Representation of ASD in mass media: analysis of a generalist newspaper
Abstract Mass media influence significantly their users, so they don’t just inform them but they generate opinions too. This fact is relevant to the field of inclusion, while the special educational needs are also an issue addressed by the media. In this study the articles that deal with the topic related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the newspaper El País during the year 2017 are analysed. The results of the content analysis of the articles point out that ASD was a topic of interest during 2017. The most recurring contents were the causes of ASD, often denying their relation with the administration of vaccines, as well as the visibility of the disorder. In this sense, the study points out that the aspects that are shown about ASD are mostly negative. Additionally, regarding the projected image of ASD, one of the most significant deficiencies that has been figured out is the fact that its heterogeneity is not specifically mentioned, and it’s an essential feature of the diagnosis. The conclusions discuss some implications of the results for the scope of inclusion.
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Bie, B. y Tang, L. (2015). Representation of autism in leading newspapers in China: A content analysis. Health communication, 30(9), 884-893. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.889063
Brewer, N., Zoanetti, J. y Young, R. L. (2017). The influence of media suggestions about links between criminality and autism spectrum disorder. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 21(1), 117-121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316632097
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Christensen, D. L., Bilder, D. A., Zahorodny, W., Pettygrove, S., Durkin, M. S., Fitzgerald, R. T., ... y Yeargin-Allsopp, M. (2016). Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among 4-year-old children in the autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 37(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000235
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Doja, A. y Roberts, W. (2006). Immunizations and autism: a review of the literature. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 33(4), 341-346. https://doi.org/10.1017/S031716710000528X
Dorries, B. y Haller, B. (2001). The news of inclusive education: a narrative analysis. Disability and Society, 16(6), 871-891. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590120084001
El País. Archivo web. Recuperado (02/12/2017) de https://elpais.com/archivo/.
Gómez, Y., Martín, M. y Castellet, A. (2014). Tratamiento de la discapacidad en el marco auto-normativo de los medios de comunicación españoles. Historia y Comunicación Social, 19, 667-679. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_HICS.2014.v19.44993
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Lanovaz, M. J., Dufour, M. y Shah, S. (2015). Newspaper coverage of autism treatment in Canada: 10-year trends (2004-2013). The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(7), 329-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371506000706
McCombs, M. (2018). Setting the agenda: mass media and public opinion. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Morgan, J. (2018). Has autism found a place in mainstream TV? The Lancet Neurology, 17(10), 844. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30317-X
Murray, S. (2007). Hollywood and the fascination of autism. En M. Osteen (Ed.), Autism and representation (pp. 244-255). N. York: Routledge.
Renwick, R. (2016). Rarely seen, seldom heard: people with intellectual disabilities in the mass media. En K. Scior y S. Werner (Eds.), Intellectual disability and stigma: Stepping out from the margins (pp. 61-75). Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52499-7_5
Stemler, S. (2001). An overview of content analysis. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 7, 137-146.
Taylor, L. E., Swerdfeger, A. L. y Eslick, G. D. (2014). Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Vaccine, 32(29), 3623-3629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085
Urien, T. (2016). Del reconocimiento legal al reconocimiento efectivo de la igual dignidad como un derecho de la persona con discapacidad intelectual o del desarrollo. Un proceso que nos interpela. Siglo Cero, 47(2), 43-62. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero20164724362
White, S. G., Meloy, J. R., Mohandie, K. y Kienlen, K. (2017). Autism spectrum disorder and violence: threat assessment issues. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 4(3), 144-163. https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000089
Wilson, K., Mills, E., Ross, C., McGowan, J. y Jadad, A. (2003). Association of autistic spectrum disorder and the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: a systematic review of current epidemiological evidence. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 157(7), 628-634. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.157.7.628
Asociación Española de Profesionales del Autismo (2011). Recomendaciones profesionales a los medios en el tratamiento del autismo. Consultado en febrero de 2019 en http://aetapi.org/download/protocolo-comunicacion-aetapi-2/?wpdmdl=3311.
