Proceso de evaluación de pictogramas: Catálogo de señalización accesible andaluz
Abstract Everyone needs to rely on elements in their context to move around their own environment with independence. People with permanent or temporary comprehension difficulties need specific support to be able to do so. Pictograms are some of the supports that can render a context cognitively and universally accessible. They are signs which need to be validated using standardized norms such as ISO 9186. This study aimed to increase the number of pictograms available for signposting buildings, and to evaluate their accessibility. Data were collected both via online interviews and self-administered questionnaires, in two phases: assessment of comprehensibility and translucency, and perceptual quality. A total of 1462 participants assessed the pictograms’ comprehension and 270 evaluated their perceptual quality. The sample included individuals of different groups and cognitive profiles. One hundred and fifty one pictograms were evaluated and 55 were selected after fulfilling comprehension, translucency, and perceptual quality criteria. The study is a relevant contribution to the database of pictograms available for use in private and public buildings and provides a group of validated signs that can benefit everyone by facilitating cognitive accessibility in spatial environments.
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van Beusekom, M. M., Land-Zandstra, A. M., Bos, M. J. W., van den Broek, J. M., & Guchelaar, H. J. (2017). Pharmaceutical pictograms for low-literate patients: Understanding, risk of false confidence, and evidence-based design strategies. Patient Education and Counseling, 100(5), 966–973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.12.015
Vigoroso, L., Caffaro, F., Micheletti Cremasco, M., Bagagiolo, G., & Cavallo, E. (2020). Comprehension of Safety Pictograms Affixed to Agricultural Machinery among Pakistani Migrant Farmworkers in Italy. Journal of Agromedicine, 25(3), 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2019.1673269
Belinchón, M., Casas, S., Díez, C. y Tamarit, J. (2014). Accesibilidad cognitiva en los centros educativos: Colección Guías prácticas de orientaciones para la inclusión educativa. Ministerio de Educación Cultura y Deporte.
Berthenet, M., Vaillancourt, R., & Pouliot, A. (2016). Evaluation, modification, and validation of pictograms depicting medication instructions in the elderly. Journal of Health Communication, 21(0), 27–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1133737
Bloomberg, K., Karlan, G. y Lloyd, L. (1990). The Comparative Translucency of Initial Lexical Items Represented in Five Graphic Symbol Systems and Sets. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 33(4), 717–725. https://doi.org/ 10.1044/jshr.3304.717
Doak, C., Doak, L.y Root, J. (1996). Teaching Patients with Low Literacy Skills. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Evaluación de compresibilidad de símbolos gráficos a través de la ergonomía de la información. Eliana de Lemos Formiga. http://www.dbd.puc-rio.br/pergamum/tesesabertas /0812133_2012_pretextual.pdf
García, D. (2012). Diseño de sistemas de orientación espacial: Wayfinding. Laboratorio Wayfinding
Instituto de Estadística y Cartografía de Andalucía (IECA) (s.f.). Consejería de transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades de la Junta de Andalucía. https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadisticaycartografia/temas/est/tema_poblacion.htm
International Organization of Standarization (2012). Graphical symbols. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#search
Johnson, R. (1981). The Picture Communication System. Solana Beach, CA: MayerJohnson Co.
Juncà J. A; (2002) Accesibilidad Universal. Diseño sin discriminación. Madrid: IMSERSO y Obra Social Caja Madrid.
Kanji, L.; Xu, S.; Cavaco, A. (2018). Assessing the Understanding of Pharmaceutical Pictograms among Cultural Minorities: The Example of Hindu Individuals Communicating in European Portuguese. Pharmacy, 6(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy6010022
Kisaalita, W. S., & Sempiira, E. J. (2020). Development of Pictograms to Communicate Technological Solution Instructions (Labeling) Among Low-Literacy Users. Ergonomics in Design. https://doi.org/10.1177/1064804620959145
Larraz, C., Regatos, R., Rodríguez, M., Sebastián, M. y García, D. (2018). Creación y evaluación de pictogramas de señalización. CEAPAT
Norma ISO 9186-2: 2008 Graphical symbols - Test Methods. Part 2 Method for testing perceptual quality.
Normas ISO 9186-1:2014 Graphical symbols - Test Methods. Part 1 Method for testing comprehensibility.
Merks, P., ?wieczkowski, D., Balcerzak, M., Drelich, E., Bia?oszewska, K., Cwalina, N., Krysinski, J., Jaguszewski, M., Pouliot, A., & Vaillancourt, R. (2018). The evaluation of pharmaceutical pictograms among elderly patients in community pharmacy settings - a multicenter pilot study. Patient Preference and Adherence, 12, 257–266. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S150113
Romski, M., Sevcik, R. A., Barton-Hulsey, A., and Whitmore, A. S. (2015). Early intervention and AAC: what a difference 30 years makes. Augment. Altern. Commun. 31, 181–202. doi: 10.3109/07434618.2015.1064163.
Saremi, M., Shekaripour, Z. S., & Khodakarim, S. (2020). Guessability of U.S. pharmaceutical pictograms in Iranian prospective users. Pharmacy Practice, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2020.1.1705
Souza, Garrido y Carmo (2020). A Systematic Review of Normative Studies Using Images of Common Objects. Frontiers in Psychology, 11:573314. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.573314.
van Beusekom, M. M., Land-Zandstra, A. M., Bos, M. J. W., van den Broek, J. M., & Guchelaar, H. J. (2017). Pharmaceutical pictograms for low-literate patients: Understanding, risk of false confidence, and evidence-based design strategies. Patient Education and Counseling, 100(5), 966–973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.12.015
Vigoroso, L., Caffaro, F., Micheletti Cremasco, M., Bagagiolo, G., & Cavallo, E. (2020). Comprehension of Safety Pictograms Affixed to Agricultural Machinery among Pakistani Migrant Farmworkers in Italy. Journal of Agromedicine, 25(3), 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2019.1673269
Erena Guardia, G., Solís Campos, A., Arenas, L., Borrero Borrero, M. L., Cala Gil, R., Carpio Ponce, A. I., Conde Carmona, T., García Sánchez, D., Martín Álvarez, P., Mera Gómez, J. M., Moreno Pérez, F. J., Moreno Ramos, R. M. ., Ortiz Gómez, M., Rivero Contreras, M. ., Rodríguez Ortiz, I. R. ., Tristancho Frutos, M. de los Ángeles T. F., Viejo Hernández, M. V. H., Vila Pariente, S., & Saldaña, D. (2022). Proceso de evaluación de pictogramas: Catálogo de señalización accesible andaluz. Siglo Cero, 53(4), 165–189. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero2022534165189
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