La bancada femenina en Uruguay: un «actor crítico» para la representación sustantiva de las mujeres en el parlamento
Resumen En el marco de los debates contemporáneos sobre la representación política de las mujeres, este artículo se propone a estudiar la bancada femenina en el Parlamento uruguayo en el período 2000-2010 para identificar y analizar a partir de este caso arquetípico en la región las posibilidades y desafíos que plantean las iniciativas de articulación multipartidaria para lograr la representación sustantiva de las mujeres. El análisis explora cómo las distintas dimensiones de la representación –descriptiva, sustantiva y simbólica– se articulan en la composición, funcionamiento, actuación y discurso de este actor colectivo, y evalúa cómo inciden tanto la agencia de diferentes actores/as, como factores contextuales institucionales y coyunturales en la representación sustantiva de las mujeres en el caso uruguayo.
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CELIS, Karen. Substantive representation of women (and improving it). What is and should it be about? Ponencia presentada en la Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 2008.
CELIS, Karen; CHILDS, Sarah; KANTOLA, Johanna y KROOK, Mona Lena. Rethinking women’s substantive representation. Representation, 2008, vol. 44 (2): 99-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00344890802079573.
CHANEY, Paul. Critical mass, deliberation and the substantive representation of women: evidence from the uK’s Devolution Programme. Political Studies, 2006, vol. 54: 691-714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2006.00633.x
CHASQUETTI, Daniel y BUQUET, Daniel. La democracia en Uruguay: una partidocracia de consenso. Política, 2004, vol. 42: 221-247.
CHILDS, Sarah. New Labour’s women MPs: women representing women. New York: Routledge, 2004.
CHILDS, Sarah. Women and British party politics: descriptive, substantive, and symbolic representation. London: Routledge, 2008.
CHILDS, Sarah y KROOK, Mona Lena. Should feminists give up on critical mass? A contingent yes. Politics & Gender, 2006, vol. 2 (4): 522-530.
CHILDS, Sarah y KROOK, Mona Lena. Critical mass theory and women’s political representation. Political Studies, 2008, vol. 56: 725-736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00712.x.
CHILDS, Sarah y KROOK, Mona Lena. Analysing women’s substantive representation: from critical mass to critical actors. Government and Opposition, 2009, vol. 44 (2): 125-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2009.01279.x
DAHLERUP, Drude. From a small to a large minority: women in Scandinavian politics. Scandinavian Political Studies, 1988, vol. 11 (4): 275-297.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.1988.tb00372.x
DAHLERUP, Drude. The theory of a «critical mass» revisited. Ponencia presentada en la Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 2005.
DODSON, Debra. The impact of women in Congress. Oxford: ouP, 2006.
DOVI, Suzanne. Preferable Descriptive Representatives: Will Just Any Woman, Black, or Latino Do? The American Political Science Review, 2002, vol. 96 (4): 729-743.
GONZÁLEZ, Keila y SAMPLE, Kristen (eds.). Muchos modelos, un objetivo: Experiencias de comisiones y bancadas de género en los congresos. Lima: idea Internacional/ndi, 2010.
HAWKESWORTH, Mary. Congressional enactments of race-gender: toward a theory of raced-gendered institutions. American Political Science Review, 2003, vol. 97 (4): 529-550.
HTUN, Mala y JONES, Mark. Engendering the right to participate in decision-making: electoral quotas and women’s leadership in Latin America. En molyneux, Maxine y crasKe, Nikki (eds.). Gender and the politics of rights and democracy in Latin America. Londres: Palgrave, 2002, 32-56.
LAWLESS, Jennifer L. Politics of presence? Congresswomen and symbolic representation. Political Research Quarterly, 2004, vol. 57 (1): 81-99.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3219836; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106591290405700107.
MACAULAY, Fiona J. Cross-party alliances around gender agendas: critical mass, critical actors, critical structures or critical junctures? Ponencia preparada para la Expert Group Meeting on equal participation of women and men in decision-making processes. UN-DESA-DAW, ECA, IPU, 2005.
MACKAY, Fiona. «Thick» conceptions of substantive representation: Women, gender, and political institutions. Representation, 2008, vol. 44 (2): 125-140.
http://dx.doi.org/10. 1080/00344890802079607.