Belcher, C. y Maich, K. (2014). Autism spectrum disorder in popular media: storied reflections of societal views. Brock Education: A Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 23(2), 97-115. https://doi.org/10.26522/brocked.v23i2.311
Bie, B. y Tang, L. (2015). Representation of autism in leading newspapers in China: A content analysis. Health communication, 30(9), 884-893. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.889063
Brewer, N., Zoanetti, J. y Young, R. L. (2017). The influence of media suggestions about links between criminality and autism spectrum disorder. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 21(1), 117-121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316632097
Briant, E., Watson, N. y Philo, G. (2013). Reporting disability in the age of austerity: the changing face of media representation of disability and disabled people in the United Kingdom and the creation of new 'folk devils'. Disability and Society, 28(6), 874-889. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2013.813837
Christensen, D. L., Bilder, D. A., Zahorodny, W., Pettygrove, S., Durkin, M. S., Fitzgerald, R. T., ... y Yeargin-Allsopp, M. (2016). Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among 4-year-old children in the autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 37(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000235
Cuesta Suárez, H. N., Marchena Gómez, M. R. y Aguiar Perera, M. V. (2015). Percepciones sobre la discapacidad transmitidas por la prensa escrita española durante 1978, 1995 y 2007. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico, 21(1), 269-282. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ESMP.2015.v21.n1.49094
Doja, A. y Roberts, W. (2006). Immunizations and autism: a review of the literature. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 33(4), 341-346. https://doi.org/10.1017/S031716710000528X
Dorries, B. y Haller, B. (2001). The news of inclusive education: a narrative analysis. Disability and Society, 16(6), 871-891. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590120084001
El País. Archivo web. Recuperado (02/12/2017) de https://elpais.com/archivo/.
Gómez, Y., Martín, M. y Castellet, A. (2014). Tratamiento de la discapacidad en el marco auto-normativo de los medios de comunicación españoles. Historia y Comunicación Social, 19, 667-679. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_HICS.2014.v19.44993
González, M. E., Montes, I. y Paniagua, F. J. (2018). Opiniones de los profesionales de la comunicación sobre el tratamiento de la discapacidad en televisión. Observatorio (OBS*), 12(1), 217-233. https://doi.org/10.15847/obsOBS12120181078
Haller, B. A. (2010). Representing disability in an ableist world: essays on mass media. Louisville: Advocado Press.
Halliwell, M. (2017). Voices of mental health: medicine, politics, and American culture, 1970-2000. Rutgers University Press, Piscataway, NJ. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1vz498m
Hanson, R. E. (2016). Mass communication: living in a media world. Londres: Sage Publications.
Hebert, E. B. y Koulouglioti, C. (2010). Parental beliefs about cause and course of their child's autism and outcomes of their beliefs: A review of the literature. Issues in comprehensive pediatric nursing, 33(3), 149-163. https://doi.org/10.3109/01460862.2010.498331
Jones, C. T. (2014). 'Why this story over a hundred others of the day?' five journalists' backstories about writing disability in Toronto. Disability and Society, 29(8), 1206-1220. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2014.916608
Jones, S. C. y Harwood, V. (2009). Representations of autism in Australian print media. Disability and Society, 24(1), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590802535345
Landis, J. R. y Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159-174. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310
Lanovaz, M. J., Dufour, M. y Shah, S. (2015). Newspaper coverage of autism treatment in Canada: 10-year trends (2004-2013). The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(7), 329-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371506000706
McCombs, M. (2018). Setting the agenda: mass media and public opinion. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Morgan, J. (2018). Has autism found a place in mainstream TV? The Lancet Neurology, 17(10), 844. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30317-X
Murray, S. (2007). Hollywood and the fascination of autism. En M. Osteen (Ed.), Autism and representation (pp. 244-255). N. York: Routledge.
Renwick, R. (2016). Rarely seen, seldom heard: people with intellectual disabilities in the mass media. En K. Scior y S. Werner (Eds.), Intellectual disability and stigma: Stepping out from the margins (pp. 61-75). Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52499-7_5
Stemler, S. (2001). An overview of content analysis. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 7, 137-146.
Taylor, L. E., Swerdfeger, A. L. y Eslick, G. D. (2014). Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Vaccine, 32(29), 3623-3629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085
Urien, T. (2016). Del reconocimiento legal al reconocimiento efectivo de la igual dignidad como un derecho de la persona con discapacidad intelectual o del desarrollo. Un proceso que nos interpela. Siglo Cero, 47(2), 43-62. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero20164724362
White, S. G., Meloy, J. R., Mohandie, K. y Kienlen, K. (2017). Autism spectrum disorder and violence: threat assessment issues. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 4(3), 144-163. https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000089
Wilson, K., Mills, E., Ross, C., McGowan, J. y Jadad, A. (2003). Association of autistic spectrum disorder and the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: a systematic review of current epidemiological evidence. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 157(7), 628-634. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.157.7.628
Lacruz Pérez, I., Tárraga Mínguez, R., Pastor Cerezuela, G., Fernández Andrés, M. I., & Sanz Cervera, P. (2020). Representation of ASD in mass media: analysis of a generalist newspaper. Siglo Cero, 51(1), 73–87. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero20205117387
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