Freedom of Expression, Right to Information, Personal Data and the Internet in the view of the Inter-American System of Human Rights
Abstract The Inter-American System of Protection of Human Rights is composed of microsystems, like the freedom of expression, the right to information and the protection of privacy and of personal data, among others. These rights interrelate and form the standards of the Inter-American system, in accordance with the UN system, to develop these liberties, and to keep the constant balance of these rights in conflict. All of this enhanced by a dynamic and growing massiveness, like the internet and by a new paradigm in which the freedom of expression and the right to information is included: a postmodern society characterized by a “democratization” of connectivity, a multidirectional transmission of the information and a dichotomy between what is public or private. Freedom of expression is developed in both of its two dimensions: individual or collective. When we talk about its individual dimension, we mean the right of each person to express his ideas, thoughts and beliefs aiming at unidirectional, bidirectional or multidirectional communication. The collective or social dimension refers to the right of a person to receive any type of information, to know the thoughts, ideas and information of others and have free access to them. Both dimensions are equally important and are interdependent, thus it is important to protect them simultaneously. New communication technologies have altered the previous system, and the individual dimension of freedom of expression breaks into public debate on the democratization of internet access and its social dimension due to the feasibility a multidirectional communication impossible to conceive in any other technological paradigm entails. The protection scheme of freedom of expression of the Inter-American System is particularly strong as it specifically prohibits prior censorship and rules sanctions and very strict restrictions in relation to discrimination, advocacy of war, violence and hatred. This characteristic enriches the analysis of content regulation and the responsibility of internet intermediaries whenever honour, reputation and privacy are impaired. The applied standards and statements that nourish in the American Convention on Human Rights guarantee the reasonableness, appropriateness and proportionality of any measure assuring freedom of expression and human dignity.
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Abramovich, V., & Courtis, C. (2000). El acceso a la información como derecho [Access to information as a right], Anuario de Derecho de la Comunicación, Año 1 Vol. I, Ed. Siglo XXI, Bs. As.
Bobbio, N. (2003). State, Government and Society. pp. 12 et seq. Mexico: Economic Culture Fund.
Castilla Juarez, C. (2011). Libertad de expresión y derecho de acceso a la información en el sistema interamericano de derechos humanos [Freedom of expression and the right to Access to information in the Inter-American system of human rights]. Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos [Inter-American Commission on Human Rights]. Mexico. ISBN 978-607-8211-06-7 p. 24 et seq.
Warren, S., y Brandeis, L. (1890). The right to privacy. Harvard Law Review, Vol. IV, N° 5. https://doi.org/10.2307/1321160
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Garcia Ramirez, S. & Gonza, A. (2007). La libertad de expresión en la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos [Freedom of expression in the case law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights]. (1° ed.). Costa Rica.
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Solove, J. D. & Rotemberg, M. (2003). Information Privacy Law. New York: Aspen Publishers.
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Ayala Corao, C., 2001. Reflexiones sobre el futuro del sistema interamericano de derechos humanos [Reflections on the future of the Inter-American System of Human Rights]. At: Revista IIDH, Nos. 30-31, special issue. San José. IIDH.
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Red Iberoamericana de Protección de Datos Personales (2005). El acceso a la información pública y la protección de los datos personales [The access to public information and protection to personal data]. Red Iberoamericana de Protección de Datos Personales. Huixquilucan, Mexico.
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Bobbio, N. (2003). State, Government and Society. pp. 12 et seq. Mexico: Economic Culture Fund.
Castilla Juarez, C. (2011). Libertad de expresión y derecho de acceso a la información en el sistema interamericano de derechos humanos [Freedom of expression and the right to Access to information in the Inter-American system of human rights]. Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos [Inter-American Commission on Human Rights]. Mexico. ISBN 978-607-8211-06-7 p. 24 et seq.
Warren, S., y Brandeis, L. (1890). The right to privacy. Harvard Law Review, Vol. IV, N° 5. https://doi.org/10.2307/1321160
Bibliography
Garcia Ramirez, S. & Gonza, A. (2007). La libertad de expresión en la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos [Freedom of expression in the case law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights]. (1° ed.). Costa Rica.
Mendel, T. (2003). The right to information in Latin America. A comparative legal survey. UNESCO Regional Office for Communication and IT.
Solove, J. D. & Rotemberg, M. (2003). Information Privacy Law. New York: Aspen Publishers.
Articles, papers and reports
Ayala Corao, C., 2001. Reflexiones sobre el futuro del sistema interamericano de derechos humanos [Reflections on the future of the Inter-American System of Human Rights]. At: Revista IIDH, Nos. 30-31, special issue. San José. IIDH.
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2015). Annual report of the Special Rapporteur on freedom of expression. Annual report of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, 2015, vol. 2 / Edison Lanza, Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression.
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2013). Freedom of Expression and the Internet.
Red Iberoamericana de Protección de Datos Personales (2005). El acceso a la información pública y la protección de los datos personales [The access to public information and protection to personal data]. Red Iberoamericana de Protección de Datos Personales. Huixquilucan, Mexico.
Consulted websites
Asociación por los Derechos Civiles. «n.d.» Retrieved [fecha], from http://www.adc.org.ar.
Biblioteca jurídica virtual. «n.d.» Retrieved [fecha], from www.bibliotecajuridicavirtual.org.
Biblioteca jurídica El Dial. «n.d.» Retrieved [fecha], from http://www.eldial.com.
Centro de Implementación de Políticas Públicas para la Equidad y el Crecimiento. «n.d.» Retrieved [fecha], from http://www.cippec.org/nuevo/.
Centro Latinoamericano de Administración para el Desarrollo (CLAD). «n.d.» Retrieved [fecha], from www.clad.org.
Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. «n.d.» Retrieved [fecha], from http://www.cidh.oas.org/DefaultE.htm. Jurisprudencia - Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. «n.d.» Retrieved [fecha], from www.corteidh.or.cr/index.php/jurisprudencia.
Naciones Unidas. «n.d.» Retrieved [fecha], from www.un.org.
Oficina de Alto Comisionado para los Derechos Humanos - Naciones Unidas. «n.d.» Retrieved [fecha], from www. ohchr.org.
Organización de Estados Americanos. «n.d.» Retrieved [fecha], from www.oas.org.
Toscano, S. S. (2017). Freedom of Expression, Right to Information, Personal Data and the Internet in the view of the Inter-American System of Human Rights. ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal, 6(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.14201/ADCAIJ201711229
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