Higher Education and Student Retention
Challenges in the Contemporary University
Abstract The educational trajectories at the higher educational level are influenced by multiple factors that positively or negatively affect the continuity of university studies. Higher Education Institutions have adapted their teaching, research, and cultural dissemination practices to foster an educational experience that promotes student success and increases retention rates. In this study, the experiences of first-year undergraduate students at a university in Mexico were explored to determine the factors and practices associated with university retention. From a qualitative perspective with a case study approach, focus groups were carried out with 24 students, who were divided according to their academic and demographic characteristics. In addition, their reflections on their daily activities were collected through diaries. The main results indicate, on the one hand, that it is pertinent to carry out a differentiated analysis according to each learner's characteristics to establish different strategies that address particular factors. On the other hand, student retention is an integral experience nurtured by previous school and social practices and what the student develops as habits in their daily activities. Finally, promoting student retention is an institutional responsibility in which multiple social and educational actors participate before, during and after the university experience (personal history, continuity and prospective).
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Alvarado-Uribe, J., Mejía-Almada, P., Masetto Herrera, A. L., Molontay, R., Hilliger, I., Hegde, V., Montemayor Gallegos, J. E., Ramírez Díaz, R. A. y Ceballos, H. G. (2022). Student dataset from Tecnológico de Monterrey in Mexico to predict dropout in higher education. Data, 7(9), 119. 10.3390/data7090119
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Bean, J. P. (1982). Student attrition, intentions, and confidence: Interaction effects in a path model. Research in Higher Education, 17(4), 291–320. 10.1007/BF00977899
Bean, J. y Metzner, B. (1985). A conceptual model of nontraditional undergraduate student attrition. Review of Educational Research, 55(4), 485–540. 10.2307/1170245
Behr, A., Giese, M., Teguim Kamdjou, H. D. y Theune, K. (2021). Motives for dropping out from higher education—An analysis of bachelor's degree students in Germany. European Journal of Education, 56(2), 325–343. 10.1111/ejed.12433
Berger, J., Ramirez, G. B., & Lyon, S. (2012). Past to present: A historical look at retention. In A. Seidman (Ed.), College student retention: Formula for student success (pp. 7–34). Rowman & Littlefield.
Collings, R., Swanson., V. y Watkins., R. The impact of peer mentoring on levels of student wellbeing, integration and retention: a controlled comparative evaluation of residential students in UK higher education. Higher Education, 68(6), 927–942. 10.1007/s10734-014-9752-y
Cowman, S. (1993) Triangulation: a means of reconciliation in nursing research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18(5), 788–792. 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1993.18050788.x
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design. Choosing Among Five Approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Denzin, N. K. (1970). Sociological Methods: A Source Book. Aldine Publishing Company.
Donoso, S. y Schiefelbein, E. (2007). Análisis de los modelos explicativos de retención de estudiantes en la universidad: una visión desde la desigualdad social. Estudios Pedagógicos, XXXIII(1),7–27. 10.4067/S0718-07052007000100001
Durkheim, É. (1961). Moral Education: A Study in the Theory and Application of the Sociology of Education. Free Press of Glencoe.
Fernández de Morgado, N. (2009). Retención y persistencia estudiantil en instituciones de educación superior: una revisión de la literatura. Paradigma, 30(2), 39–62.
Garbanzo Vargas, G. M. (2013). Factores asociados al rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios desde el nivel socioeconómico: Un estudio en la Universidad de Costa Rica. Revista Electrónica Educare, 17(3), 57–87. 10.15359/ree.17-3.4
Garza-Carranza, M. T., Balmori-Méndez, E. E. R. y Galván-Romero, M. (2013). Estrategias organizacionales en universidades de corte tecnológico para prevenir la deserción estudiantil. REICE. Revista Iberoamericana Sobre Calidad, Eficacia y Cambio en Educación, 11(3), 31–37. 10.15366/reice2013.11.3.002
Habley, W. R., Bloom, J. L., & Robbins, S. (2012). Increasing Persistence: Research-based strategies for college student success. Wiley.
