Key factors in Knowledge Sharing Behavior in Virtual Communities of Practice: A Systematic Review
Abstract Virtual Communities of Practice (VCOP) are environments widely recognized as knowledge management instruments, and their sociocultural contributions are being incipiently valued. However, VCOPs are complex participation contexts due to their sociotechnical and sociocultural nature. Participation mechanisms, particularly Knowledge Sharing Behavior (KSB), have been studied from heterogeneous theoretical foundations and practical research methods. Therefore, a wide dispersion of factors and dimensions has been identified. This paper aims to present an overview that summarizes and systematizes the key drivers of KSB in VCOPs. This paper presents a systematic review of KSB in VCOPs, based on 42 studies retrieved from WOS, SCOPUS and Science Direct. The review was conducted using the PRISMA model. The selection and qualitative synthesis of articles was enriched using Nvivo for coding and analysis of the full text documents. The results suggest that KSB in VCOPs have a multidimensional and multifactorial character that includes personal, interpersonal, contextual, and technological factors. The typology of factors presented could serve in academic settings to conduct new theoretical or empirical research, or in practitioner settings to implement VCOPs in institutions across diverse sectors. New assessment instruments of KSB in VCOPs could be based on this typology.
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Antonacci, G., Fronzetti Colladon, A., Stefanini, A., & Gloor, P. (2017). It is rotating leaders who build the swarm: Social network determinants of growth for healthcare virtual communities of practice. Journal of Knowledge Management, 21(5), 1218–1239. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-11-2016-0504
Ardichvili, A. (2008). Learning and Knowledge Sharing in Virtual Communities of Practice: Motivators, Barriers, and Enablers. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 10(4), 541–554. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422308319536
Ardichvili, A., Maurer, M., Li, W., Wentling, T., & Stuedemann, R. (2006). Cultural influences on knowledge sharing through online communities of practice. Journal of Knowledge Management, 10(1), 94–107. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270610650139
Assegaff, S., Kurniabudi, & Fernando, E. (2016). Impact of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on knowledge sharing in virtual communities of practices. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,1(3), 619–626. 10.11591/ijeecs.v1.i3.pp619-629
Barnett, S., Jones, S. C., Bennett, S., Iverson, D., & Bonney, A. (2012). General practice training and virtual communities of practice - A review of the literature. BMC Family Practice, 13(1), 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-13-87
Barnett, S., Jones, S. C., Bennett, S., Iverson, D., & Robinson, L. (2016). A Virtual Community of Practice for General Practice Training: A Preimplementation Survey. JMIR Medical Education, 2(2), e13–e13.
Barnett, S., Jones, S. C., Caton, T., Iverson, D., Bennett, S., & Robinson, L. (2014). Implementing a virtual community of practice for family physician training: A mixed-methods case study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(3), e83. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.3083
Bicchi, F. (2011). The EU as a community of practice: foreign policy communications in the COREU network. Journal of European Public Policy, 18(8), 1115-1132. DOI: 10.1080/13501763.2011.615200
Bolisani E. & Scarso, E. (2014). The place of communities of practice in knowledge management studies: a critical review. Journal of Knowledge Management, 18(2), 366-381. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-07-2013-0277
Bolisani, E. & Handzic, E. (Eds) (2015). Advances in Knowledge Management: Celebrating Twenty Years of Research and Practice. Springer, Heidelberg.
Bourhis, A., & Dubé, L. (2010). «Structuring spontaneity»: Investigating the impact of management practices on the success of virtual communities of practice. Journal of Information Science, 36(2), 175–193. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551509357861
Brown, J.S. & Duguid, P. (1991). Organizational learning and communities of practice: Towards a unified view of working learning and innovation. Organization Science, 2(1), 40–57.
Castells, M. (1996). The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Volume I: The Rise of the Network Society. Blackwell, Oxford.
Cheung, C. M. K., Lee, M. K. O., & Lee, Z. W. Y. (2013). Understanding the continuance intention of knowledge sharing in online communities of practice through the post-knowledge-sharing evaluation processes. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 64(7), 1357–1374. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.22854
Chiu, C.-M., Hsu, M.-H., & Wang, E. T. G. (2006). Understanding knowledge sharing in virtual communities: An integration of social capital and social cognitive theories. Decision Support Systems, 42(3), 1872–1888. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2006.04.001
Davenport, T.H. & Prusak, L. (2000). Working Knowledge. Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA
Fahey, R., Vasconcelos, A. C., & Ellis, D. (2007). The impact of rewards within communities of practice: A study of the SAP online global community. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 5(3), 186–198. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.kmrp.8500140
Fang, Y. H., & Chiu, C. M. (2010). In justice we trust: Exploring knowledge-sharing continuance intentions in virtual communities of practice. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(2), 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.09.005
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2015). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. New York: Routledge.
