The “Down Syndrome Advantage” in the Young People with Intellectual Disabilities Quality of Life
Abstract The aim of the study was to examine the “Down syndrome advantage” phenomenon in the family and individual quality of life of young people with intellectual disabilities (ID). The sample consisted of 84 young people with ID (mean age 21,41 years; SD = 2,87), 20 of them with Down syndrome (DS) (23,81 %). The instruments were the Family Quality of Life Scale (FQoL) and the INICO-FEAPS Scale, in its reported by others version (QoL-H) and self-reported version (QoL-A). The results reflect greater satisfaction with FQoL and better QoL-H scores in the young people with DS’ families, while QoL-A is higher among young people without DS. Neither the age of the parents nor the level of income was related to these variables. The fact that the differences found in family and individual QoL are favorable for young people with DS when their relatives are the informants, but unfavorable in the self-reported version, suggests an not causal explanation of the phenomenon, but related to family expectations and their access to resources and supports. This encourages us to highlight the importance of people’s self-perception and report in the evaluation of the QoL of young people with ID.
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Abbeduto, L., Seltzer, M., Shattuck, P., Krauss, M., Orsmond, G. y Murphy, M. (2004). Psychological well-being and coping in mothers of youths with autism, Down syndrome, or Fragile X syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 109(3), 237. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2004)109<237:PWACIM>2.0.CO;2
Acharya, K. (2011). Prenatal testing for intellectual disability: misperceptions and reality with lessons from Down syndrome. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 17(1), 27-31. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddrr.135
Berástegui, A., López-Riobóo, E. y García, N. (2015). Proyecto DEMOS. Una apuesta por la formación de las personas con discapacidad intelectual en el entorno universitario. En D. Cabezas y J. Flórez (Dirs.), Educación postsecundaria en entorno universitario para alumnos con discapacidad intelectual: Experiencias y resultados (pp. 31-44). Santander: Fundación Iberoamericana Down21.
Bertoli, M., Biasini, G., Calignano, M., Celani, G., De Grossi, G., Digilio, M. et al. (2011). Needs and challenges of daily life for people with Down syndrome residing in the city of Rome, Italy. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 55(8), 801-820. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01432.x
Blacher, J., Baker, B. L. y Kaladjian, A. (2013). Syndrome specificity and mother-child interactions: examining positive and negative parenting across contexts and time. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(4), 761-774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1605-x
Blacher, J. y McIntyre, L. L. (2006). Syndrome specificity and behavioural disorders in young adults with intellectual disability: cultural differences in family impact. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(3), 184-198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00768.x
Brown, R., MacAdam-Crisp, J., Wang, M. y Iarocci, G. (2006). Family quality of life when there is a child with a developmental disability. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 3(4), 238-245. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-1130.2006.00085.x
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd Edition. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Corrice, A. y Glidden, L. (2009). The Down syndrome advantage: fact or fiction? American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 114(4), 254-268. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-114.4.254-268
Dabrowska, A. y Pisula, E. (2010). Parenting stress and coping styles in mothers and fathers of pre-school children with autism and Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(3), 266-280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01258.x
Dodd, D. H., Zabriskie, R. B., Widmer, M. A. y Eggett, D. (2009). Contributions of family leisure to family functioning among families that include children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(2), 261-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2009.11950169
Esbensen, A., Bishop, S., Seltzer, M., Greenberg, J. y Taylor, J. (2010). Comparisons between individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders and individuals with Down syndrome in adulthood. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 115(4), 277-290. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-115.4.277
Esbensen, A. y Seltzer, M. (2011). Accounting for the "Down syndrome advantage". American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 116(1), 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-116.1.3
Farkas, L., Cless, J. D., Cless, A. W., Nelson Goff, B. S., Bodine, E. y Edelman, A. (2019). The ups and Downs of Down syndrome: a qualitative study of positive and negative parenting experiences. Journal of Family Issues, 40(4), 518-539. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X18812192
Fidler, D. J., Hodapp, R. M. y Dykens, E. M. (2000). Stress in families of young children with Down syndrome, Williams syndrome, and Smith-Magenis syndrome. Early Education and Development, 11(4), 395-406. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15566935eed1104_2
