Blockchain possibilities in Education
Abstract The blockchain is a new technology that is breaking through in many fields, and also in the educational system. But it is not a specific technology which you can expect to improve a concrete situation: It is more a technology that allows registering events from an innovative form. And this can be translated into unsuspected changes. After presenting what Blockchain is and some examples of social uses, in the applications currently in use, there is an analysis of the problems to which the technology aims to answer. A review of the most outstanding experiences, all in an early phase of development, leads us to some critical conclusions about its viability.
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Abdul, L. (2018). Dubai Home to the biggest Educational Blockchain Implementation Project. Unlock, 5/3/2018. https://goo.gl/Qs4rvq
Abramovich, S., Schunn, C. & Higashi, R. M. (2013). Are badges useful in education?: it depends upon the type of badge and expertise of learner. Educational Technology Research and Development, 61, 217-232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-013-9289-2
Alheit, P. & Dausien, B. (2002). The ‘double face’of lifelong learning: Two analytical perspectives on a ‘silent revolution’. Studies in the Education of Adults, 34(1), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/02660830.2002.11661458
Allison, I. (2015). Bank of England: Central banks looking at ‘hybrid systems’ using Bitcoin’s blockchain technology. International Business Time. https://goo.gl/YE4Gmb
Arnold, M. (2016). Visa invita a las entidades a probar su nuevo sistema de pagos bancarios basado en la tecnología del ‘bitcoin’. Expansion (15/9/2016). https://goo.gl/yNYwyJ
Bartolomé, A. (2011). Comunicación y aprendizaje en la Sociedad del Conocimiento. Virtualidad, Educación y Ciencia, 2(2), 9-46. https://goo.gl/4hijLb
Bartolomé, A. & Grané, M. (2013). Interrogantes educativos desde la sociedad del conocimiento. Aloma. Revista de Psicologia, Ciències de l’Educació i de l’Esport, 31(1), 73-82. https://goo.gl/ixiUEV
Bartolomé, A. & Moral-Ferrer, J. M. (2018). Blockchain en Educación. Cadenas rompiendo moldes. Barcelona: LMI. Colección Transmedia XXI. https://goo.gl/8WtCoc
Bartolomé, A., Lindín, C. & Rivera-Vargas, P. (2018). Gestión de programas de aprendizaje personalizado mediante cadenas de bloque. En A. Bartolomé y J.M. Moral-Ferrer: Blockchain en Educación. Cadenas rompiendo moldes, pp. 141-182. Barcelona: LMI. Colección Transmedia XXI.
Behrens, A. (2018). BerkleeICE’s Open Music Initiative to Host Music and Rights Management Blockchain Events. Blockchain News, 9/2/2018. https://goo.gl/CmnqLS
Blázquez, S. (2018). El Giving Tuesday 2018 certificará las donaciones con Blockchain. Blockchain Economía, 5/10/2018. https://goo.gl/B7BfNv
Breslow, L., Pritchard, D. E., DeBoer, J., Stump, G. S., Ho, A. D. & Seaton, D. T. (2013). Studying learning in the worldwide classroom: Research into edX’s first MOOC. Research & Practice in Assessment, 8. https://goo.gl/GgZU17
Bruer, J. T. (1999). The myth of the first three years: A new understanding of early brain development and lifelong learning. New York: The Free Press.
Chaum, D. (1983). Blind signatures for untraceable payments. In Chaum, D., Rivest, R.L. & Sherman, A.T. (eds), Advances in Cryptology. (pp.199-203). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0602-4_18
Das, A. K. (2011). Emergence of open educational resources (OER) in India and its impact on lifelong learning. Library Hi Tech News, 28(5), 10-15. https://doi.org/10.1108/07419051111163848
Devine, P.M. (2015). Blockchain learning: can crypto-currency methods be appropriated to enhance online learning? In Proceedings of ALT Online Winter Conference 2015, 7-10 December 2015. http://oro.open.ac.uk/44966/
Dinevski, D. & Kokol, P. (2004). ICT and lifelong learning. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning, 7(2). https://goo.gl/soXgZx
García-Peñalvo, F. J., Griffiths, D., Jonhson, M., Sharples, P. & Sherlock, D. (2014). Problems and opportunities in the use of technology to manage informal learning. In F. J. García-Peñalvo (Ed.), Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM’14) (pp. 573-580). New York, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2669711.2669958
García-Peñalvo, F. J. & Griffiths, D. (2015). Rethinking informal learning. In G. R. Alves & M. C. Felgueiras (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM’15) (Porto, Portugal, October 7-9, 2015) (pp. 457-459). New York, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2808580.2808648
García-Peñalvo, F. J., Fidalgo-Blanco, Á. & Sein-Echaluce, M. L. (2017). Los MOOC: Un análisis desde una perspectiva de la innovación institucional universitaria. La Cuestión Universitaria, 9, 117-135.
