Digital Citizenship and its Measurement: Psychometric Properties of one Scale and Challenges for Higher Education
Abstract The implementation of Internet use today makes it necessary to know with what purpose and what kind of practices developed in the virtual world the so-called digital natives that are already young adults of the current time. Starting from a broad conceptualization of digital citizenship, an instrument is selected to analyse such citizenship behaviours, such as the Digital Citizenship Scale by Choi, Glassman and Cristol as well as validating instrument in a sample of young Spaniards. The scale was translated into Spanish and consists of 26 items with a Likert type response format with 7 options. The sample consists of 206 students of different degrees from one Spanish public university. The psychometric properties of the scale have been analysed through factor analysis and reliability analysis by determining the Cronbach’s Alpha (0.86). Regarding the instrument, it can be concluded that the Digital Citizenship Scale of Choi et al. is a valid and consistent instrument to study and measure the construct. From an educational perspective, there is a clear need to address aspects that are either directly proscribed, such as the use of mobile phones in college, the practices of digital citizenship present in the subscale of Internet Political Activism and other considerations that can promote digital citizenship education in higher education.
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Al-Zahrani, A. (2015). Toward Digital Citizenship: Examining Factors Affecting Participation and Involvement in the Internet Society among Higher Education Students. International Education Studies,8(12), 203. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v8n12p203
Atif, Y. & Chou, C. (2018). Digital citizenship: innovations in education, practice, and pedagogy. Journal of Educational Technology y Society, 21(1), 152–154.
Becker, A. S., Brown, M., Dahlstrom, E., Davis, A., DePaul, K., Diaz, V. & Pomerantz, J. (2018). Horizon Report: 2018 Higher Education. Louisville, CO: EDUCASE.
Castells, M. (1996). The net and the self: Working notes for a critical theory of the informational society. Critique of Anthropology, 16(1), 9-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X9601600103
Choi, M. (2015). Development of a Scale to Measure Digital Citizenship among Young Adults for Democratic Citizenship Education. (Electronic Thesis or Dissertation). Ohio State University. Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu.
Choi, M. (2016). A Concept Analysis of Digital Citizenship for Democratic Citizenship Education in the Internet Age. Theory and Research in Social Education, 44(4), 565–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2016.1210549
Choi, M., Cristol, D. & Gimbert, B. (2018). Teachers as digital citizens: The influence of individual backgrounds, internet use and psychological characteristics on teachers’ levels of digital citizenship. Computers & Education, 121, 143-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.03.005
Choi, M., Glassman, M. & Cristol, D. (2017). What it means to be a citizen in the internet age: Development of a reliable and valid digital citizenship scale. Computers & Education, 107, 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.01.002
Council of Europe. (2016). Internet Governance - Council Europe Strategy 2016-2019. Democracy, human rights and the rule of law in the digital world. Brussels: Council of Europe.
Costello, A. B. & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Education, 10, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1.1.110.9154
Crick, R. D. & Joldersma, C. W. (2007). Habermas, lifelong learning and citizenship education. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 26(2), 77–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-006-9015-1
Crockett, L. W. & Churches, A. (2018). Growing Global Digital Citizens. Better Practices That Build Better Learners. Bloomington: Solution Tree Press.
