N. (2012): The Justice of Constantin. Law, Communication, and Control, Ann Arbor. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.4348433
Drake, Harold (2015): «Speaking of Power: Christian Redefinition of the Imperial Role in the Fourth Century», in Wienand, Johannes (ed.), Contested Monarchy. Integrating the Roman Empire in the Fourth Century AD (Oxford), 291-308.
Dvornik, Francis (1951): «Emperors, Popes and General Councils», DOP 6, 3-23. https://doi.org/10.2307/1291081
Färber, Roland (2014): Römische Gerichtsorte. Räumliche Dynamiken von Jurisdiktion im Imperium Romanum, Munich.
Feissel, Denis (2009): «Les actes de l'état impérial dans l'épigraphie tardive (324-610): prolégomènes à un inventaire», in Haensch, Rudolf (ed.), Selbstdarstellung und Kommunikation. Die Veröffentlichung staatlicher Urkunden auf Stein und Bronze in der Römischen Welt, Munich, 97-128 [reprinted in Feissel (2010), 43-68].
Feissel, Denis (2004): «Pétitions aux empereurs et formes du rescrit dans les sources documentaires du IVe au VIe siècle», in Feissel and Gascou (2004), 33-49 [reprinted in Feissel (2010), 363-384].
Feissel, Denis (2010): Documentation, droit, diplomatique de l'empire romain tardif, Paris.
Feissel, Denis and Gascou, Jean (eds.) (2004): La pétition à Byzance, Paris.
Gaudemet, Jean (1979): La formation du droit séculier et du droit de l'Église aux IVe et Ve siècles, 2e édition, Paris.
Graumann, Thomas (2018): «Documents, Acts and Archival Habits in Early Christian Church Councils: A Case Study», in Bausi, Alberto et al. (eds.), Manuscripts and Archives: Comparative Views on Record-Keeping, Berlin-Boston, 273-294. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110541397-009
Haensch, Rudolf (2007): «Apokrimata und Authentica. Dokumente römischer Herrschaft in der Sicht der Untertanen», in Haensch, Rudolf and Heinrichs, Johannes (eds.), Herrschen und Verwalten. Der Alltag der römischen Administration in der Hohen Kaiserzeit, Köln, 213-233.
Haensch, Rudolf (2008): «Des empereurs et des gouverneurs débordés. À propos des lettres d'Hadrien aux technites dionysiaques récemment publiées», CCG 19, 177-186. https://doi.org/10.3406/ccgg.2008.1676
Haensch, Rudolf (ed.) (2016): Recht haben und Recht bekommen im Imperium Romanum. Das Gerichtswesen der Römischen Kaiserzeit und seine dokumentarische Evidenz, Warsaw.
Harries, Jill (1999): Law and Empire in Late Antiquity, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511482809
Hauken, Tor (1998): Petition and Response; An Epigraphic Study of Petitions to Roman Emperors 181-249, Bergen.
Honoré, Tony (1994): Emperors and Lawyers. Second edition. Completely Revised. With a Palingenesia of Third-Century Imperial Rescripts 193-305 A.D., Oxford.
Honoré, Tony (1998): Law in the Crisis of Empire, 379-455 AD. The Theodosian Dynasty and Its Quaestors, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198260783.001.0001
Hurlet, Frédéric (2016): «Les origines de la juridiction impériale: Imperator Caesar Augustus iudex», in Haensch (2016), 5-39.
Kaygusuz, Ismail (1987): «Neue Inschriften aus Ainos (Enez)», EA 8, 65-70.
Kelly, Christopher (2004): Ruling the Later Roman Empire, Cambridge, Mass. and London.
Kelly, John M. (1957): Princeps iudex. Eine Untersuchung zur Entwicklung und zu den Grundlagen der kaiserlichen Gerichtsbarkeit, Weimar.