García-Peñalvo, F. J. (2018). Identidad digital como investigadores. La evidencia y la transparencia de la producción científica. Education in the Knowledge Society, 19(2), 7-28. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks2018192728
García-Peñalvo, F. J., Fidalgo-Blanco, Á. & Sein-Echaluce, M. L. (2018). An adaptive hybrid MOOC model: Disrupting the MOOC concept in higher education. Telematics and Informatics, 35, 1018-1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.09.012
Gibson, D., Ostashewski, N., Flintoff, K., Grant, S. & Knight, E. (2015). Digital badges in education. Education and Information Technologies, 20(2), 403-410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-013-9291-7
Go, C. (2018). Blockchain and Identity Technologies. Medium 6/3/2018. https://goo.gl/rz9X2Y
Goswami, D (2016). Unchaining Blockchain: The Ultimate Transparency Tool? Blog of Government Innovators Network, Harvard Kennedy School, Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation. (8/6/2016). https://goo.gl/f6prab
Griffiths, D. & García-Peñalvo, F. J. (2016). Informal learning recognition and management. Computers in Human Behavior, 55A, 501-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.019
Jané, C. (2017). Barcelona tendrá su moneda digital para uso social. El periódico, 14/11/2017. https://www.elperiodico.com/es/barcelona/20171114/barcelona-tendra-su-moneda-digital-para-usosocial-6423549
Koulaidis, V. (2018). La tecnologi?a Blockchain como herramienta pedago?gica. En A. Bartolomé & J.M. Moral-Ferrer: Blockchain en Educación. Cadenas rompiendo moldes, pp. 81-86. Barcelona: LMI. Colección Transmedia XXI.
La Belle, T. J. (1982). Formal, nonformal and informal education: A holistic perspective on lifelong learning. International Review of Education, 28(2), 159-175. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598444
Longworth. N. (2005). El aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida en la práctica. Transformar la educación en el siglo XXI. Barcelona: Paidós.
Martín Ortega, E. (2008). Aprender a aprender: clave para el aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida. Estudios- Investigaciones, 72.
Mehta, N. B., Hull, A. L., Young, J. B. & Stoller, J. K. (2013). Just imagine: new paradigms for medical education. Academic Medicine, 88(10), 1418-1423. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182a36a07
Morales, T. (2017). Cadena de bloques. Cómo vender 25 toneladas de atún en 140 minutos gracias a blockchain. Retina. El Pais Economía (27/11/2017). https://goo.gl/KR28My
Pérez, I. (2016). Así puede ser el futuro del Blockchain en la salud según las grandes empresas. Criptonoticias (29/8/2016). https://goo.gl/vuvr5T
Postman, N. (1983). The Disappearance of Childhood. London: W H Allen.
Raths, D. (2016). How Blockchain Will Disrupt the Higher Education Transcript. Campus technology (16/05/2016). http://oro.open.ac.uk/44966/
Sánchez i Peris, F. J. (2015). Gamificación. Education in the Knowledge Society, 16(2), 13-15. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks20151621315
Schmidt, P. (2016). Blockcerts — An Open Infrastructure for Academic Credentials on the Blockchain. MLLearning (24/10/2016).
Sharples, M., de Roock, R., Ferguson, R., Gaved, M., Herodotou, C., Koh, E., Kukulska-Hulme, A., Looi, C-K, McAndrew, P., Rienties, B., Weller, M. & Wong, L. H. (2016). Innovating Pedagogy 2016: Open University Innovation Report 5. Milton Keynes: The Open University. http://www.open.ac.uk/blogs/innovating/
Sharples, M. & Domingue, J. (2018). Registro, reputacio?n y recompensas en educacio?n, basados en Blockchains. En A. Bartolomé & J. M. Moral-Ferrer: Blockchain en Educación. Cadenas rompiendo moldes, pp. 107-118. Barcelona: LMI. Colección Transmedia XXI.