Hagedorn, L. S. (2005). How to define retention: A new look at an old problem. En A. Seidman (Ed.), College student retention: Formula for student success (pp. 90–105). Rowman & Littlefield.
Haverila, M. J., Haverila, K. y McLaughlin, C. (2020). Variables affecting the retention intentions of students in higher education institutions: A comparison between international and domestic students. Journal of International Students, 10(2), 358–382. 10.32674/jis.v10i2.1849
Himmel, E. (2002). Modelo de análisis de la deserción estudiantil en la educación superior. Calidad en la Educación, (17), 91–108. 10.31619/caledu.n17.409
Kimchi, J. Polivka, B. y Stevenson, J. S. (1991) Triangulation: Operational Definitions. Nursing Research, 40(6), 364–366. 10.1097/00006199-199111000-00009
Kuh, G. D., Cruce, T. M., Shoup, R., Kinzie, J. y Gonyea, R. M. (2008). Unmasking the effects of student on first-year college engagement grades and persistence. The Journal of Higher Education, 79(5), 540–563. 10.1353/jhe.0.0019
Larsen Garza, E. E. y Ramírez-Díaz, R.A. (2019). Identification of the freshmen students more likely to dropout from Tec de Monterrey [Ponencia de investigación]. 6th International Conference on Educational Innovation. Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
Manokore, V., Mah, J. y Ali, F. (2019). Some factors that influence students’ experiences, engagement, and retention in a practical nursing program. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 65(2), 129–145. 10.11575/ajer.v65i2.56527
Morse, J. M. (1991). Approaches to Qualitative & Quantitative Methodological Triangulation. Nursing Research, 40(2), 120–123. 10.1097/00006199-199103000-00014
OECD (2019). Higher education in Mexico: Labour market relevance and outcomes. Higher Education OECD Publishing. 10.1787/9789264309432-en.
Ramirez-Díaz, R.A., Montemayor-Gallegos, J. E. y Corona-Jiménez, R. (2020). Análisis predictivo de la retención de los primeros ingresos a nivel profesional del Tec de Monterrey usando técnicas de machine learning. [Ponencia de investigación]. 7th International Conference on Educational Innovation. Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
Rodrıguez-Maya, N. E., Lara-Álvarez, C., May-Tzuc, O. y Suárez-Carranza, B. A. (2017). Modeling students’ dropout in Mexican universities. Research in Computing Science, 139, 163–175. 10.13053/rcs-139-1-13
Saldaña, J. (2012). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. SAGE Publications.
Spady, W. (1970). Dropouts from higher education: An interdisciplinary review and synthesis. Interchange, 1, 64–85. 10.1007/BF02214313
Spady, W. (1971). Dropouts from higher education: Toward an empirical model. Interchange, 2, 38–62. 10.1007/BF02282469
Stake, R. E. (2005). Qualitative Case Studies. En N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (pp. 443–466). Sage Publications Ltd.
