Towards an Early Screening Tool for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Abstract In recent years, eye-tracking methodology technique has been the objectof study used in different investigations as a potential objective measure of the diagnosis ofASD. In the present study, a total of 15 stimulus videos have been prepared. These are divided into four blocks to design an objective test with simple and rapid application, by using an eye-tracker device, which allows an early diagnosis of ASD. To do so, we measured a sample made up of 148 subjects, 74 subjects with ASD and 74 with typical development. The results confirm that it is possible to configure a software that, after analysing the gaze records of a baby obtained with an eye-tracker device, automatically provides us with its probability of presenting an “ASD or no ASD Gaze Pattern”. With the tasks presented here, after analysing the sensitivity of each video and each variable, statistically significant results have been obtained in each of the stimulus videos. Based on that output, it can be concluded that the eye-tracking methodology with the use of the stimuli designed here can be used as an objective and effective diagnostic method for ASD.
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ACEVEDO, G. (2020). Sobre el cerebro autista. Procedimiento de actuación temprana para niños y niñas con patrón de mirada diferente. Nieva ediciones.
ADANSI. (2021). Proyecto “Cómo mira tu bebé”. Recuperado de https://adansi.es/
DALTON, K. M., NACEWICZ, B. M., JOHNSTONE, T., SCHAEFER, H. S., GERNSBACHER, M. A., GOLDSMITH, H. H., ALEXANDER, A. L. y DAVIDSON, R. J. (2005). Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism. Nature Neurosci-ence, 8(4), 519-526. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1421
DAWSON, G., MELTZOFF, A. N., OSTERLING, J. y RINALDI, J. (1998). Neuropsychological correlates of early symptoms of autism. Child Development, 69(5), 1276-1285. https://doi.org/10.2307/1132265
DAWSON, G., MELTZOFF, A. N., OSTERLING, J., RINALDI, J. y BROWN, E. (1998). Children with autism fail to orient to naturally occurring social stimuli. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28(6), 479-485. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1026043926488
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FRAZIER, T. W., KLINGEMIER, E. W., PARIKH, S., SPEER, L., STRAUSS, M. S., ENG, C., HARDAN, A. Y. y YOUNGSTROM, E. A. (2018). Development and validation of objective and quantitative Eye Tracking-based measures of autism risk and symptom levels. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(11), 858-866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.023
HICKOK, G. y POEPPEL, D. (2000). Towards a functional neuroanatomy of speech perception. Trends Cognitive Scien-ces, 4(4), 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01463-7
HICKOK, G. y POEPPEL, D. (2007). The cortical organization of speech processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(5), 393-402. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2113
HOWARD, P. L., ZHANG, L. y BENSON, V. (2019). What can eye movements tell us about subtle cognitive processing differences in autism? Vision (Basel), 3(2), 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision3020022
JACOB, P. y JEANNEROD, M. (2003). Ways of seeing: the scope and limits of visual cognition. Oxford Cognitive Scien-ce Series.
JELLEMA, T., BAKER, C. I., WICKER, B. y PERRETT, D. I. (2000). Neural representation for the perception of the intentiona-lity of actions. Brain and Cognition, 44(2), 280-302. https://doi.org/10.1006/brcg.2000.1231
KLIN, A., JONES, W., SCHULTZ, R., VOLKMAR, F. y COHEN, D. (2002). Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Archives of General Psychia-try, 59(9), 809-816. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.59.9.809
KLIN, A., LIN, D. J., GORRINDO, P., RAMSAY, G. y JONES, W. (2009). Two-year-olds with autism orient to non-social con-tingencies rather than biological motion. Nature, 459(7244), 257-261. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07868
LEWKOWICZ, D. J. y HANSEN-TIFT, A. M. (2012). Infants deploy selective attention to the mouth of a talking face when learning speech. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(5), 1431-1436. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1114783109
LORD, C., RUTTER, M., DILAVORE, P. C., RISI, S., GOTHAM, K. y BISHOP, S. L. (2013). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedu-le, Second Edition (ADOS-2) Manual (Part I): Modules 1-4. Western Psychological Services. [Spanish version: LORD, C., RUTTER, M., DILAVORE, P. C., RISI, S., GOTHAM, K., BISHOP, S. L., LUYSTER, R. J. y GUTHRIE, W. (2015). Escala de Observación para el Diagnóstico del Autismo. ADOS-2. TEA].
MARISCAL, S. y GALLEGO, C. (2013). La imitación como herramienta para investigar y evaluar el desarrollo lingüístico temprano: un estudio piloto de repetición de palabras y pseudopalabras. Revista de Investigación en Logo-pedia, 3(1), 53-75.