Skinner, B.F. (1960). Teaching Machines. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 42(3), 189-191. https://doi.org/10.2307/1926170
Smith, K., & Bickford, C. J. (2004). Lifelong learning, professional development, and informatics certification. Computers Informatics Nursing, 22(3), 172-178. https://doi.org/10.1097/00024665-200405000-00013
Thompson, C. (2011). How Khan Academy is changing the rules of education. Wired Magazine, 126, 1-5. https://goo.gl/PSR2Rq
TrustED Blockchain Ecosystem (2018). TrustED presents the platform’s alfa release. Medium, 7/11/2018. https://goo.gl/yZpSpQ
Tuijnman, A. & Boström, A. K. (2002). Changing notions of lifelong education and lifelong learning. International Review of Education, 48(1-2), 93-110. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015601909731
Wright, A. & De Filippi, P. (2015). Decentralized Blockchain Technology and the Rise of Lex Cryptographia. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2580664
Abramovich, S., Schunn, C. & Higashi, R. M. (2013). Are badges useful in education?: it depends upon the type of badge and expertise of learner. Educational Technology Research and Development, 61, 217-232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-013-9289-2
Alheit, P. & Dausien, B. (2002). The ‘double face’of lifelong learning: Two analytical perspectives on a ‘silent revolution’. Studies in the Education of Adults, 34(1), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/02660830.2002.11661458
Allison, I. (2015). Bank of England: Central banks looking at ‘hybrid systems’ using Bitcoin’s blockchain technology. International Business Time. https://goo.gl/YE4Gmb
Arnold, M. (2016). Visa invita a las entidades a probar su nuevo sistema de pagos bancarios basado en la tecnología del ‘bitcoin’. Expansion (15/9/2016). https://goo.gl/yNYwyJ
Bartolomé, A. (2011). Comunicación y aprendizaje en la Sociedad del Conocimiento. Virtualidad, Educación y Ciencia, 2(2), 9-46. https://goo.gl/4hijLb
Bartolomé, A. & Grané, M. (2013). Interrogantes educativos desde la sociedad del conocimiento. Aloma. Revista de Psicologia, Ciències de l’Educació i de l’Esport, 31(1), 73-82. https://goo.gl/ixiUEV
Bartolomé, A. & Moral-Ferrer, J. M. (2018). Blockchain en Educación. Cadenas rompiendo moldes. Barcelona: LMI. Colección Transmedia XXI. https://goo.gl/8WtCoc
Bartolomé, A., Lindín, C. & Rivera-Vargas, P. (2018). Gestión de programas de aprendizaje personalizado mediante cadenas de bloque. En A. Bartolomé y J.M. Moral-Ferrer: Blockchain en Educación. Cadenas rompiendo moldes, pp. 141-182. Barcelona: LMI. Colección Transmedia XXI.
Behrens, A. (2018). BerkleeICE’s Open Music Initiative to Host Music and Rights Management Blockchain Events. Blockchain News, 9/2/2018. https://goo.gl/CmnqLS
Blázquez, S. (2018). El Giving Tuesday 2018 certificará las donaciones con Blockchain. Blockchain Economía, 5/10/2018. https://goo.gl/B7BfNv
Breslow, L., Pritchard, D. E., DeBoer, J., Stump, G. S., Ho, A. D. & Seaton, D. T. (2013). Studying learning in the worldwide classroom: Research into edX’s first MOOC. Research & Practice in Assessment, 8. https://goo.gl/GgZU17
Bruer, J. T. (1999). The myth of the first three years: A new understanding of early brain development and lifelong learning. New York: The Free Press.
Chaum, D. (1983). Blind signatures for untraceable payments. In Chaum, D., Rivest, R.L. & Sherman, A.T. (eds), Advances in Cryptology. (pp.199-203). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0602-4_18
Das, A. K. (2011). Emergence of open educational resources (OER) in India and its impact on lifelong learning. Library Hi Tech News, 28(5), 10-15. https://doi.org/10.1108/07419051111163848
Devine, P.M. (2015). Blockchain learning: can crypto-currency methods be appropriated to enhance online learning? In Proceedings of ALT Online Winter Conference 2015, 7-10 December 2015. http://oro.open.ac.uk/44966/
Dinevski, D. & Kokol, P. (2004). ICT and lifelong learning. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning, 7(2). https://goo.gl/soXgZx
García-Peñalvo, F. J., Griffiths, D., Jonhson, M., Sharples, P. & Sherlock, D. (2014). Problems and opportunities in the use of technology to manage informal learning. In F. J. García-Peñalvo (Ed.), Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM’14) (pp. 573-580). New York, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2669711.2669958
García-Peñalvo, F. J. & Griffiths, D. (2015). Rethinking informal learning. In G. R. Alves & M. C. Felgueiras (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM’15) (Porto, Portugal, October 7-9, 2015) (pp. 457-459). New York, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2808580.2808648
García-Peñalvo, F. J., Fidalgo-Blanco, Á. & Sein-Echaluce, M. L. (2017). Los MOOC: Un análisis desde una perspectiva de la innovación institucional universitaria. La Cuestión Universitaria, 9, 117-135.
