Sparks in the Fog: Social and Economic Mechanisms as Enablers for Community Network Clouds
Abstract Internet and communication technologies have lowered the costs of enabling individuals and communities to collaborate together. This collaboration has provided new services like user-generated content and social computing, as evident from success stories like Wikipedia. Through collaboration, collectively built infrastructures like community wireless mesh networks where users provide the communication network, have also emerged. Community networks have demonstrated successful bandwidth sharing, but have not been able to extend their collective effort to other computing resources like storage and processing. The success of cloud computing has been enabled by economies of scale and the need for elastic, flexible and on-demand provisioning of computing services. The consolidation of today’s cloud technologies offers now the possibility of collectively built community clouds, building upon user-generated content and user-provided networks towards an ecosystem of cloud services. We explore in this paper how social and economic mechanisms can play a role in overcoming the barriers of voluntary resource provisioning in such community clouds, by analysing the costs involved in building these services and how they give value to the participants. We indicate socio-economic policies and how they can be implemented in community networks, to ease the uptake and ensure the sustainability of community clouds.
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Selimi, Mennan and Felix Freitag (2014). “Towards Application Deployment in Community Network Clouds”. In: 14th International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA ’14). Guimaraes, Portugal: Springer.
Selimi, Mennan, Felix Freitag, et al. (2014). “Experiences with Distributed Heterogeneous Clouds over Community Net- works”. In: SIGCOMM Workshop on Distributed Cloud Computing (DCC ’14), within ACM SIGCOMM. Chicago, USA: ACM.?
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Thain, Douglas, Todd Tannenbaum, and Miron Livny (2005). “Distributed computing in practice: the Condor experience”. In: Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 17.2-4, pp. 323–356.?
Vega, Davide, Llorenc Cerda-Alabern, Leandro Navarro, and Roc Meseguer (2012). “Topology patterns of a community network: Guifi.net”. In: 1st International Workshop on Community Networks and Bottom-up-Broadband (CNBuB 2012), within IEEE WiMob. Barcelona, Spain: IEEE, pp. 612–619.?
Wireless Commons License for Open, Free & Neutral Network (OFNN) (2010).?
Zhao, Han, Xinxin Liu, and Xiaolin Li (2014). “Towards efficient and fair resource trading in community-based cloud computing”. In: Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing.
Athens Wireless Metropolitan Network (AWMN) (2014).?Beberg, Adam L. et al. (2009). “Folding@home: Lessons From Eight Years of Volunteer Distributed Computing”. In: 8th IEEE International Workshop on High Performance Computational Biology (HiCOMB ’09), within IPDPS. Rome, Italy: IEEE, pp. 1–8.?
Bina, Maria and GM Giaglis (2006). “Unwired Collective Action: Motivations of Wireless Community Participants”. In: International Conference on Mobile Business (ICMB’06). Copenhagen, Denmark: IEEE.?
Braem, Bart et al. (2013). “A case for research with and on community networks”. In: ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 43.3, pp. 68–73.?
Buyuksahin, Umit Cavus, Amin M Khan, and Felix Freitag (2013). “Support Service for Reciprocal Computational Resource Sharing in Wireless Community Networks”. In: 5th International Workshop on Hot Topics in Mesh Networking (IEEE HotMESH 2013), within IEEE WoWMoM. Madrid, Spain: IEEE, pp. 1–6.?
Buyya, Rajkumar, James Broberg, and Andrzej Goscinski (2011). Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms. Ed. By Rajkumar Buyya, James Broberg, and Andrzej Goscinski. Vol. 50. 2. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chap. Legal Issu, pp. 103–6.?
Buyya, Rajkumar, Rajiv Ranjan, and Rodrigo N Calheiros (2010). “InterCloud: Utility-Oriented Federation of Cloud Computing Environments for Scaling of Application Services”. In: Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 6081, pp. 20–31.?
Cappos, Justin, Ivan Beschastnikh, Arvind Krishnamurthy, and Tom Anderson (2009). “Seattle: a platform for educational cloud computing”. In: 40th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE ’09). Chattanooga,
USA: ACM, pp. 111–115.?Chard, Kyle, Kris Bubendorfer, Simon Caton, and Omer F. Rana (2012). “Social Cloud Computing: A Vision for Socially Motivated Resource Sharing”. In: IEEE Transactions on Services Computing 5.4, pp. 551–563.?
Chun, Brent et al. (2003). “PlanetLab: An Overlay Testbed for Broad-Coverage Services”. In: ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 33.3, pp. 3–12.?
Coase, R. H. (1937). “The Nature of the Firm”. In: Economica 4.16, pp. 386–405.?
Coleman, James S (1988). “Social capital in the creation of human capital”. In: American Journal of Sociology 94. 1988, S95–S120.?
Distefano, Salvatore and Antonio Puliafito (2012). “Cloud@Home: Toward a Volunteer Cloud”. In: IT Professional 14.1, pp. 27–31.
Freifunk (2014).?
FunkFeuer (2014).?
Gall, Mark, Angelika Schneider, and Niels Fallenbeck (2013). “An Architecture for Community Clouds Using Concepts of the Intercloud”. In: 27th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA ’13). Barcelona, Spain: IEEE, pp. 74–81.?
Greiff, Matthias (2013). “Rewards and the private provision of public goods on dynamic networks”. In: Journal of Evolutionary Economics 23.5, pp. 1001–1021.?