MATERNA, S., DICKE, P. W. y THIER, P. (2008). Dissociable roles of the superior temporal sulcus and the intraparietal sulcus in joint attention: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(1), 108-119. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20.1.108
MILNER, A. D. y GOODALE, M. A. (1995). The visual brain in action. Oxford Psychology Series.
MURIAS, M., MAJOR, S., DAVLANTIS, K., FRANZ, L., HARRIS, A., RARDIN, B., SABATOS-DEVITO, M. y DAWSON, G. (2018). Validation of eye-tracking measures of social attention as a potential biomarker for autism clinical trials. Autism Re-search, 11(1), 166-174. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1894
OSTERLING, J. y DAWSON, G. (1994). Early recognition of children with autism: a study of first birthday home videota-pes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(3), 247-257. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02172225
PELPHREY, K. A., SASSON, N. J., REZNICK, J. S., PAUL, G., GOLDMAN, B. D. y PIVEN, J. (2002). Visual scanning of faces in au-tism. Journal Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 249-261. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016374617369
PERRETT, D. I., SMITH, P. A. J., POTTER, D. D., MISTLIN, A. J., HEAD, A. S., MILNER, A. D. y JEEVES, M. A. (1985). Visual cells in the temporal cortex sensitive to face view and gaze direction. Biological Sciences, 223(1232), 293-317. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1985.0003
RIVIÈRE, Á. (2001). Autismo, orientaciones para la intervención educativa. Trotta.
RIZZOLATTI, G. y FABBRI-DESTRO, M. (2010). Mirror neurons: from discovery to autism. Experimental Brain Research, 200(3-4), 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-009-2002-3
SHIC, F., MACARI, S. y CHAWARSK, K. (2014). Speech disturbs face scanning in 6-month olds who develop Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 75(3), 231-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.009
TENENBAUM, E. J., SOBEL, D. M., SHEINKOPF, S. J., SHAH, R. J., MALLE, B. F. y MORGAN, J. L. (2015). Attention to the mouth and gaze following in infancy predict language development. Journal of Child Language, 42(6), 1173-1190. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000914000725
WASS, S. V., JONES, J. H., GLIGA, T., SMITH, T. J., CHARMAN, T. y JOHNSON, M. H. (2015). Shorter spontaneous fixation dura-tions in infants with later emerging autism. Scientific Reports, 5, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08284
ZILBOVICIUS, M., MERESSE, I., CHABANE, N., BRUNELLE, F., SAMSON, Y. y BODDAERT, N. (2006). Autism, the superior temporal sulcus and social perception. Trends in Neurosciences, 29(7), 359-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.06.004
ADANSI. (2021). Proyecto “Cómo mira tu bebé”. Recuperado de https://adansi.es/
DALTON, K. M., NACEWICZ, B. M., JOHNSTONE, T., SCHAEFER, H. S., GERNSBACHER, M. A., GOLDSMITH, H. H., ALEXANDER, A. L. y DAVIDSON, R. J. (2005). Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism. Nature Neurosci-ence, 8(4), 519-526. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1421
DAWSON, G., MELTZOFF, A. N., OSTERLING, J. y RINALDI, J. (1998). Neuropsychological correlates of early symptoms of autism. Child Development, 69(5), 1276-1285. https://doi.org/10.2307/1132265
DAWSON, G., MELTZOFF, A. N., OSTERLING, J., RINALDI, J. y BROWN, E. (1998). Children with autism fail to orient to naturally occurring social stimuli. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28(6), 479-485. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1026043926488
ESCUDERO, A. J., CARRANZA, J. A. y HUESCAR, E. (2013). Aparición y desarrollo de la Atención Conjunta en la infancia. Anales de Psicología, 29(2), 404-412. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.2.136871
FRAZIER, T. W., KLINGEMIER, E. W., PARIKH, S., SPEER, L., STRAUSS, M. S., ENG, C., HARDAN, A. Y. y YOUNGSTROM, E. A. (2018). Development and validation of objective and quantitative Eye Tracking-based measures of autism risk and symptom levels. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(11), 858-866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.023
HICKOK, G. y POEPPEL, D. (2000). Towards a functional neuroanatomy of speech perception. Trends Cognitive Scien-ces, 4(4), 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01463-7
HICKOK, G. y POEPPEL, D. (2007). The cortical organization of speech processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(5), 393-402. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2113
HOWARD, P. L., ZHANG, L. y BENSON, V. (2019). What can eye movements tell us about subtle cognitive processing differences in autism? Vision (Basel), 3(2), 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision3020022
JACOB, P. y JEANNEROD, M. (2003). Ways of seeing: the scope and limits of visual cognition. Oxford Cognitive Scien-ce Series.