Fisman, S., Wolf, L., Ellison, D. y Freeman, T. A. (2000). Longitudinal study of siblings of children with chronic disabilities. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 45(4), 369-375. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370004500406
Foley, K. R., Taffe, J., Bourke, J., Einfeld, S. L., Tonge, B. J., Trollor, J. y Leonard, H. (2016). Young people with intellectual disability transitioning to adulthood: do behaviour trajectories differ in those with and without Down syndrome? PloS one, 11(7), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157667
Glidden, L., Grein, K. y Ludwig, J. (2014). The Down syndrome advantage: it depends on what and when you measure. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 119(5), 389-404. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-119.5.389
Griffith, G. M., Hastings, R. P., Nash, S. y Hill, C. (2010). Using matched groups to explore child behavior problems and maternal well-being in children with Down syndrome and autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(5), 610-619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0906-1
Hartley, S. L., Seltzer, M. M., Head, L. y Abbeduto, L. (2012). Psychological well-being in fathers of adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and autism. Family Relations, 61(2), 327-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00693.x
Hodapp, R. (2007). Families of persons with Down syndrome: new perspectives, findings, and research and service needs. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 13(3), 279-287. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrdd.20160
Hodapp, R. M., Burke, M. M. y Urbano, R. C. (2012). What's age got to do with it? Implications of maternal age on families of offspring with Down syndrome. International Review of Research in Developmental Disabilities, 42, 109-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394284-5.00005-X
Hodapp, R. M., Ricci, L. A., Ly, T. M. y Fidler, D. J. (2003). The effects of the child with Down syndrome on maternal stress. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21(1), 137-151. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151003321164672
Huete, A. (2016). Demografía e inclusión social de las personas con síndrome de Down. Revista Síndrome de Down, 33, 38-50.
Kasari, C. y Freeman, S. F. (2001). Task-related social behavior in children with Down syndrome. Journal Information, 106(3), 253-264. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2001)106<0253:TRSBIC>2.0.CO;2
Lee, C., Burke, M., Arnold, C. y Owen, A. (2018). Comparing differences in support needs as percieved by parents of adult offspring with Down syndome, Autism Spectrum Disorder an cerebral palsy. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32(1), 194-205. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12521
Mitchell, D. B., Hauser-Cram, P. y Crossman, M.K. (2015). Relationship dimensions of the "Down Sydrome Advantage". Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59(6), 506-518. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12153
Park, J., Hoffman, L., Marquis, J., Turnbull, A. P., Poston, D., Mannan, H., Wang, M. y Nelson, L. L. (2003). Toward assessing family outcomes of service delivery: validation of a Family Quality of Life Survey. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(4/5), 367-384. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00497.x
Phillips, B. A., Conners, F. y Curtner-Smith, M. E. (2017). Parenting children with Down syndrome: an analysis of parenting styles, parenting dimensions, and parental stress. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 68, 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2017.06.010
Pisula, E. A. (2007). Comparative study of stress profiles in mothers of children with autism and those of children with Down's syndrome. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 20(3), 274-278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2006.00342.x
Poehlmann, J., Clements, M., Abbeduto, L. y Farsad, V. (2005). Family experiences associated with a child's diagnosis of fragile X or down syndrome: evidence for disruption and resilience. Mental Retardation, 43(4), 255-267. https://doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(2005)43[255:FEAWAC]2.0.CO;2
Ricci, L. A. y Hodapp, R. M. (2003). Fathers of children with Down's syndrome versus other types of intellectual disability: perceptions, stress and involvement. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(4-5), 273-284. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00489.x
Rodgers, C. (2008). Maternal support for the down's syndrome stereotype: the effect of direct experience of the condition. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 31(3), 271-278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.1987.tb01370.x
Rosner, B. A., Hodapp, R. M., Fidler, D. J., Sagun, J. N. y Dykens, E. M. (2004). Social competence in persons with Prader-Willi, Williams and Down's syndromes. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17(3), 209-217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2004.00200.x
Schalock, R. L., Keith, K. D., Verdugo, M. Á. y Gómez, L. E. (2010). Quality of life model development in the field of intellectual disability. En R. Kober, Quality of life for people with intellectual disability (pp. 17-32). Nueva York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9650-0_2
Schalock, R. L. y Verdugo, M. Á. (2012). A leadership guide to redefining intellectual and developmental disabilities organizations: eight successful change strategies. Baltimore, MD: Brookes Publishing Company.