Guifi.net: Open, Free and Neutral Network Internet for everybody (2014).?
Guifi.net’s Forum and Mailing Lists (2014).?
Jang, Minsung et al. (2014). “Personal clouds: Sharing and integrating networked resources to enhance end user experiences”. In: 33rd Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM’14). Toronto, Canada: IEEE, pp. 2220–2228.?
Jiménez, Javi, Roger Baig, Pau Escrich, et al. (2013). “Supporting cloud deployment in the Guifi.net community network”.
In: 5th Global Information Infrastructure and Networking Symposium (GIIS 2013). Trento, Italy: IEEE, pp. 1–3.
Jiménez, Javi, Roger Baig, Felix Freitag, et al. (2014). “Deploying PaaS for Accelerating Cloud Uptake in the Guifi.net Community Network”. In: International Workshop on the Future of PaaS 2014, within IEEE IC2E. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: IEEE.?
Khan, Amin M, Umit Cavus Buyuksahin, and Felix Freitag (2013). “Towards Incentive-based Resource Assignment and Regulation in Clouds for Community Networks”. In: Economics of Grids, Clouds, Systems, and Services. Ed. by Jörn Altmann Altmann, Kurt Vanmechelen, and Omer F. Rana. Vol. 8193. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Zaragoza, Spain: Springer International Publishing, pp. 197–211.
Khan, Amin M, Umit Cavus Buyuksahin, and Felix Freitag (2014). “Prototyping Incentive-based Resource Assignment for Clouds in Community Networks”. In: 28th IEEE Inter- national Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA’14). Victoria, Canada: IEEE.
Khan, Amin M and Felix Freitag (2014). “Exploring the Role of Macroeconomic Mechanisms in Voluntary Resource Provisioning in Community Network Clouds”. In: Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence, 11th International Conference. Ed. by Sigeru Omatu et al. Vol. 290. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Salamanca, Spain: Springer International Publishing, pp. 269–278.
Khan, Amin M, Mennan Selimi, and Felix Freitag (2014). “Towards Distributed Architecture for Collaborative Cloud Services in Community Networks”. In: 6th International Conference on Intelligent Networking and Collaborative Systems (INCoS’14). Salerno, Italy: IEEE.
Khan, Amin M, Leila Sharifi, Luís Veiga, and Leandro Navarro (2013). “Clouds of Small Things: Provisioning Infrastructure-as-a-Service from within Community Networks”. In: 2nd International Workshop on Community Networks and Bottom- up-Broadband (CNBuB’2013), within IEEE WiMob. Lyon, France: IEEE, pp. 16–21.
Marinos, Alexandros and Gerard Briscoe (2009). “Community Cloud Computing”. In: Cloud Computing, First Interna- tional Conference, CloudCom 2009. Ed. by MartinGilje Jaatun, Gansen Zhao, and Chunming Rong. Vol. 5931. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Beijing, China: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 472–484.
Mell, Peter and Timothy Grance (2011). “The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing”. In: NIST Special Publication 800.145.
Nakao, Akihiro and Yufeng Wang (2010). “On Cooperative and Efficient Overlay Network Evolution Based on a Group Selection Pattern”. In: IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics 40.2, pp. 493–504.
Ninux.org Wireless Network Community (2014).?Pico Peering Agreement v1.0 (2005).?Punceva, Magdalena et al. (2013). “Incentivising resource sharing in social clouds”. In: Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience.?Selimi, Mennan, Jorge L Florit, et al. (2014). “Cloud-based extension for Community-Lab”. In: 22nd International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS’14). Paris, France: IEEE.?
Selimi, Mennan and Felix Freitag (2014). “Towards Application Deployment in Community Network Clouds”. In: 14th International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA ’14). Guimaraes, Portugal: Springer.
Selimi, Mennan, Felix Freitag, et al. (2014). “Experiences with Distributed Heterogeneous Clouds over Community Net- works”. In: SIGCOMM Workshop on Distributed Cloud Computing (DCC ’14), within ACM SIGCOMM. Chicago, USA: ACM.?
Shen, Xuemin, Heather Yu, John Buford, and Mursalin Akon (2010). Handbook of Peer-to-Peer Networking. Vol. 1. Springer Heidelberg.?Shirky, Clay (2008). Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations. Penguin Group, p. 327.
Thain, Douglas, Todd Tannenbaum, and Miron Livny (2005). “Distributed computing in practice: the Condor experience”. In: Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 17.2-4, pp. 323–356.?
Vega, Davide, Llorenc Cerda-Alabern, Leandro Navarro, and Roc Meseguer (2012). “Topology patterns of a community network: Guifi.net”. In: 1st International Workshop on Community Networks and Bottom-up-Broadband (CNBuB 2012), within IEEE WiMob. Barcelona, Spain: IEEE, pp. 612–619.?
Wireless Commons License for Open, Free & Neutral Network (OFNN) (2010).?
Zhao, Han, Xinxin Liu, and Xiaolin Li (2014). “Towards efficient and fair resource trading in community-based cloud computing”. In: Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing.
Khan, M. A., & Freitag, F. (2014). Sparks in the Fog: Social and Economic Mechanisms as Enablers for Community Network Clouds. ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal, 3(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.14201/ADCAIJ201438112
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