E-learning Platforms and E-learning Students: Building the Bridge to Success
Abstract E-learning platforms are becoming more and more common in education and with organisations. They are seen as a complementary tool to support learning or, as in many cases, as the primary tool to do it (possibly the only one). In traditional learning, teachers can easily get an insight into how their students work and learn, and how they interact in the classroom. However, in online learning, it is more difficult for teachers to see how individual students behave. Affective states and learning styles are determinant in students’ performance. Together with stress, these are crucial factor to success. It is believed that the sole use of an E-learning platform can in itself be a cause of stress for students. Estimating, in a non-invasive way, such parameters, and taking measures to deal with them, are then the goal of this paper. We do not consider the use of dedicated sensors (invasive) such as special gloves or wrist bracelets since we intend not to be dependent on specific hardware and also because we believe that such specific hardware can induce for itself some alteration in the parameters being analysed. Our work focuses on the development of a new module (Dynamic Recognition Module) to incorporate in Moodle E-learning platform, to accommodate individualized support to E-learning students.
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CARNEIRO D., Carlos Castillo J., Novais P., Fernández-Caballero A., Neves J., López M., Stress Monitoring in Conflict Resolution Situations, in Ambient Intelligence - Software and Applications - 3rd International Symposium on Ambient Intelligence (isami 2012).
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COCEA, M., Weibelzahl, S. (2007). Eliciting motivation knowledge from log files towards motivation diagnosis for Adaptive Systems. User Modeling 2007 LNCS Springer Berlin / Heidelberg.
COHEN, I. ,et al. (2003):Facial expression recognition from video sequences: Temporal and static modeling. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 91(1- 2):160–187.
COUTINHO, C. P., & Bottentuit Junior, J. B. (2007, May 17). Utilização da Plataforma Blackboard num curso de pós-graduação da Universidade do Minho. Retrieved from http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/6515
DE VICENTE, A. Pain, H. (2002): Informing the Detection of the Students' Motivational State: An Empirical Study, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, vol 2363 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 933-943
D'MELLO, S. K., Craig, S.D., Witherspoon, A., mcdaniel, B., and Graesser, A., (2008). Automatic Detection of Learner’s Affect from Conversational Cues. Journal of User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, 18(1-2), 45-80.
DELTACONSULTORES, Perfil - Psicologia e Trabalho, & Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada (ISPA). (2007). Estudo das Plataformas de elearning em Portugal.
FELDER, R.M. and Silverman, L.K., (1988): Learning and teaching styles in engineering education. Engineering Education, Vol. 78, No. 7, pp. 674–681.
FDEZ-SAMPAYO, C., Reboiro, M., Glez-Peña, D., and Fdez-Riverola F., (2009). Sistema de seguimiento de actividades en moodle para la evaluación comparativa del ratio de participación alumno/clase. Proceedings of the Conferencia Ibero-Americana WWW/Internet 2009: CIAWI 2009, pages 124-130.
FERNÁNDEZ-CABALLERO, A., Castillo, J.C., Martínez-Cantos, J., Martínez-Tomás, R., 2010. Optical flow or image subtraction in human detection from infrared camera on mobile robot. Robotics and Autonomous Systems 58 (12), 1273–1281.
GRASHA, A. F. (1996). Teaching with style. Pittsburgh, PA: Alliance.
GRAF, S., KINSHUK. (2006): An Approach for Detecting Learning Styles in Learning Management Systems, in Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies. Kerkrade, Netherlands, pp. 161-163
GARDELL, B.: Worker participation and autonomy: a multilevel approach to democracy at the workplace. International Journal of Health Services, volume 4, (1982) 527-558
GEORGE A. Tsihrintzis, Maria Virvou, Efthymios Alepis, Ioanna-Ourania Stathopoulou, (2008). Towards Improving Visual-Facial Emotion Recognition through Use of Complementary Keyboard-Stroke Pattern Information. Itng, pp.32-37, Fifth International Conference on Information Technology: New Generation.
GRAF, S. (2007): Adaptivity in Learning Management Systems Focusing on Learning Styles, Ph.D Thesis, Vienna University of Technology
HUANG, Hsiu-Mei, 2002, “Student perceptions in an online mediated environment.“ International Journal of Instructional Media, v29 i4 pp. 405.
HONEY, P. and MUMFORD, A., (1982). The manual of learning styles, Peter Honey, Maidenhead
KHAN,F.A., et al (2010a): Identifying and Incorporating Affective States and Learning Styles in Web-based Learning Management Systems, Interaction Design and Architecture(s) Journal - ixd&A, N. 9-10, pp. 85-103
KHAN,F.A., et al (2010b): Implementation of Affective States and Learning Styles Tactics in Web-based Learning Management Systems, 2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies
KOLB, D. A. (1986). Learning style inventory: Technical manual (Rev. Ed.). Boston, MA: mcber.