Thomas, L. (2002). Student retention in higher education: the role of institutional habitus. Journal of Education Policy, 17(4), 423–442. 10.1080/02680930210140257
Tight, M. (2020). Student retention and engagement in higher education. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 44(5), 689–704. 10.1080/0309877X.2019.1576860
Tinto, V. (1975). Dropout from higher Education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research. Review of Educational Research, 45(1), 89–125. 10.3102/00346543045001089
Tinto, V. (1993). Leaving college: rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition. (2nd Edition). University of Chicago Press. 10.7208/chicago/9780226922461.001.0001
Tinto, V. (2006). Research and practice of student retention: what next? Journal of College Student Retention, 8(1), 1–19. 10.2190/4YNU-4TMB-22DJ-AN4
Velázquez Narváez, Y. y González Medina, M. A. (2017). Factores asociados a la permanencia de estudiantes universitarios: caso UAMM-UAT. Revista de la Educación Superior, 46(184), 117–138. 10.1016/j.resu.2017.11.003
Wild, S. y Heuling, L. S. (2020). Student dropout and retention: An event history analysis among students in cooperative higher education. International Journal of Educational Research, 104, 101687. 10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101687
Yomtov, D., Plunkett, S. W., Efrat, R. y Marin, A. G. (2017). Can peer mentors improve first-year experiences of university students? Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 19(1), 25–44. 10.1177/1521025115611398
Zavala-Guirado, A., Álvarez, M., Vázquez, M., González, I. y Bazán-Ramírez, A. (2018). Factores internos, externos y bilaterales asociados con la deserción en estudiantes universitarios. Interacciones, 4(1), 59–69. 10.24016/2018.v4n1.103
Bean, J. (1980). Dropouts and turnover: The synthesis and test of a causal model of student attrition. Research in Higher Education, 12, 155–187. 10.1007/BF00976194
Bean, J. P. (1982). Student attrition, intentions, and confidence: Interaction effects in a path model. Research in Higher Education, 17(4), 291–320. 10.1007/BF00977899
Bean, J. y Metzner, B. (1985). A conceptual model of nontraditional undergraduate student attrition. Review of Educational Research, 55(4), 485–540. 10.2307/1170245
Behr, A., Giese, M., Teguim Kamdjou, H. D. y Theune, K. (2021). Motives for dropping out from higher education—An analysis of bachelor's degree students in Germany. European Journal of Education, 56(2), 325–343. 10.1111/ejed.12433
Berger, J., Ramirez, G. B., & Lyon, S. (2012). Past to present: A historical look at retention. In A. Seidman (Ed.), College student retention: Formula for student success (pp. 7–34). Rowman & Littlefield.
Collings, R., Swanson., V. y Watkins., R. The impact of peer mentoring on levels of student wellbeing, integration and retention: a controlled comparative evaluation of residential students in UK higher education. Higher Education, 68(6), 927–942. 10.1007/s10734-014-9752-y
Cowman, S. (1993) Triangulation: a means of reconciliation in nursing research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18(5), 788–792. 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1993.18050788.x
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design. Choosing Among Five Approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Denzin, N. K. (1970). Sociological Methods: A Source Book. Aldine Publishing Company.
Donoso, S. y Schiefelbein, E. (2007). Análisis de los modelos explicativos de retención de estudiantes en la universidad: una visión desde la desigualdad social. Estudios Pedagógicos, XXXIII(1),7–27. 10.4067/S0718-07052007000100001
Durkheim, É. (1961). Moral Education: A Study in the Theory and Application of the Sociology of Education. Free Press of Glencoe.
Fernández de Morgado, N. (2009). Retención y persistencia estudiantil en instituciones de educación superior: una revisión de la literatura. Paradigma, 30(2), 39–62.
Garbanzo Vargas, G. M. (2013). Factores asociados al rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios desde el nivel socioeconómico: Un estudio en la Universidad de Costa Rica. Revista Electrónica Educare, 17(3), 57–87. 10.15359/ree.17-3.4
Garza-Carranza, M. T., Balmori-Méndez, E. E. R. y Galván-Romero, M. (2013). Estrategias organizacionales en universidades de corte tecnológico para prevenir la deserción estudiantil. REICE. Revista Iberoamericana Sobre Calidad, Eficacia y Cambio en Educación, 11(3), 31–37. 10.15366/reice2013.11.3.002
Habley, W. R., Bloom, J. L., & Robbins, S. (2012). Increasing Persistence: Research-based strategies for college student success. Wiley.
Hagedorn, L. S. (2005). How to define retention: A new look at an old problem. En A. Seidman (Ed.), College student retention: Formula for student success (pp. 90–105). Rowman & Littlefield.