Dias-Fonseca, T. & Potter, J. (2016). La educación mediática como estrategia de participación cívica online en las escuelas portuguesas. Comunicar, XXIV(49), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.3916/C49-2016-01
Elcicek, M., Erdemci, H. & Karal, H. (2018). Examining the relationship between the levels of Digital Citizenship and Social Presence for the graduate students having online education. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 19(1), 203–214. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.382801
Emejulu, A. & McGregor, C. (2016). Towards a radical digital citizenship in digital education. Critical Studies in Education, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508487.2016.1234494
Eshet, Y. (2012). Thinking in the Digital Era: A Revised Model for Digital Literacy. Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, 9, 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1089=cpb.2008.0264
Feenberg, A. (1991). Critical Theory of Technology. MLN, 107(5), 1032-1035. https://doi.org/10.2307/2904830
Fernández-Prados, J. S. (2012). Ciberactivismo: conceptualización, hipótesis y medida. Arbor: Ciencia, pensamiento y cultura, 188(756), 631–639. https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2012.756n4001
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Frau-Meigs, D., O`Neill, B., Soriani, A. & Tomé, V. (2017). Digital Citizenship. Overview and new perspectives (Vol. 1). Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Gómez-Barquero, D. (2013). Next Generation Mobile Broadcasting. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b14186
Gros, B., & Contreras, D. (2006). La alfabetización digital y el desarrollo de competencias ciudadanas. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación, 42, 103–125.
INE (2017). Encuesta sobre Equipamiento y Uso de Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación en los hogares 2017. Retrieved from https://goo.gl/bBsJZV
Isman, A. & Gungoren, O. C. (2014). Digital citizenship. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 13(1), 73–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20906
Jones, L. M. & Mitchell, K. J. (2015). Defining and measuring youth digital citizenship. New Media and Society, 18(9), 2063–2079. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815577797
Kara, N. (2018). Understanding University Students’ Thoughts and Practices about Digital Citizenship: A Mixed Methods Study. Educational Technology y Society, 21(1), 172–185.
Ke, D. y Xu, S. (2017). A Research on Factors Affecting College Students’ Digital Citizenship, 2017 International Conference of Educational Innovation through Technology (EITT), Osaka, 2017, 61-64. https://doi.org/doi:10.1109/EITT.2017.23
Kim, M. & Choi, D. (2018). Development of Youth Digital Citizenship Scale and Implication for Educational Setting. Educational Technology y Society, 21(1), 155–171.
Martínez Martínez, M. J. (2017). Prácticas Mediáticas y Movimientos Sociales: El Activismo Trasnacional de Marea Granate. Index.comunicación, 7(3), 31–50.
Nordin, M. S., Ahmad, T. B. T., Zubairi, A. M., Ismail, N. A. H., Rahman, A. H. A., Trayek, F. A. A. e Ibrahim, M. B. (2016). Psychometric Properties of a Digital Citizenship Questionnaire. International Education Studies, 9(3), 71-80. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n3p71
Peirats Chacón, J., Marín Suelves, D., Granados Saiz, J. & Morote Blanco, D. (2018). Competencia digital en los planes de estudios de universidades públicas españolas. REDU. Revista de Docencia Universitaria, 16(1), 175. https://doi.org/10.4995/redu.2018.8935
Salcines Talledo, I., González Fernández, N. & Briones Pérez, E. (2017). Perfiles Docentes Universitarios: Conocimiento y Uso Profesional Del Smartphone. Bordón. Revista de Pedagogía, 69(2). https://doi.org/10.13042/Bordon.2017.51445
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants Part 1. On the Horizon, 9(5), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1108/10748120110424816
Rodríguez-de-Dios, I., van Oosten, J. M. F. e Igartua, J. J. (2018). A study of the relationship between parental mediation and adolescents’ digital skills, online risks and online opportunities. Computers in Human Behavior, 82, 186-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.012
Ribble, B. M. S., Bailey, G. D. & Ross, T. W. (2004). Digital Citizenship: addresing appropiate technology behavior. Technology, 32(1), 6-11.
Ribble, M. (2015). Digital citizenship in schools. Nine elements all students should know. (Third edit). Arlington, Virginia: ISTE.
Robles, M. (2004). Ciudadanía digital. Barcelona: Editorial UOC.