LUMINITA, D., Security Issues in E-learning Platforms. World Journal on Educational Technology, North America, 3, dec. 2011. Available at: http://www.world-education-center.org/index.php/wjet/article/view/244. Date accessed: 12 Sep. 2012.
MELINDA Smith, M.A., Robert Segal, M.A., and Jeanne Segal, 2012 [online] http://www.helpguide.org/mental/stress_signs.htm
MEYER, Katrina A., 2003, “The Web’s impact on student learning: a review of recent research reveals three areas that can enlighten current online learning practices.” T H E Journal, v30 i10, May 2003, pp. 14.
NOVAIS, Paulo, Hallenborg, Kasper, Dante I. Tapia, and Juan M. Corchado Rodríguez (Eds.), Springer – Series Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, vol. 153, pp 137-144, ISBN978-3-642-28785-5, 2012.
ORTONY, A., CLORE, G.L., COLLINS, A. (1988): The Cognitive Structure of Emotions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
PALMER,S.,Cooper,C., and Thomas K (2003) Creating a Balance: Managing Stress British Library London.
PANTIC, M. ROTHKRANTZ. L.J.M. (2000): Automatic analysis of facial expressions: the state of the art. IEEE Trans. PAMI, 22(12): 1424–1445
PETER, C. et al. (2005), A Wearable Multi-Sensor System for Mobile Acquisition of Emotion-Related Physiological Data, in Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, Beijing 2005. Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 691-698.
QU, L., WANG, N., JOHNSON, W.Lewis. (2005): Using Learner Focus of Attention to Detect Learner Motivation Factors, In Ardissono, L., Brna, P., Mitrovic, A.: User Modelling 2005, pp 70-73
RODRIGUES, M., NOVAIS , P. , SANTOS, M.F. (2005), Future Challenges in Intelligent Tutoring Systems – a Framework, "Recent research developments in learning technologies : proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia and Information & Communication Technologies in Education, 3, [Cáceres], 2005" Badajoz : Formatex
RODRIGUES M., FDEZ-RIVEROLA F., NOVAIS P., Moodle and Affective Computing - Knowing Who´s on the Other Side, ECEL-2011 - 10th European Conference on E-learning, (University of Brighton, Brighton, UK 10-11 November 2011), ISBN: 978-1-908272-22-5, pp 678-685, 2011.
RODRIGUES, S.G.; OLIVEIRA, J.C.; PEIXOTO, M.V. (2003). Advice - Um Ambiente Virtual Colaborativo Para O Ensino A Distância. Workshop De Teses E Dissertações Do Ix Simposium On The Web And Multimedia Systems (Webmídia 2003), 593-596, Novembro De 2003
SHAHIDA M. Parvez and Glenn D. Blank, (2008): Individualizing Tutoring with Learning Style Based Feedback, [Intelligent Tutoring Systems, 9 th International Conference, Montreal, Springer.
SHUTE, ,V. J., Zapata-RIVERA, D. (2008):Adaptive technologies, In J. M. Spector, D. Merrill, J. Van Merriënboer, & M. Driscoll (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology (3rd Edition) (pp. 277-294). New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Taylor & Francis Group
VANLEHN K. (2006) “The behaviour of tutoring systems”, International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 227-265.
VALENTE, L. & Moreira, P. (2007). Moodle: moda, mania ou inovação na formação? –Testemunhos do Centro de Competência da Universidade do Minho. In P. Dias; C. V. Freitas; B. Silva; A. Osório & A. Ramos (orgs.), Conferência Internacional de Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação na Educação – Challenges 2007. Braga: pp. 781-790.
VAUGHN, L. M.; Hensley, B.; Baker, R. C.; Dearman, L., Learning Styles and Their Relationship to Stress and Coping in College Women, Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, v21 n2 p97-111 2010
WEIMIN, X., Wenhong, X.(2007). E-Learning Assistant System Based on Virtual Human Interaction Technology, ICCS 2007, LNCS, Springer Berlin / Heidelberg.
ZIMMERMANN, P., Guttormsen, S., Danuser, B., Gomez,P.(2003): Affective Computing-A Rationale For Measuring Mood With Mouse And Keyboard. International Journal Of Occupational Safety And Ergonomics: JOSE Vol. 9, Issue 4, P. 539-551.
ZHAI, Jing, BARRETO, Armando, 2008 Stress Detection In Computer Users Through Non-Invasive Monitoring Of Physiological Signals,. Biomedical Science In-Strumentation,42:495–500.
