El azul de los britanos: Un análisis contextual de la pintura corpórea en Gran Bretaña, desde la Edad del Hierro hasta la Alta Edad Media
Resumen Las fuentes antiguas mencionan con frecuencia la pintura corporal como una práctica en Gran Bretaña. Esta costumbre, que se menciona en continuidad desde los días de Julio César hasta la época anglosajona, aún no ha sido confirmada por la evidencia arqueológica e iconográfica, pero hay suficientes indicadores para promover la continuidad de la investigación. El análisis textual y arqueológico muestra que puede haber una evolución en la práctica entre la Edad del Hierro y la Alta Edad Media, cuando los nuevos contextos religiosos y culturales habrían llevado a su eventual extinción. Aunque fue presentada por César como una práctica militar, la pintura corporal puede haberse extendido a otras esferas de las sociedades antiguas, incluyendo los fines estéticos y los ritos religiosos.
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Enghag, Per. Encyclopedia of the Elements. New York: Wiley, 2004.
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Parker, Richard Green. Outlines of General History, in the form of Question and Answer. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1848.
Patterson, Nick, et al. “Large-Scale Migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age”. Nature 601 (7894) (2021): 588–94. 10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4.
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Phipps, Elena. “Global Colors: Dyes and the Dye Trade”. In Interwoven Globe: The Worldwide Textile Trade, 1500–1800, ed. Amelia Peck. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2013.
Pope, Rachel. “Re-approaching Celts: Origins, Society, and Social Change”. Journal of Archaeological Research 30 (2021): 1–67. 10.1007/s10814-021-09157-1.
Pratt, Anne The Flowering Plants and Ferns of Great Britain. Vol. 1. London: Frederick Warne and Co, 1855.
Pyatt, F. Brian et al. “Non isatis sed vitrum or, the colour of the Lindow Man”. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 10(1) (1991): 61–73. 10.1111/j.1468-0092.1991.tb00006.x.
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Romer, Frank. Pomponius Mela’s Description of the World. Ann Harbour: University of Michigan Press, 2016.
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Thomas, Charles. “The Interpretation of the Pictish symbols”. The Archaeological Journal 120 (1963): 31–97.
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Waite, John. To Rule Britannia: The Claudian Invasion of Britain AD 43. Stroud: The History Press, 2014.
Wagner, Paul, Angus Konstam and Wayne Reynolds. Pictish Warrior, AD 297–841. London: Osprey Publishing, 1985.
Whittaker, Jason. William Blake and the Myths of Britain. London and New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999.
Wilcox, Peter. Rome’s Enemies (2): Gallic & British Celts. London: Osprey Men-at-Arms, 1985.
Alcock, Leslie. Arthur’s Britain. History and Archaeology, AD 367–634. London: Pelican Books, 1973.
Aldhouse-Green, Miranda. Bog Bodies Uncovered: Solving Europe’s Ancient Mystery. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2015.
Alves, Isabel et al. “Genetic Population Structure across Brittany and the Downstream Loire Basin Provides New Insights on the Demographic History of Western Europe”. bioRxiv (2022). 10.1101/2022.02.03.478491.
Beard, Mary. The Roman Triumph. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2007.
Bradley, Mark. Colour and Meaning in Ancient Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Carr, Gillian. “Woad, Tattooing and Identity in Later Iron Age and Early Roman Britain”. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 24(3) (2005): 273–292 10.1111/j.1468-0092.2005.00236.x.
Chapman, Henry. Iconoclasm and Later Prehistory. London and New York: Routledge, 2005.
Culp, Sandra and Beland, Frederick. “Malachite Green: A Toxicological Review”, Journal of the American College of Toxicology 15(3) (1996): 219–38.
Cunliffe, Barry. Iron Age Communities in Britain: An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh Century BC until the Roman Conquest. New York: Routledge, 2005.
Dantas, Daniela. “Mare Nostrum – Military History and Naval Power in Rome (2nd Century BCE – 1st Century CE)”. PhD thesis. Lisbon: School of Arts and Humanities of the University of Lisbon, 2020.
Dumville, David Norman. Britons and Anglo-Saxons in the Early Middle Ages. Aldershot: David N. Ashgate Publishing, 1993.
Enghag, Per. Encyclopedia of the Elements. New York: Wiley, 2004.
Gerrard, James. The Ruin of Roman Britain: An Archaeological Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Graham, Mark. News and Frontier Consciousness in the Late Roman Empire. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2009.
Greep, Stephen. “Needles”. In Dragonby: report on excavations at an Iron Age and Roman-British settlement in North Lincolnshire, ed. Jeffrey May. Vol. 1: 347. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 1996.
Gustafson, Mark. 2000: “The Tattoo in the Later Roman Empire and Beyond”. In Written on the Body: The Tattoo in European and American History, ed. Jane Caplan, 17–31. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.
Haddan, Arthur and William Stubbs, eds. Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents Relating to Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 3. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1871.
Hardy, Thomas, ed. Gesta Regum Anglorum. Vol. 2. London: Sumptibus Societatis, 1840.
Hartl, Anna, et al. “Searching for blue: Experiments with woad fermentation vats and an explanation of colours through dye analysis”. Journal of Archaeological Science Reports 2 (2005): 9–39.
Haywood, John. The Celts: Bronze Age to New Age. New York: Routledge, 2004.
Hoecherl, Marlies. Controlling Colours: Function and Meaning of Colour in the British Iron Age. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2016.
Jackson, Ralph. “Cosmetic sets from Late Iron Age and Roman Britain”. Britannia 16 (1985): 165–92.