Shivers, C. M., McGregor, C. y Hough, A. (2019). Self-reported stress among adolescent siblings of individuals with autism spectrum disorder and Down syndrome. Autism, 23(1), 112-122. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361317722432
Stoneman, Z. (2007). Examining the Down syndrome advantage: mothers and fathers of young children with disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51(12), 1006-1017. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2007.01012.x
Tekinarslan, I. A. (2013). Comparison study of depression and quality of life in Turkish mothers of children with Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Psychological Reports, 112(1), 266-287. https://doi.org/10.2466/21.02.15.PR0.112.1.266-287
Tomczak, M. y Tomcak, E. (2014). The need to report effect size estimates revisited. An overview of some recommended measures of effect size. Trends Sport Sciences, 1(21), 19-25.
Urbano, R. y Hodapp, R. (2007). Divorce in families of children with Down syndrome: a population-based study. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 112(4), 261. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2007)112[261:DIFOCW]2.0.CO;2
Van Gameren-Oosterom, H., Fekkes, M., Buitendijk, S., Mohangoo, A., Bruil, J. y Van Wouwe, J. (2011). Development, problem behavior, and quality of life in a population based sample of eight-year-old children with down syndrome. PLoS ONE, 6(7), e21879. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021879
Verdugo, M. Á., Gómez, L. E., Arias, B., Santamaría, M., Clavero, D. y Tamarit, J. (2013). Escala INICO-FEAPS: Evaluación Integral de la Calidad de Vida de Personas con Discapacidad Intelectual o del Desarrollo. Salamanca: Publicaciones INICO. https://sid.usal.es.
Verdugo, M. Á., Rodríguez, A. y Sainz, F. (2009). Escala de Calidad de Vida Familiar. Salamanca: Publicaciones INICO. https://sid.usal.es.
Wiley, R. y Renk, K. (2007). Psychological correlates of quality of life in children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 19(5), 427-447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-007-9041-0
Acharya, K. (2011). Prenatal testing for intellectual disability: misperceptions and reality with lessons from Down syndrome. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 17(1), 27-31. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddrr.135
Berástegui, A., López-Riobóo, E. y García, N. (2015). Proyecto DEMOS. Una apuesta por la formación de las personas con discapacidad intelectual en el entorno universitario. En D. Cabezas y J. Flórez (Dirs.), Educación postsecundaria en entorno universitario para alumnos con discapacidad intelectual: Experiencias y resultados (pp. 31-44). Santander: Fundación Iberoamericana Down21.