BROEKENS, J, Jonker, C.M., Meyer, J.J.Ch, (2010): Affective negotiation support systems, Journal of ambient Intelligence and smart Environments, vol2, n. 2
BT (2002)– Teleworking at BT- The Environmental and Social Impacts of its Workabout Scheme. University of Bradford.
CARVER, C.A., Howard, R.A. and Lane, W.D., (1999): Addressing different learning styles through course hypermedia. IEEE Transactions on Education, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 33-38.
CARNEIRO D., Carlos Castillo J., Novais P., Fernández-Caballero A., Neves J., López M., Stress Monitoring in Conflict Resolution Situations, in Ambient Intelligence - Software and Applications - 3rd International Symposium on Ambient Intelligence (isami 2012).
CASTILLO, J.C., Rivas-Casado, A., Fernández-Caballero, A., López, M.T., Martínez-Tomás, R., 2011. A multisensory monitoring and interpretation framework based on the model-view-controller paradigm. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on the Interplay between Natural and Artificial Computation, vol 1, pp. 441–450.
CRACIUNAS, S., Elsek, I. (2009). The standard model of an e-learning platform. Bucharest, Romania, (Chapter 2)
COCEA, M., Weibelzahl, S. (2007). Eliciting motivation knowledge from log files towards motivation diagnosis for Adaptive Systems. User Modeling 2007 LNCS Springer Berlin / Heidelberg.
COHEN, I. ,et al. (2003):Facial expression recognition from video sequences: Temporal and static modeling. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 91(1- 2):160–187.
COUTINHO, C. P., & Bottentuit Junior, J. B. (2007, May 17). Utilização da Plataforma Blackboard num curso de pós-graduação da Universidade do Minho. Retrieved from http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/6515
DE VICENTE, A. Pain, H. (2002): Informing the Detection of the Students' Motivational State: An Empirical Study, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, vol 2363 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 933-943
D'MELLO, S. K., Craig, S.D., Witherspoon, A., mcdaniel, B., and Graesser, A., (2008). Automatic Detection of Learner’s Affect from Conversational Cues. Journal of User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, 18(1-2), 45-80.
DELTACONSULTORES, Perfil - Psicologia e Trabalho, & Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada (ISPA). (2007). Estudo das Plataformas de elearning em Portugal.
FELDER, R.M. and Silverman, L.K., (1988): Learning and teaching styles in engineering education. Engineering Education, Vol. 78, No. 7, pp. 674–681.
FDEZ-SAMPAYO, C., Reboiro, M., Glez-Peña, D., and Fdez-Riverola F., (2009). Sistema de seguimiento de actividades en moodle para la evaluación comparativa del ratio de participación alumno/clase. Proceedings of the Conferencia Ibero-Americana WWW/Internet 2009: CIAWI 2009, pages 124-130.
FERNÁNDEZ-CABALLERO, A., Castillo, J.C., Martínez-Cantos, J., Martínez-Tomás, R., 2010. Optical flow or image subtraction in human detection from infrared camera on mobile robot. Robotics and Autonomous Systems 58 (12), 1273–1281.
GRASHA, A. F. (1996). Teaching with style. Pittsburgh, PA: Alliance.
GRAF, S., KINSHUK. (2006): An Approach for Detecting Learning Styles in Learning Management Systems, in Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies. Kerkrade, Netherlands, pp. 161-163
GARDELL, B.: Worker participation and autonomy: a multilevel approach to democracy at the workplace. International Journal of Health Services, volume 4, (1982) 527-558
GEORGE A. Tsihrintzis, Maria Virvou, Efthymios Alepis, Ioanna-Ourania Stathopoulou, (2008). Towards Improving Visual-Facial Emotion Recognition through Use of Complementary Keyboard-Stroke Pattern Information. Itng, pp.32-37, Fifth International Conference on Information Technology: New Generation.
GRAF, S. (2007): Adaptivity in Learning Management Systems Focusing on Learning Styles, Ph.D Thesis, Vienna University of Technology
HUANG, Hsiu-Mei, 2002, “Student perceptions in an online mediated environment.“ International Journal of Instructional Media, v29 i4 pp. 405.
HONEY, P. and MUMFORD, A., (1982). The manual of learning styles, Peter Honey, Maidenhead
KHAN,F.A., et al (2010a): Identifying and Incorporating Affective States and Learning Styles in Web-based Learning Management Systems, Interaction Design and Architecture(s) Journal - ixd&A, N. 9-10, pp. 85-103
KHAN,F.A., et al (2010b): Implementation of Affective States and Learning Styles Tactics in Web-based Learning Management Systems, 2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies
KOLB, D. A. (1986). Learning style inventory: Technical manual (Rev. Ed.). Boston, MA: mcber.