Gallagher, S. E., & Savage, T. (2013). Cross-cultural analysis in online community research: A literature review. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 1028–1038. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.09.011
Gammelgaard, J. (2010). Knowledge retrieval through virtual communities of practice. Behaviour & Information Technology, 29(4), 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/01449290903548406
Harvey, J.-F., Cohendet, P., Simon, L., & Dubois, L.-E. (2013). Another cog in the machine: Designing communities of practice in professional bureaucracies. European Management Journal, 31(1), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2012.07.008
Hildreth, P., Kimble, C. & Wright, P. (2000). Communities of practice in the distributed international environment. Journal of Knowledge Management, 4(1), 27-38, https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270010315920
Ho, L. A., & Kuo, T. H. (2013). How system quality and incentive affect knowledge sharing. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 113(7), 1048–1063. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-01-2013-0015
Hou, H. (2015). What makes an online community of practice work? A situated study of Chinese student teachers’ perceptions of online professional learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 46, 6–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2014.10.005
Hurtubise, K., Rivard, L., Héguy, L., Berbari, J., & Camden, C. (2016). Virtual Knowledge Brokering: Describing the Roles and Strategies Used by Knowledge Brokers in a Pediatric Physiotherapy Virtual Community of Practice. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 3(6), 186–194, https://doi.org/10.1097/CEH.0000000000000101
Jeon, S.-H., Kim, Y.-G., & Koh, J. (2011a). Individual, social, and organizational contexts for active knowledge sharing in communities of practice. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(10), 12423–12431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.04.023
Jeon, S., Kim, Y. G., & Koh, J. (2011b). An integrative model for knowledge sharing in communities-of-practice. Journal of Knowledge Management, 15(2), 251–269. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271111119682
Kirkman, B. L., Mathieu, J. E., Cordery, J. L., Rosen, B., & Kukenberger, M. (2011). Managing a New Collaborative Entity in Business Organizations: Understanding Organizational Communities of Practice Effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(6), 1234–1245. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024198
Kirkman, B. L., Rosen, B., Tesluk, P. E., & Gibson, C. B. (2004). The impact of team empowerment on virtual team performance: The moderating role of face-to-face interaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 175–192. doi:10.2307/20159571
Lampel, J. & Bhalla, A. (2007). Let’s get natural: The discourse of community and the problem of transferring practices in knowledge management. Management Decision, 45(7), 1069–1082.
Lee-Kelley, L., & Turner, N. (2017). PMO managers’ self-determined participation in a purposeful virtual community-of-practice. International Journal of Project Management, 35(1), 64–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.09.014
Li, W. (2010). Virtual knowledge sharing in a cross?cultural context. Journal of Knowledge Management, 14(1), 38-50, https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271011015552
Li, W., Ardichvili, A., Maurer, M., Wentling, T., & Stuedemann, R. (2007). Impact of Chinese Culture Values on Knowledge Sharing Through Online Communities of Practice. International Journal of Knowledge Management, 3(3), 46–59. https://doi.org/10.4018/jkm.2007070103
Majewski, G., Usoro, A., & Khan, I. (2011). Knowledge sharing in immersive virtual communities of practice. VINE, 41(1), 41–62. https://doi.org/10.1108/03055721111115548
Mason, C., Castleman, T., & Parker, C. M. (2008). Socio-technical factors influencing channel use for knowledge-sharing in regional SME networks. International Journal of Knowledge Management Studies, 2(3), 303–319. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJKMS.2008.018794
McDermott, R., & Archibald, D. (2010). Harnessing your staff’s informal networks. Harvard Business Review, 88(3), 82–89.
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Nistor, N., & Fischer, F. (2012). Communities of practice in academia: Testing a quantitative model. Learning Culture and Social Interaction, 1(2), 114–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lcsi.2012.05.005
Nistor, N., Baltes, B., & Schustek, M. (2012b). Knowledge sharing and educational technology acceptance in online academic communities of practice. Campus-Wide Information Systems, 29(2), 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1108/10650741211212377
Nistor, N., Baltes, B., Dasc?lu, M., Mih?il?, D., Smeaton, G., & Tr?u?an-Matu, ?. (2014). Participation in virtual academic communities of practice under the influence of technology acceptance and community factors. A learning analytics application. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 339–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.051
Nistor, N., Schworm, S., & Werner, M. (2012a). Online help-seeking in communities of practice: Modeling the acceptance of conceptual artifacts. Computers & Education, 59(2), 774–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.03.017
Nonaka, I. (2008). The knowledge-creating company. Harvard Business Review Press.