Bertoli, M., Biasini, G., Calignano, M., Celani, G., De Grossi, G., Digilio, M. et al. (2011). Needs and challenges of daily life for people with Down syndrome residing in the city of Rome, Italy. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 55(8), 801-820. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01432.x
Blacher, J., Baker, B. L. y Kaladjian, A. (2013). Syndrome specificity and mother-child interactions: examining positive and negative parenting across contexts and time. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(4), 761-774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1605-x
Blacher, J. y McIntyre, L. L. (2006). Syndrome specificity and behavioural disorders in young adults with intellectual disability: cultural differences in family impact. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(3), 184-198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00768.x
Brown, R., MacAdam-Crisp, J., Wang, M. y Iarocci, G. (2006). Family quality of life when there is a child with a developmental disability. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 3(4), 238-245. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-1130.2006.00085.x
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd Edition. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Corrice, A. y Glidden, L. (2009). The Down syndrome advantage: fact or fiction? American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 114(4), 254-268. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-114.4.254-268
Dabrowska, A. y Pisula, E. (2010). Parenting stress and coping styles in mothers and fathers of pre-school children with autism and Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(3), 266-280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01258.x
Dodd, D. H., Zabriskie, R. B., Widmer, M. A. y Eggett, D. (2009). Contributions of family leisure to family functioning among families that include children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(2), 261-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2009.11950169
Esbensen, A., Bishop, S., Seltzer, M., Greenberg, J. y Taylor, J. (2010). Comparisons between individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders and individuals with Down syndrome in adulthood. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 115(4), 277-290. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-115.4.277
Esbensen, A. y Seltzer, M. (2011). Accounting for the "Down syndrome advantage". American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 116(1), 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-116.1.3
Farkas, L., Cless, J. D., Cless, A. W., Nelson Goff, B. S., Bodine, E. y Edelman, A. (2019). The ups and Downs of Down syndrome: a qualitative study of positive and negative parenting experiences. Journal of Family Issues, 40(4), 518-539. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X18812192
Fidler, D. J., Hodapp, R. M. y Dykens, E. M. (2000). Stress in families of young children with Down syndrome, Williams syndrome, and Smith-Magenis syndrome. Early Education and Development, 11(4), 395-406. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15566935eed1104_2
Fisman, S., Wolf, L., Ellison, D. y Freeman, T. A. (2000). Longitudinal study of siblings of children with chronic disabilities. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 45(4), 369-375. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370004500406
Foley, K. R., Taffe, J., Bourke, J., Einfeld, S. L., Tonge, B. J., Trollor, J. y Leonard, H. (2016). Young people with intellectual disability transitioning to adulthood: do behaviour trajectories differ in those with and without Down syndrome? PloS one, 11(7), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157667
Glidden, L., Grein, K. y Ludwig, J. (2014). The Down syndrome advantage: it depends on what and when you measure. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 119(5), 389-404. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-119.5.389
Griffith, G. M., Hastings, R. P., Nash, S. y Hill, C. (2010). Using matched groups to explore child behavior problems and maternal well-being in children with Down syndrome and autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(5), 610-619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0906-1
Hartley, S. L., Seltzer, M. M., Head, L. y Abbeduto, L. (2012). Psychological well-being in fathers of adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and autism. Family Relations, 61(2), 327-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00693.x
Hodapp, R. (2007). Families of persons with Down syndrome: new perspectives, findings, and research and service needs. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 13(3), 279-287. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrdd.20160
Hodapp, R. M., Burke, M. M. y Urbano, R. C. (2012). What's age got to do with it? Implications of maternal age on families of offspring with Down syndrome. International Review of Research in Developmental Disabilities, 42, 109-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394284-5.00005-X
Hodapp, R. M., Ricci, L. A., Ly, T. M. y Fidler, D. J. (2003). The effects of the child with Down syndrome on maternal stress. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21(1), 137-151. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151003321164672
Huete, A. (2016). Demografía e inclusión social de las personas con síndrome de Down. Revista Síndrome de Down, 33, 38-50.