LUMINITA, D., Security Issues in E-learning Platforms. World Journal on Educational Technology, North America, 3, dec. 2011. Available at: http://www.world-education-center.org/index.php/wjet/article/view/244. Date accessed: 12 Sep. 2012.
MELINDA Smith, M.A., Robert Segal, M.A., and Jeanne Segal, 2012 [online] http://www.helpguide.org/mental/stress_signs.htm
MEYER, Katrina A., 2003, “The Web’s impact on student learning: a review of recent research reveals three areas that can enlighten current online learning practices.” T H E Journal, v30 i10, May 2003, pp. 14.
NOVAIS, Paulo, Hallenborg, Kasper, Dante I. Tapia, and Juan M. Corchado Rodríguez (Eds.), Springer – Series Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, vol. 153, pp 137-144, ISBN978-3-642-28785-5, 2012.
ORTONY, A., CLORE, G.L., COLLINS, A. (1988): The Cognitive Structure of Emotions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
PALMER,S.,Cooper,C., and Thomas K (2003) Creating a Balance: Managing Stress British Library London.
PANTIC, M. ROTHKRANTZ. L.J.M. (2000): Automatic analysis of facial expressions: the state of the art. IEEE Trans. PAMI, 22(12): 1424–1445
PETER, C. et al. (2005), A Wearable Multi-Sensor System for Mobile Acquisition of Emotion-Related Physiological Data, in Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, Beijing 2005. Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 691-698.
QU, L., WANG, N., JOHNSON, W.Lewis. (2005): Using Learner Focus of Attention to Detect Learner Motivation Factors, In Ardissono, L., Brna, P., Mitrovic, A.: User Modelling 2005, pp 70-73
RODRIGUES, M., NOVAIS , P. , SANTOS, M.F. (2005), Future Challenges in Intelligent Tutoring Systems – a Framework, "Recent research developments in learning technologies : proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia and Information & Communication Technologies in Education, 3, [Cáceres], 2005" Badajoz : Formatex
RODRIGUES M., FDEZ-RIVEROLA F., NOVAIS P., Moodle and Affective Computing - Knowing Who´s on the Other Side, ECEL-2011 - 10th European Conference on E-learning, (University of Brighton, Brighton, UK 10-11 November 2011), ISBN: 978-1-908272-22-5, pp 678-685, 2011.
RODRIGUES, S.G.; OLIVEIRA, J.C.; PEIXOTO, M.V. (2003). Advice - Um Ambiente Virtual Colaborativo Para O Ensino A Distância. Workshop De Teses E Dissertações Do Ix Simposium On The Web And Multimedia Systems (Webmídia 2003), 593-596, Novembro De 2003
SHAHIDA M. Parvez and Glenn D. Blank, (2008): Individualizing Tutoring with Learning Style Based Feedback, [Intelligent Tutoring Systems, 9 th International Conference, Montreal, Springer.
SHUTE, ,V. J., Zapata-RIVERA, D. (2008):Adaptive technologies, In J. M. Spector, D. Merrill, J. Van Merriënboer, & M. Driscoll (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology (3rd Edition) (pp. 277-294). New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Taylor & Francis Group
VANLEHN K. (2006) “The behaviour of tutoring systems”, International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 227-265.
VALENTE, L. & Moreira, P. (2007). Moodle: moda, mania ou inovação na formação? –Testemunhos do Centro de Competência da Universidade do Minho. In P. Dias; C. V. Freitas; B. Silva; A. Osório & A. Ramos (orgs.), Conferência Internacional de Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação na Educação – Challenges 2007. Braga: pp. 781-790.
VAUGHN, L. M.; Hensley, B.; Baker, R. C.; Dearman, L., Learning Styles and Their Relationship to Stress and Coping in College Women, Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, v21 n2 p97-111 2010
WEIMIN, X., Wenhong, X.(2007). E-Learning Assistant System Based on Virtual Human Interaction Technology, ICCS 2007, LNCS, Springer Berlin / Heidelberg.
ZIMMERMANN, P., Guttormsen, S., Danuser, B., Gomez,P.(2003): Affective Computing-A Rationale For Measuring Mood With Mouse And Keyboard. International Journal Of Occupational Safety And Ergonomics: JOSE Vol. 9, Issue 4, P. 539-551.
ZHAI, Jing, BARRETO, Armando, 2008 Stress Detection In Computer Users Through Non-Invasive Monitoring Of Physiological Signals,. Biomedical Science In-Strumentation,42:495–500.
Rodrigues, M., Gonçalves, S., & Fdez-Riverola, F. (2013). E-learning Platforms and E-learning Students: Building the Bridge to Success. ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal, 1(2), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.14201/ADCAIJ2012122134
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