Paasivaara, M., & Lassenius, C. (2014). Communities of practice in a large distributed agile software development organization - Case Ericsson. Information and Software Technology, 56(12), 1556–1577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2014.06.008
Pan, Y., Xu, Y. C., Wang, X., Zhang, C., Ling, H., & Lin, J. (2015). Integrating social networking support for dyadic knowledge exchange: A study in a virtual community of practice. Information & Management, 52(1), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2014.10.001
Retna, K. S., & Tee, P. N. (2011). Communities of practice: Dynamics and success factors. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 32(1), 41–59. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731111099274
Seba, I., Rowley, J., & Lambert, S. (2012). Factors affecting attitudes and intentions towards knowledge sharing in the Dubai Police Force. International Journal of Information Management, 32(4), 372–380. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2011.12.003
Shaari, R., Bakri, N., & Rahman, A. A. (2015). Antecedents of Knowledge Sharing Behavior among Nurses: Towards Research Agenda. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 171, 635–641. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.171
Thang, S. M., Hall, C., Murugaiah, P., & Azman, H. (2011). Creating and maintaining online communities of practice in Malaysian Smart Schools: Challenging realities. Educational Action Research, 19(1), 87–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650792.2011.547724
Triandis, H.C. (1980). Values, Attitudes, and Interpersonal Behavior. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
Tseng, F.-C., & Kuo, F.Y. (2014). A study of social participation and knowledge sharing in the teachers’ online professional community of practice. Computers & Education, 72, 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.10.005
Usoro, A., & Majewski, G. (2011). Intensive knowledge sharing: Finnish Laurea lab case study. VINE, 41(1), 7–25. https://doi.org/10.1108/03055721111115520
Usoro, A., Sharratt, M. W., Tsui, E., & Shekhar, S. (2007). Trust as an antecedent to knowledge sharing in virtual communities of practice. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 5(3), 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.kmrp.8500143
Wei, W., Wang, J., Chen, X., Yang, J., & Min, X. (2018). Psychological contract model for knowledge collaboration in virtual community of practice: An analysis based on the game theory. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 329, 175–187. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2018.01.053
Wenger, E. (1999). Communities of practice. Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge, UK: University Press.
Wenger, E., McDermott, R. & Snyder, W. (2002). Cultivating communities of practice: A guide to managing knowledge. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Xu, W. W., Chiu, I. H., Chen, Y., & Mukherjee, T. (2015). Twitter hashtags for health: Applying network and content analyses to understand the health knowledge sharing in a Twitter-based community of practice. Quality and Quantity, 49(4), 1361–1380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0051-6
Antonacci, G., Fronzetti Colladon, A., Stefanini, A., & Gloor, P. (2017). It is rotating leaders who build the swarm: Social network determinants of growth for healthcare virtual communities of practice. Journal of Knowledge Management, 21(5), 1218–1239. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-11-2016-0504
Ardichvili, A. (2008). Learning and Knowledge Sharing in Virtual Communities of Practice: Motivators, Barriers, and Enablers. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 10(4), 541–554. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422308319536
Ardichvili, A., Maurer, M., Li, W., Wentling, T., & Stuedemann, R. (2006). Cultural influences on knowledge sharing through online communities of practice. Journal of Knowledge Management, 10(1), 94–107. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270610650139
Assegaff, S., Kurniabudi, & Fernando, E. (2016). Impact of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on knowledge sharing in virtual communities of practices. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,1(3), 619–626. 10.11591/ijeecs.v1.i3.pp619-629
Barnett, S., Jones, S. C., Bennett, S., Iverson, D., & Bonney, A. (2012). General practice training and virtual communities of practice - A review of the literature. BMC Family Practice, 13(1), 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-13-87
Barnett, S., Jones, S. C., Bennett, S., Iverson, D., & Robinson, L. (2016). A Virtual Community of Practice for General Practice Training: A Preimplementation Survey. JMIR Medical Education, 2(2), e13–e13.
Barnett, S., Jones, S. C., Caton, T., Iverson, D., Bennett, S., & Robinson, L. (2014). Implementing a virtual community of practice for family physician training: A mixed-methods case study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(3), e83. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.3083
Bicchi, F. (2011). The EU as a community of practice: foreign policy communications in the COREU network. Journal of European Public Policy, 18(8), 1115-1132. DOI: 10.1080/13501763.2011.615200
Bolisani E. & Scarso, E. (2014). The place of communities of practice in knowledge management studies: a critical review. Journal of Knowledge Management, 18(2), 366-381. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-07-2013-0277
Bolisani, E. & Handzic, E. (Eds) (2015). Advances in Knowledge Management: Celebrating Twenty Years of Research and Practice. Springer, Heidelberg.