García-Peñalvo, F. J. (2018). Identidad digital como investigadores. La evidencia y la transparencia de la producción científica. Education in the Knowledge Society, 19(2), 7-28. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks2018192728
García-Peñalvo, F. J., Fidalgo-Blanco, Á. & Sein-Echaluce, M. L. (2018). An adaptive hybrid MOOC model: Disrupting the MOOC concept in higher education. Telematics and Informatics, 35, 1018-1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.09.012
Gibson, D., Ostashewski, N., Flintoff, K., Grant, S. & Knight, E. (2015). Digital badges in education. Education and Information Technologies, 20(2), 403-410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-013-9291-7
Go, C. (2018). Blockchain and Identity Technologies. Medium 6/3/2018. https://goo.gl/rz9X2Y
Goswami, D (2016). Unchaining Blockchain: The Ultimate Transparency Tool? Blog of Government Innovators Network, Harvard Kennedy School, Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation. (8/6/2016). https://goo.gl/f6prab
Griffiths, D. & García-Peñalvo, F. J. (2016). Informal learning recognition and management. Computers in Human Behavior, 55A, 501-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.019
Jané, C. (2017). Barcelona tendrá su moneda digital para uso social. El periódico, 14/11/2017. https://www.elperiodico.com/es/barcelona/20171114/barcelona-tendra-su-moneda-digital-para-usosocial-6423549
Koulaidis, V. (2018). La tecnologi?a Blockchain como herramienta pedago?gica. En A. Bartolomé & J.M. Moral-Ferrer: Blockchain en Educación. Cadenas rompiendo moldes, pp. 81-86. Barcelona: LMI. Colección Transmedia XXI.
La Belle, T. J. (1982). Formal, nonformal and informal education: A holistic perspective on lifelong learning. International Review of Education, 28(2), 159-175. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598444
Longworth. N. (2005). El aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida en la práctica. Transformar la educación en el siglo XXI. Barcelona: Paidós.
Martín Ortega, E. (2008). Aprender a aprender: clave para el aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida. Estudios- Investigaciones, 72.
Mehta, N. B., Hull, A. L., Young, J. B. & Stoller, J. K. (2013). Just imagine: new paradigms for medical education. Academic Medicine, 88(10), 1418-1423. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182a36a07
Morales, T. (2017). Cadena de bloques. Cómo vender 25 toneladas de atún en 140 minutos gracias a blockchain. Retina. El Pais Economía (27/11/2017). https://goo.gl/KR28My
Pérez, I. (2016). Así puede ser el futuro del Blockchain en la salud según las grandes empresas. Criptonoticias (29/8/2016). https://goo.gl/vuvr5T
Postman, N. (1983). The Disappearance of Childhood. London: W H Allen.
Raths, D. (2016). How Blockchain Will Disrupt the Higher Education Transcript. Campus technology (16/05/2016). http://oro.open.ac.uk/44966/
Sánchez i Peris, F. J. (2015). Gamificación. Education in the Knowledge Society, 16(2), 13-15. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks20151621315
Schmidt, P. (2016). Blockcerts — An Open Infrastructure for Academic Credentials on the Blockchain. MLLearning (24/10/2016).
Sharples, M., de Roock, R., Ferguson, R., Gaved, M., Herodotou, C., Koh, E., Kukulska-Hulme, A., Looi, C-K, McAndrew, P., Rienties, B., Weller, M. & Wong, L. H. (2016). Innovating Pedagogy 2016: Open University Innovation Report 5. Milton Keynes: The Open University. http://www.open.ac.uk/blogs/innovating/
Sharples, M. & Domingue, J. (2018). Registro, reputacio?n y recompensas en educacio?n, basados en Blockchains. En A. Bartolomé & J. M. Moral-Ferrer: Blockchain en Educación. Cadenas rompiendo moldes, pp. 107-118. Barcelona: LMI. Colección Transmedia XXI.
Skinner, B.F. (1960). Teaching Machines. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 42(3), 189-191. https://doi.org/10.2307/1926170
Smith, K., & Bickford, C. J. (2004). Lifelong learning, professional development, and informatics certification. Computers Informatics Nursing, 22(3), 172-178. https://doi.org/10.1097/00024665-200405000-00013
Thompson, C. (2011). How Khan Academy is changing the rules of education. Wired Magazine, 126, 1-5. https://goo.gl/PSR2Rq
TrustED Blockchain Ecosystem (2018). TrustED presents the platform’s alfa release. Medium, 7/11/2018. https://goo.gl/yZpSpQ
Tuijnman, A. & Boström, A. K. (2002). Changing notions of lifelong education and lifelong learning. International Review of Education, 48(1-2), 93-110. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015601909731
Wright, A. & De Filippi, P. (2015). Decentralized Blockchain Technology and the Rise of Lex Cryptographia. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2580664
Bartolomé, A., & Lindín, C. (2019). Blockchain possibilities in Education. Education in The Knowledge Society, 19(4), 81–93. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks20181948193
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