Haverila, M. J., Haverila, K. y McLaughlin, C. (2020). Variables affecting the retention intentions of students in higher education institutions: A comparison between international and domestic students. Journal of International Students, 10(2), 358–382. 10.32674/jis.v10i2.1849
Himmel, E. (2002). Modelo de análisis de la deserción estudiantil en la educación superior. Calidad en la Educación, (17), 91–108. 10.31619/caledu.n17.409
Kimchi, J. Polivka, B. y Stevenson, J. S. (1991) Triangulation: Operational Definitions. Nursing Research, 40(6), 364–366. 10.1097/00006199-199111000-00009
Kuh, G. D., Cruce, T. M., Shoup, R., Kinzie, J. y Gonyea, R. M. (2008). Unmasking the effects of student on first-year college engagement grades and persistence. The Journal of Higher Education, 79(5), 540–563. 10.1353/jhe.0.0019
Larsen Garza, E. E. y Ramírez-Díaz, R.A. (2019). Identification of the freshmen students more likely to dropout from Tec de Monterrey [Ponencia de investigación]. 6th International Conference on Educational Innovation. Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
Manokore, V., Mah, J. y Ali, F. (2019). Some factors that influence students’ experiences, engagement, and retention in a practical nursing program. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 65(2), 129–145. 10.11575/ajer.v65i2.56527
Morse, J. M. (1991). Approaches to Qualitative & Quantitative Methodological Triangulation. Nursing Research, 40(2), 120–123. 10.1097/00006199-199103000-00014
OECD (2019). Higher education in Mexico: Labour market relevance and outcomes. Higher Education OECD Publishing. 10.1787/9789264309432-en.
Ramirez-Díaz, R.A., Montemayor-Gallegos, J. E. y Corona-Jiménez, R. (2020). Análisis predictivo de la retención de los primeros ingresos a nivel profesional del Tec de Monterrey usando técnicas de machine learning. [Ponencia de investigación]. 7th International Conference on Educational Innovation. Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
Rodrıguez-Maya, N. E., Lara-Álvarez, C., May-Tzuc, O. y Suárez-Carranza, B. A. (2017). Modeling students’ dropout in Mexican universities. Research in Computing Science, 139, 163–175. 10.13053/rcs-139-1-13
Saldaña, J. (2012). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. SAGE Publications.
Spady, W. (1970). Dropouts from higher education: An interdisciplinary review and synthesis. Interchange, 1, 64–85. 10.1007/BF02214313
Spady, W. (1971). Dropouts from higher education: Toward an empirical model. Interchange, 2, 38–62. 10.1007/BF02282469
Stake, R. E. (2005). Qualitative Case Studies. En N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (pp. 443–466). Sage Publications Ltd.
Thomas, L. (2002). Student retention in higher education: the role of institutional habitus. Journal of Education Policy, 17(4), 423–442. 10.1080/02680930210140257
Tight, M. (2020). Student retention and engagement in higher education. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 44(5), 689–704. 10.1080/0309877X.2019.1576860
Tinto, V. (1975). Dropout from higher Education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research. Review of Educational Research, 45(1), 89–125. 10.3102/00346543045001089
Tinto, V. (1993). Leaving college: rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition. (2nd Edition). University of Chicago Press. 10.7208/chicago/9780226922461.001.0001
Tinto, V. (2006). Research and practice of student retention: what next? Journal of College Student Retention, 8(1), 1–19. 10.2190/4YNU-4TMB-22DJ-AN4
Velázquez Narváez, Y. y González Medina, M. A. (2017). Factores asociados a la permanencia de estudiantes universitarios: caso UAMM-UAT. Revista de la Educación Superior, 46(184), 117–138. 10.1016/j.resu.2017.11.003
Wild, S. y Heuling, L. S. (2020). Student dropout and retention: An event history analysis among students in cooperative higher education. International Journal of Educational Research, 104, 101687. 10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101687
Yomtov, D., Plunkett, S. W., Efrat, R. y Marin, A. G. (2017). Can peer mentors improve first-year experiences of university students? Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 19(1), 25–44. 10.1177/1521025115611398
Zavala-Guirado, A., Álvarez, M., Vázquez, M., González, I. y Bazán-Ramírez, A. (2018). Factores internos, externos y bilaterales asociados con la deserción en estudiantes universitarios. Interacciones, 4(1), 59–69. 10.24016/2018.v4n1.103
González-Nieto, N. A., & Rodríguez-Hernández, C. F. (2023). Higher Education and Student Retention: Challenges in the Contemporary University. Education in The Knowledge Society, 24, e31018. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks.31018
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