Bourhis, A., & Dubé, L. (2010). «Structuring spontaneity»: Investigating the impact of management practices on the success of virtual communities of practice. Journal of Information Science, 36(2), 175–193. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551509357861
Brown, J.S. & Duguid, P. (1991). Organizational learning and communities of practice: Towards a unified view of working learning and innovation. Organization Science, 2(1), 40–57.
Castells, M. (1996). The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Volume I: The Rise of the Network Society. Blackwell, Oxford.
Cheung, C. M. K., Lee, M. K. O., & Lee, Z. W. Y. (2013). Understanding the continuance intention of knowledge sharing in online communities of practice through the post-knowledge-sharing evaluation processes. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 64(7), 1357–1374. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.22854
Chiu, C.-M., Hsu, M.-H., & Wang, E. T. G. (2006). Understanding knowledge sharing in virtual communities: An integration of social capital and social cognitive theories. Decision Support Systems, 42(3), 1872–1888. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2006.04.001
Davenport, T.H. & Prusak, L. (2000). Working Knowledge. Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA
Fahey, R., Vasconcelos, A. C., & Ellis, D. (2007). The impact of rewards within communities of practice: A study of the SAP online global community. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 5(3), 186–198. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.kmrp.8500140
Fang, Y. H., & Chiu, C. M. (2010). In justice we trust: Exploring knowledge-sharing continuance intentions in virtual communities of practice. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(2), 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.09.005
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2015). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. New York: Routledge.
Gallagher, S. E., & Savage, T. (2013). Cross-cultural analysis in online community research: A literature review. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 1028–1038. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.09.011
Gammelgaard, J. (2010). Knowledge retrieval through virtual communities of practice. Behaviour & Information Technology, 29(4), 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/01449290903548406
Harvey, J.-F., Cohendet, P., Simon, L., & Dubois, L.-E. (2013). Another cog in the machine: Designing communities of practice in professional bureaucracies. European Management Journal, 31(1), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2012.07.008
Hildreth, P., Kimble, C. & Wright, P. (2000). Communities of practice in the distributed international environment. Journal of Knowledge Management, 4(1), 27-38, https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270010315920
Ho, L. A., & Kuo, T. H. (2013). How system quality and incentive affect knowledge sharing. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 113(7), 1048–1063. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-01-2013-0015
Hou, H. (2015). What makes an online community of practice work? A situated study of Chinese student teachers’ perceptions of online professional learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 46, 6–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2014.10.005
Hurtubise, K., Rivard, L., Héguy, L., Berbari, J., & Camden, C. (2016). Virtual Knowledge Brokering: Describing the Roles and Strategies Used by Knowledge Brokers in a Pediatric Physiotherapy Virtual Community of Practice. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 3(6), 186–194, https://doi.org/10.1097/CEH.0000000000000101
Jeon, S.-H., Kim, Y.-G., & Koh, J. (2011a). Individual, social, and organizational contexts for active knowledge sharing in communities of practice. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(10), 12423–12431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.04.023
Jeon, S., Kim, Y. G., & Koh, J. (2011b). An integrative model for knowledge sharing in communities-of-practice. Journal of Knowledge Management, 15(2), 251–269. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271111119682
Kirkman, B. L., Mathieu, J. E., Cordery, J. L., Rosen, B., & Kukenberger, M. (2011). Managing a New Collaborative Entity in Business Organizations: Understanding Organizational Communities of Practice Effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(6), 1234–1245. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024198
Kirkman, B. L., Rosen, B., Tesluk, P. E., & Gibson, C. B. (2004). The impact of team empowerment on virtual team performance: The moderating role of face-to-face interaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 175–192. doi:10.2307/20159571
Lampel, J. & Bhalla, A. (2007). Let’s get natural: The discourse of community and the problem of transferring practices in knowledge management. Management Decision, 45(7), 1069–1082.