Kasari, C. y Freeman, S. F. (2001). Task-related social behavior in children with Down syndrome. Journal Information, 106(3), 253-264. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2001)106<0253:TRSBIC>2.0.CO;2
Lee, C., Burke, M., Arnold, C. y Owen, A. (2018). Comparing differences in support needs as percieved by parents of adult offspring with Down syndome, Autism Spectrum Disorder an cerebral palsy. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32(1), 194-205. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12521
Mitchell, D. B., Hauser-Cram, P. y Crossman, M.K. (2015). Relationship dimensions of the "Down Sydrome Advantage". Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59(6), 506-518. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12153
Park, J., Hoffman, L., Marquis, J., Turnbull, A. P., Poston, D., Mannan, H., Wang, M. y Nelson, L. L. (2003). Toward assessing family outcomes of service delivery: validation of a Family Quality of Life Survey. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(4/5), 367-384. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00497.x
Phillips, B. A., Conners, F. y Curtner-Smith, M. E. (2017). Parenting children with Down syndrome: an analysis of parenting styles, parenting dimensions, and parental stress. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 68, 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2017.06.010
Pisula, E. A. (2007). Comparative study of stress profiles in mothers of children with autism and those of children with Down's syndrome. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 20(3), 274-278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2006.00342.x
Poehlmann, J., Clements, M., Abbeduto, L. y Farsad, V. (2005). Family experiences associated with a child's diagnosis of fragile X or down syndrome: evidence for disruption and resilience. Mental Retardation, 43(4), 255-267. https://doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(2005)43[255:FEAWAC]2.0.CO;2
Ricci, L. A. y Hodapp, R. M. (2003). Fathers of children with Down's syndrome versus other types of intellectual disability: perceptions, stress and involvement. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(4-5), 273-284. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00489.x
Rodgers, C. (2008). Maternal support for the down's syndrome stereotype: the effect of direct experience of the condition. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 31(3), 271-278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.1987.tb01370.x
Rosner, B. A., Hodapp, R. M., Fidler, D. J., Sagun, J. N. y Dykens, E. M. (2004). Social competence in persons with Prader-Willi, Williams and Down's syndromes. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17(3), 209-217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2004.00200.x
Schalock, R. L., Keith, K. D., Verdugo, M. Á. y Gómez, L. E. (2010). Quality of life model development in the field of intellectual disability. En R. Kober, Quality of life for people with intellectual disability (pp. 17-32). Nueva York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9650-0_2
Schalock, R. L. y Verdugo, M. Á. (2012). A leadership guide to redefining intellectual and developmental disabilities organizations: eight successful change strategies. Baltimore, MD: Brookes Publishing Company.
Shivers, C. M., McGregor, C. y Hough, A. (2019). Self-reported stress among adolescent siblings of individuals with autism spectrum disorder and Down syndrome. Autism, 23(1), 112-122. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361317722432
Stoneman, Z. (2007). Examining the Down syndrome advantage: mothers and fathers of young children with disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51(12), 1006-1017. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2007.01012.x
Tekinarslan, I. A. (2013). Comparison study of depression and quality of life in Turkish mothers of children with Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Psychological Reports, 112(1), 266-287. https://doi.org/10.2466/21.02.15.PR0.112.1.266-287
Tomczak, M. y Tomcak, E. (2014). The need to report effect size estimates revisited. An overview of some recommended measures of effect size. Trends Sport Sciences, 1(21), 19-25.
Urbano, R. y Hodapp, R. (2007). Divorce in families of children with Down syndrome: a population-based study. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 112(4), 261. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2007)112[261:DIFOCW]2.0.CO;2
Van Gameren-Oosterom, H., Fekkes, M., Buitendijk, S., Mohangoo, A., Bruil, J. y Van Wouwe, J. (2011). Development, problem behavior, and quality of life in a population based sample of eight-year-old children with down syndrome. PLoS ONE, 6(7), e21879. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021879
Verdugo, M. Á., Gómez, L. E., Arias, B., Santamaría, M., Clavero, D. y Tamarit, J. (2013). Escala INICO-FEAPS: Evaluación Integral de la Calidad de Vida de Personas con Discapacidad Intelectual o del Desarrollo. Salamanca: Publicaciones INICO. https://sid.usal.es.
Verdugo, M. Á., Rodríguez, A. y Sainz, F. (2009). Escala de Calidad de Vida Familiar. Salamanca: Publicaciones INICO. https://sid.usal.es.
Wiley, R. y Renk, K. (2007). Psychological correlates of quality of life in children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 19(5), 427-447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-007-9041-0
Berástegui, A., & Corral, S. (2020). The “Down Syndrome Advantage” in the Young People with Intellectual Disabilities Quality of Life. Siglo Cero, 51(4), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero20205143951
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