Mantovani, Dario (2015): Review of Wankerl (2009), ZRG 132, 654-662. https://doi.org/10.7767/zrgra-2015-0145
Mathisen, Ralph W. (2004): «Adnotatio and Petitio: The Emperor's Favor and Special Exceptions in the Early Byzantine Empire», in Feissel and Gascou (2004), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1093/earlyj/32.1.169
Matthews, John F. (2000): Laying Down the Law. A Study of the Theodosian Code, New Haven-London. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt211qwgm
McEvoy, Meaghan (2013): Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367-455, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199664818.001.0001
Millar, Fergus (1977): The Emperor in the Roman World (31 BC - AD 337), London. https://doi.org/10.2307/1087113
Millar, Fergus (2006): A Greek Roman Empire. Power and belief under Theodosius II, 408-450. Berkeley-Los Angeles-London, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520247031.001.0001
Miller, David J. D. and Sarris, Peter (2018): The Novels of Justinian. A Complete Annotated English Translation, Cambridge.
Moffatt, Anne and Tall, Maxeme (2012): Constantine Porphyrogennetos. The Book of Ceremonies, Canberra. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004344921
Moreno Resano, Esteban (2003): «La acepción de interlocutio en derecho romano», RIDA 50, 249-286.
Moreno Resano, Esteban (2008): «Las 'interlocutiones' imperiales: origen y evolución», Index 36, 461-490.
Mourgues, Jean-Louis (1998): «Forme diplomatique et pratique institutionnelle des commentarii augustorum», in La mémoire perdue. Recherches sur l'administration romaine, Rome, 123-197.
Nörr, Dieter (1983): «Zu einem fast vergessenen Konstitutionentyp: interloqui de plano», in Studi in onore di Cesare Sanfilippo III, Milan, 521-543.
Peachin, Michael (1996): Iudex vice Caesaris. Deputy Emperors and the Administration of Justice during the Principate, Stuttgart.
Pergami, Federico (2000): L'appello nella legislazione del tardo impero, Milan.
Riedlberger, Peter (2020): Prolegomena zu den spätantiken Konstitutionen, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt.
Rizzi, Mariagrazia (2012): Imperator cognoscens decrevit. Profili e contenuti dell'attività giudiziaria imperiale in età classica, Milan.
Rolfe, John C. (1950): Ammianus Marcellinus. History, Vol. I, Cambridge, MA.
Schamp, Jacques (2006): Jean le Lydien. Des Magistratures de l'état romain. Tome II, Paris.
Schwartz, Eduard (1933-1935): Acta conciliorum oecumenicorum. Tomus alter (6 voll.), Berlin-Lipsia.
Sirks, Adriaan J. B. (2007): The Theodosian Code. A Study, Friedrichsdorf.
Stolte, Bernard (2003): «Jurisdiction and the representation of power, or the Emperor on circuit», in De Blois, Lukas et al. (eds.), The Representation and Perception of Roman Imperial Power, Amsterdam, 261-268. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004401631_023
Teitler, Hans C. (1985): Notarii and exceptores: An Inquiry on the Role and Significance of Shorthand Writers in the Imperial and Ecclesiastical Bureaucracy of the Roman Empire (from the Early Principate to c. 450 AD), Amsterdam.
Tuori, Kaius (2016): The Emperor of Law. The Emergence of Roman Imperial Adjudication. Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198744450.001.0001
Volterra, Edoardo (1971): «Il problema del testo nelle costituzioni imperiali», in La critica del testo II, Florence, 821-1097.
Wankerl, Veronika (2009): Appello ad principem. Urteilsstil und Urteilstechnik in kaiserlichen Berufungsentscheidungen (Augustus bis Caracalla), Munich. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.chbeck.1177
Westermann, William L. and Schiller, A. Arthur (eds.), transl. and commentary (1954): Apokrimata. Decisions of Septimius Severus on Legal matters, New York.
Whitby, Michael and Whitby, Mary (1989): Chronicon Paschale, 284-628 AD, Liverpool. https://doi.org/10.3828/978-0-85323-096-0
Youtie, Herbert C. and Schiller, A. Arthur (1955): «Second thoughts on the Columbia Apokrimata (P.Col. 123)», CE 30, 327-345. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.CDE.2.307771
Andriollo, L. (2020). Imperial Adjudication in Late Antiquity: Evolutions and Perceptions in the Light of Documentary Evidence. Studia Historica. Historia Antigua, 38, 245–272. https://doi.org/10.14201/shha202038245272
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