Lee-Kelley, L., & Turner, N. (2017). PMO managers’ self-determined participation in a purposeful virtual community-of-practice. International Journal of Project Management, 35(1), 64–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.09.014
Li, W. (2010). Virtual knowledge sharing in a cross?cultural context. Journal of Knowledge Management, 14(1), 38-50, https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271011015552
Li, W., Ardichvili, A., Maurer, M., Wentling, T., & Stuedemann, R. (2007). Impact of Chinese Culture Values on Knowledge Sharing Through Online Communities of Practice. International Journal of Knowledge Management, 3(3), 46–59. https://doi.org/10.4018/jkm.2007070103
Majewski, G., Usoro, A., & Khan, I. (2011). Knowledge sharing in immersive virtual communities of practice. VINE, 41(1), 41–62. https://doi.org/10.1108/03055721111115548
Mason, C., Castleman, T., & Parker, C. M. (2008). Socio-technical factors influencing channel use for knowledge-sharing in regional SME networks. International Journal of Knowledge Management Studies, 2(3), 303–319. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJKMS.2008.018794
McDermott, R., & Archibald, D. (2010). Harnessing your staff’s informal networks. Harvard Business Review, 88(3), 82–89.
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Nistor, N., & Fischer, F. (2012). Communities of practice in academia: Testing a quantitative model. Learning Culture and Social Interaction, 1(2), 114–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lcsi.2012.05.005
Nistor, N., Baltes, B., & Schustek, M. (2012b). Knowledge sharing and educational technology acceptance in online academic communities of practice. Campus-Wide Information Systems, 29(2), 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1108/10650741211212377
Nistor, N., Baltes, B., Dasc?lu, M., Mih?il?, D., Smeaton, G., & Tr?u?an-Matu, ?. (2014). Participation in virtual academic communities of practice under the influence of technology acceptance and community factors. A learning analytics application. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 339–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.051
Nistor, N., Schworm, S., & Werner, M. (2012a). Online help-seeking in communities of practice: Modeling the acceptance of conceptual artifacts. Computers & Education, 59(2), 774–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.03.017
Nonaka, I. (2008). The knowledge-creating company. Harvard Business Review Press.
Paasivaara, M., & Lassenius, C. (2014). Communities of practice in a large distributed agile software development organization - Case Ericsson. Information and Software Technology, 56(12), 1556–1577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2014.06.008
Pan, Y., Xu, Y. C., Wang, X., Zhang, C., Ling, H., & Lin, J. (2015). Integrating social networking support for dyadic knowledge exchange: A study in a virtual community of practice. Information & Management, 52(1), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2014.10.001
Retna, K. S., & Tee, P. N. (2011). Communities of practice: Dynamics and success factors. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 32(1), 41–59. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731111099274
Seba, I., Rowley, J., & Lambert, S. (2012). Factors affecting attitudes and intentions towards knowledge sharing in the Dubai Police Force. International Journal of Information Management, 32(4), 372–380. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2011.12.003
Shaari, R., Bakri, N., & Rahman, A. A. (2015). Antecedents of Knowledge Sharing Behavior among Nurses: Towards Research Agenda. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 171, 635–641. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.171
Thang, S. M., Hall, C., Murugaiah, P., & Azman, H. (2011). Creating and maintaining online communities of practice in Malaysian Smart Schools: Challenging realities. Educational Action Research, 19(1), 87–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650792.2011.547724
Triandis, H.C. (1980). Values, Attitudes, and Interpersonal Behavior. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
Tseng, F.-C., & Kuo, F.Y. (2014). A study of social participation and knowledge sharing in the teachers’ online professional community of practice. Computers & Education, 72, 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.10.005
Usoro, A., & Majewski, G. (2011). Intensive knowledge sharing: Finnish Laurea lab case study. VINE, 41(1), 7–25. https://doi.org/10.1108/03055721111115520
Usoro, A., Sharratt, M. W., Tsui, E., & Shekhar, S. (2007). Trust as an antecedent to knowledge sharing in virtual communities of practice. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 5(3), 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.kmrp.8500143
Wei, W., Wang, J., Chen, X., Yang, J., & Min, X. (2018). Psychological contract model for knowledge collaboration in virtual community of practice: An analysis based on the game theory. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 329, 175–187. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2018.01.053
Wenger, E. (1999). Communities of practice. Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge, UK: University Press.
Wenger, E., McDermott, R. & Snyder, W. (2002). Cultivating communities of practice: A guide to managing knowledge. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Xu, W. W., Chiu, I. H., Chen, Y., & Mukherjee, T. (2015). Twitter hashtags for health: Applying network and content analyses to understand the health knowledge sharing in a Twitter-based community of practice. Quality and Quantity, 49(4), 1361–1380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0051-6
Hernández-Soto, R., Gutiérrez-Ortega, M., & Rubia-Avi, B. (2021). Key factors in Knowledge Sharing Behavior in Virtual Communities of Practice: A Systematic Review. Education in The Knowledge Society, 22, e22715. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks.22715
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