Torrent-Sellens, J. & Martínez-Cerdá, J.-F. (2017). Empoderamiento mediático mediante e-learning. Diseño y validación de una escala. El Profesional de La Información, 26(1), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2017.ene.05
Xu, S., Yang, H. H., MacLeod, J. & Zhu, S. (2018a). Social media competence and digital citizenship among college students. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517751390
Xu, S., Yang, H. H., MacLeod, J. & Zhu, S. (2018b). Interpersonal communication competence and digital citizenship among pre-service teachers in China’s teacher preparation programs. Journal of Moral Education, 7240(May), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2018.1458605
Yan, Z. (2018). Mobile Phone Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316417584
Atif, Y. & Chou, C. (2018). Digital citizenship: innovations in education, practice, and pedagogy. Journal of Educational Technology y Society, 21(1), 152–154.
Becker, A. S., Brown, M., Dahlstrom, E., Davis, A., DePaul, K., Diaz, V. & Pomerantz, J. (2018). Horizon Report: 2018 Higher Education. Louisville, CO: EDUCASE.
Castells, M. (1996). The net and the self: Working notes for a critical theory of the informational society. Critique of Anthropology, 16(1), 9-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X9601600103
Choi, M. (2015). Development of a Scale to Measure Digital Citizenship among Young Adults for Democratic Citizenship Education. (Electronic Thesis or Dissertation). Ohio State University. Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu.
Choi, M. (2016). A Concept Analysis of Digital Citizenship for Democratic Citizenship Education in the Internet Age. Theory and Research in Social Education, 44(4), 565–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2016.1210549
Choi, M., Cristol, D. & Gimbert, B. (2018). Teachers as digital citizens: The influence of individual backgrounds, internet use and psychological characteristics on teachers’ levels of digital citizenship. Computers & Education, 121, 143-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.03.005
Choi, M., Glassman, M. & Cristol, D. (2017). What it means to be a citizen in the internet age: Development of a reliable and valid digital citizenship scale. Computers & Education, 107, 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.01.002
Council of Europe. (2016). Internet Governance - Council Europe Strategy 2016-2019. Democracy, human rights and the rule of law in the digital world. Brussels: Council of Europe.
Costello, A. B. & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Education, 10, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1.1.110.9154
Crick, R. D. & Joldersma, C. W. (2007). Habermas, lifelong learning and citizenship education. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 26(2), 77–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-006-9015-1
Crockett, L. W. & Churches, A. (2018). Growing Global Digital Citizens. Better Practices That Build Better Learners. Bloomington: Solution Tree Press.
Dias-Fonseca, T. & Potter, J. (2016). La educación mediática como estrategia de participación cívica online en las escuelas portuguesas. Comunicar, XXIV(49), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.3916/C49-2016-01
Elcicek, M., Erdemci, H. & Karal, H. (2018). Examining the relationship between the levels of Digital Citizenship and Social Presence for the graduate students having online education. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 19(1), 203–214. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.382801
Emejulu, A. & McGregor, C. (2016). Towards a radical digital citizenship in digital education. Critical Studies in Education, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508487.2016.1234494
Eshet, Y. (2012). Thinking in the Digital Era: A Revised Model for Digital Literacy. Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, 9, 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1089=cpb.2008.0264
Feenberg, A. (1991). Critical Theory of Technology. MLN, 107(5), 1032-1035. https://doi.org/10.2307/2904830
Fernández-Prados, J. S. (2012). Ciberactivismo: conceptualización, hipótesis y medida. Arbor: Ciencia, pensamiento y cultura, 188(756), 631–639. https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2012.756n4001
Fernández-Prados, J. S., Lozano-Díaz, A. & Fernández-Prados, I. (2013). Educación para ciudadanía digital: ciberactivismo. In AMIE (Ed.), Investigación de calidad para mejorar la educación (pp. 563–568). Tarragona: CIMIE.
Frau-Meigs, D., O`Neill, B., Soriani, A. & Tomé, V. (2017). Digital Citizenship. Overview and new perspectives (Vol. 1). Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Gómez-Barquero, D. (2013). Next Generation Mobile Broadcasting. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b14186
Gros, B., & Contreras, D. (2006). La alfabetización digital y el desarrollo de competencias ciudadanas. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación, 42, 103–125.