Johnson, Marguerite. “Race and Ethnicity”. In A Cultural History of Hair in Antiquity, ed. Mary Harlow, 111–28. London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2019.
Johnson, Stephen. Later Roman Britain (Routledge Revivals). London: Routledge, 2014.
Karl, Raimund and David Stifler, eds. The Celtic World. 4 vols. London: Routledge, 2007.
Kernell, Daniel. Colours and Colour Vision: An Introductory Survey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
Lees, Edwin. Pictures of Nature in the Silurian Region around the Malvern Hills and Vale of Severn. Malvern/London: H.W. Lamb / D. Bogue, 1856.
Leslie, Stephen, et al. “The Fine-Scale Genetic Structure of the British Population”. Nature 519 (7543) (2015): 309–14. 10.1038/nature14230.
Ley, Herman de. “Beware of Blue Eyes! A Note on Hippocratic Pangenesis (AER., Ch. 14)”. L’Antiquité Classique 50 (1) (1981): 192–97.
MacQuarrie, Charles. “Insular Celtic Tattooing: History, Myth and Metaphor”. In Written on the Body: The Tattoo in European and American History, ed. Jane Caplan, 32–45. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.
Magini, Leonardo. Astronomy and calendar in Ancient Rome: the Eclipse Festivals. Rome: L’Erma, 2001.
Moore, Mary. “Ships on a ‘Wine-Dark Sea’ in the Age of Homer”. Metropolitan Museum Journal 35 (2000): 13–38. 10.2307/1513024.
Morez, Adeline et al. “Imputed genomes and haplotype-based analyses of the Picts of early medieval Scotland reveal fine-scale relatedness between Iron Age, early medieval and the modern people of the UK”. PLOS Genetics 19(4) (2023). 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010360.
Nixon, Carl, and Rodgers, Barbara In Praise of Later Roman Emperors - The Panegyrici Latini. Introduction, Translation and Historical Commentary with the Latin Text of R. A. B. Mynors. Berkeley / Los Angeles / Oxford: University of California Press, 1994.
Olson, Kelly. Dress and the Roman Woman: Self-Presentation and Society. Dress and the Roman Woman: Self-Presentation and Society. New York: Routledge, 2012.
Orma, Mary. March of the Pigments: Color History, Science and Impact. Croydon: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022.
Parker, Richard Green. Outlines of General History, in the form of Question and Answer. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1848.
Patterson, Nick, et al. “Large-Scale Migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age”. Nature 601 (7894) (2021): 588–94. 10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4.
Percy, Sholto and Reuben Percy, R. The Percy Anecdotes: Original and Select. Vol. 1. London: T. Boys, 1823.
Phipps, Elena. “Global Colors: Dyes and the Dye Trade”. In Interwoven Globe: The Worldwide Textile Trade, 1500–1800, ed. Amelia Peck. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2013.
Pope, Rachel. “Re-approaching Celts: Origins, Society, and Social Change”. Journal of Archaeological Research 30 (2021): 1–67. 10.1007/s10814-021-09157-1.
Pratt, Anne The Flowering Plants and Ferns of Great Britain. Vol. 1. London: Frederick Warne and Co, 1855.
Pyatt, F. Brian et al. “Non isatis sed vitrum or, the colour of the Lindow Man”. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 10(1) (1991): 61–73. 10.1111/j.1468-0092.1991.tb00006.x.
Rance, Philip. “Attacotti, Déisi and Magnus Maximus: the case for Irish federates in late Roman Britain”. Britannia 32 (2001): 243–70. 10.2307/526958what.
Romer, Frank. Pomponius Mela’s Description of the World. Ann Harbour: University of Michigan Press, 2016.
Salway, Peter. The Frontier People of Roman Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Speranza, Jasmine et al. “Isatis Tinctoria L. (Woad): A Review of Its Botany, Ethnobotanical Uses, Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, and Biotechnical Studies”. Plants (Basel) 9(3): 298. 10.3390/plants9030298
Stewart, Susan. 2019: “Class and Social Status”. In A Cultural History of Hair in Antiquity, ed. Mary Harlow, 129–44. London and New York: Bloomsbury.
Strutt, Joseph. A Complete View of the Dress and Habits of the People of England, from the Establishment of the Saxons in Britain to the Present Time. Vol. 1. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1842.
Thomas, Charles. “The Interpretation of the Pictish symbols”. The Archaeological Journal 120 (1963): 31–97.
Thompson, Edward. “Ammianus Marcellinus and Britain”. Nottingham Medieval Studies 34(1) (1990): 1–15. 10.1484/J.NMS.3.178
Thoyras, Rapin de. The History of England. Vol. 1. London: T. Osborne and J. Shipton et al. 1757.
Versnel, Henk. Triumphus: An Inquiry into the Origin, Development, and Meaning of the Roman Triumph. Leiden: Brill, 1970.
Waite, John. To Rule Britannia: The Claudian Invasion of Britain AD 43. Stroud: The History Press, 2014.
Wagner, Paul, Angus Konstam and Wayne Reynolds. Pictish Warrior, AD 297–841. London: Osprey Publishing, 1985.
Whittaker, Jason. William Blake and the Myths of Britain. London and New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999.
Wilcox, Peter. Rome’s Enemies (2): Gallic & British Celts. London: Osprey Men-at-Arms, 1985.
Dantas, D. (2023). El azul de los britanos: Un análisis contextual de la pintura corpórea en Gran Bretaña, desde la Edad del Hierro hasta la Alta Edad Media. Studia Historica. Historia Antigua, 41, e31320. https://doi.org/10.14201/shha31320
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