JELLEMA, T., BAKER, C. I., WICKER, B. y PERRETT, D. I. (2000). Neural representation for the perception of the intentiona-lity of actions. Brain and Cognition, 44(2), 280-302. https://doi.org/10.1006/brcg.2000.1231
KLIN, A., JONES, W., SCHULTZ, R., VOLKMAR, F. y COHEN, D. (2002). Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Archives of General Psychia-try, 59(9), 809-816. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.59.9.809
KLIN, A., LIN, D. J., GORRINDO, P., RAMSAY, G. y JONES, W. (2009). Two-year-olds with autism orient to non-social con-tingencies rather than biological motion. Nature, 459(7244), 257-261. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07868
LEWKOWICZ, D. J. y HANSEN-TIFT, A. M. (2012). Infants deploy selective attention to the mouth of a talking face when learning speech. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(5), 1431-1436. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1114783109
LORD, C., RUTTER, M., DILAVORE, P. C., RISI, S., GOTHAM, K. y BISHOP, S. L. (2013). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedu-le, Second Edition (ADOS-2) Manual (Part I): Modules 1-4. Western Psychological Services. [Spanish version: LORD, C., RUTTER, M., DILAVORE, P. C., RISI, S., GOTHAM, K., BISHOP, S. L., LUYSTER, R. J. y GUTHRIE, W. (2015). Escala de Observación para el Diagnóstico del Autismo. ADOS-2. TEA].
MARISCAL, S. y GALLEGO, C. (2013). La imitación como herramienta para investigar y evaluar el desarrollo lingüístico temprano: un estudio piloto de repetición de palabras y pseudopalabras. Revista de Investigación en Logo-pedia, 3(1), 53-75.
MATERNA, S., DICKE, P. W. y THIER, P. (2008). Dissociable roles of the superior temporal sulcus and the intraparietal sulcus in joint attention: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(1), 108-119. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20.1.108
MILNER, A. D. y GOODALE, M. A. (1995). The visual brain in action. Oxford Psychology Series.
MURIAS, M., MAJOR, S., DAVLANTIS, K., FRANZ, L., HARRIS, A., RARDIN, B., SABATOS-DEVITO, M. y DAWSON, G. (2018). Validation of eye-tracking measures of social attention as a potential biomarker for autism clinical trials. Autism Re-search, 11(1), 166-174. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1894
OSTERLING, J. y DAWSON, G. (1994). Early recognition of children with autism: a study of first birthday home videota-pes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(3), 247-257. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02172225
PELPHREY, K. A., SASSON, N. J., REZNICK, J. S., PAUL, G., GOLDMAN, B. D. y PIVEN, J. (2002). Visual scanning of faces in au-tism. Journal Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 249-261. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016374617369
PERRETT, D. I., SMITH, P. A. J., POTTER, D. D., MISTLIN, A. J., HEAD, A. S., MILNER, A. D. y JEEVES, M. A. (1985). Visual cells in the temporal cortex sensitive to face view and gaze direction. Biological Sciences, 223(1232), 293-317. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1985.0003
RIVIÈRE, Á. (2001). Autismo, orientaciones para la intervención educativa. Trotta.
RIZZOLATTI, G. y FABBRI-DESTRO, M. (2010). Mirror neurons: from discovery to autism. Experimental Brain Research, 200(3-4), 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-009-2002-3
SHIC, F., MACARI, S. y CHAWARSK, K. (2014). Speech disturbs face scanning in 6-month olds who develop Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 75(3), 231-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.009
TENENBAUM, E. J., SOBEL, D. M., SHEINKOPF, S. J., SHAH, R. J., MALLE, B. F. y MORGAN, J. L. (2015). Attention to the mouth and gaze following in infancy predict language development. Journal of Child Language, 42(6), 1173-1190. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000914000725
WASS, S. V., JONES, J. H., GLIGA, T., SMITH, T. J., CHARMAN, T. y JOHNSON, M. H. (2015). Shorter spontaneous fixation dura-tions in infants with later emerging autism. Scientific Reports, 5, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08284
ZILBOVICIUS, M., MERESSE, I., CHABANE, N., BRUNELLE, F., SAMSON, Y. y BODDAERT, N. (2006). Autism, the superior temporal sulcus and social perception. Trends in Neurosciences, 29(7), 359-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.06.004
Acevedo Díaz, G., Camero Fernández, R., Fernández Prada, M., Andrés Suárez, J. de, González-Rodríguez, M., & Fernández-Lanvin, D. (2022). Towards an Early Screening Tool for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Siglo Cero, 53(1), 71–93. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero20225317193
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