INE (2017). Encuesta sobre Equipamiento y Uso de Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación en los hogares 2017. Retrieved from https://goo.gl/bBsJZV
Isman, A. & Gungoren, O. C. (2014). Digital citizenship. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 13(1), 73–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20906
Jones, L. M. & Mitchell, K. J. (2015). Defining and measuring youth digital citizenship. New Media and Society, 18(9), 2063–2079. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815577797
Kara, N. (2018). Understanding University Students’ Thoughts and Practices about Digital Citizenship: A Mixed Methods Study. Educational Technology y Society, 21(1), 172–185.
Ke, D. y Xu, S. (2017). A Research on Factors Affecting College Students’ Digital Citizenship, 2017 International Conference of Educational Innovation through Technology (EITT), Osaka, 2017, 61-64. https://doi.org/doi:10.1109/EITT.2017.23
Kim, M. & Choi, D. (2018). Development of Youth Digital Citizenship Scale and Implication for Educational Setting. Educational Technology y Society, 21(1), 155–171.
Martínez Martínez, M. J. (2017). Prácticas Mediáticas y Movimientos Sociales: El Activismo Trasnacional de Marea Granate. Index.comunicación, 7(3), 31–50.
Nordin, M. S., Ahmad, T. B. T., Zubairi, A. M., Ismail, N. A. H., Rahman, A. H. A., Trayek, F. A. A. e Ibrahim, M. B. (2016). Psychometric Properties of a Digital Citizenship Questionnaire. International Education Studies, 9(3), 71-80. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n3p71
Peirats Chacón, J., Marín Suelves, D., Granados Saiz, J. & Morote Blanco, D. (2018). Competencia digital en los planes de estudios de universidades públicas españolas. REDU. Revista de Docencia Universitaria, 16(1), 175. https://doi.org/10.4995/redu.2018.8935
Salcines Talledo, I., González Fernández, N. & Briones Pérez, E. (2017). Perfiles Docentes Universitarios: Conocimiento y Uso Profesional Del Smartphone. Bordón. Revista de Pedagogía, 69(2). https://doi.org/10.13042/Bordon.2017.51445
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants Part 1. On the Horizon, 9(5), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1108/10748120110424816
Rodríguez-de-Dios, I., van Oosten, J. M. F. e Igartua, J. J. (2018). A study of the relationship between parental mediation and adolescents’ digital skills, online risks and online opportunities. Computers in Human Behavior, 82, 186-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.012
Ribble, B. M. S., Bailey, G. D. & Ross, T. W. (2004). Digital Citizenship: addresing appropiate technology behavior. Technology, 32(1), 6-11.
Ribble, M. (2015). Digital citizenship in schools. Nine elements all students should know. (Third edit). Arlington, Virginia: ISTE.
Robles, M. (2004). Ciudadanía digital. Barcelona: Editorial UOC.
Torrent-Sellens, J. & Martínez-Cerdá, J.-F. (2017). Empoderamiento mediático mediante e-learning. Diseño y validación de una escala. El Profesional de La Información, 26(1), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2017.ene.05
Xu, S., Yang, H. H., MacLeod, J. & Zhu, S. (2018a). Social media competence and digital citizenship among college students. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517751390
Xu, S., Yang, H. H., MacLeod, J. & Zhu, S. (2018b). Interpersonal communication competence and digital citizenship among pre-service teachers in China’s teacher preparation programs. Journal of Moral Education, 7240(May), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2018.1458605
Yan, Z. (2018). Mobile Phone Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316417584
Lozano Díaz, A., & Fernández Prados, J. S. (2018). Digital Citizenship and its Measurement: Psychometric Properties of one Scale and Challenges for Higher Education. Education in The Knowledge Society, 19(3), 83–101. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks201819383101
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