MANSBRIDGE, Jane. Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? A contingent
«Yes». Journal of Politics, 1999, vol. 61 (3): 627-657.
MANSBRIDGE, Jane. The descriptive political representation of gender: An anti-essentialist argument. En Klausen, Jytte y maier, Charles S. (eds.). Has liberalism failed women? Assuring equal representation in Europe and the United States. New York: Palgrave, 2001: 19-38.
PITKIN, Hanna. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.
REINGOLD, Beth. Representing women: Sex, gender, and legislative behavior in Arizona and California. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
RODRÍGUEZ GUSTÁ, Ana Laura. ¿Quién promueve la igualdad en los Parlamentos? Experiencias de bancadas, comisiones, unidades técnicas y grupos mixtos en América Latina y el Caribe. RSCLAC-PNUD, 2011.
SAWARD, Michael. The subject of representation. Representation, 2008, vol. 44 (2): 93-97.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00344890802079433.
SCHWINDT-BAYER, Leslie A. y MISHLER, William. An integrated model of women’s representation. Journal of Politics, 2005, vol. 67 (2): 407-428.
SIAVELIS, Peter M. y MORGENSTERN, Scott. Political recruitment and candidate selection in Latin America: a framework for analysis. En SIAVELIS, Peter M. y MORGENSTERN, Scott (eds.). Pathways to power: political recruitment and candidate selection in Latin America. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008: 3-37.
SWERS, Michele L. The difference women make: the policy impact of women in Congress. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
UNIÓN INTER-PARLAMENTARIA. Equality in politics. A survey of women and men in parliaments. Ginebra: UIP, 2008.
CELIS, Karen. Substantive representation of women (and improving it). What is and should it be about? Ponencia presentada en la Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 2008.
CELIS, Karen; CHILDS, Sarah; KANTOLA, Johanna y KROOK, Mona Lena. Rethinking women’s substantive representation. Representation, 2008, vol. 44 (2): 99-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00344890802079573.
CHANEY, Paul. Critical mass, deliberation and the substantive representation of women: evidence from the uK’s Devolution Programme. Political Studies, 2006, vol. 54: 691-714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2006.00633.x
CHASQUETTI, Daniel y BUQUET, Daniel. La democracia en Uruguay: una partidocracia de consenso. Política, 2004, vol. 42: 221-247.
CHILDS, Sarah. New Labour’s women MPs: women representing women. New York: Routledge, 2004.
CHILDS, Sarah. Women and British party politics: descriptive, substantive, and symbolic representation. London: Routledge, 2008.
CHILDS, Sarah y KROOK, Mona Lena. Should feminists give up on critical mass? A contingent yes. Politics & Gender, 2006, vol. 2 (4): 522-530.
CHILDS, Sarah y KROOK, Mona Lena. Critical mass theory and women’s political representation. Political Studies, 2008, vol. 56: 725-736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00712.x.
CHILDS, Sarah y KROOK, Mona Lena. Analysing women’s substantive representation: from critical mass to critical actors. Government and Opposition, 2009, vol. 44 (2): 125-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2009.01279.x
DAHLERUP, Drude. From a small to a large minority: women in Scandinavian politics. Scandinavian Political Studies, 1988, vol. 11 (4): 275-297.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.1988.tb00372.x
DAHLERUP, Drude. The theory of a «critical mass» revisited. Ponencia presentada en la Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 2005.
DODSON, Debra. The impact of women in Congress. Oxford: ouP, 2006.
DOVI, Suzanne. Preferable Descriptive Representatives: Will Just Any Woman, Black, or Latino Do? The American Political Science Review, 2002, vol. 96 (4): 729-743.
GONZÁLEZ, Keila y SAMPLE, Kristen (eds.). Muchos modelos, un objetivo: Experiencias de comisiones y bancadas de género en los congresos. Lima: idea Internacional/ndi, 2010.
HAWKESWORTH, Mary. Congressional enactments of race-gender: toward a theory of raced-gendered institutions. American Political Science Review, 2003, vol. 97 (4): 529-550.
HTUN, Mala y JONES, Mark. Engendering the right to participate in decision-making: electoral quotas and women’s leadership in Latin America. En molyneux, Maxine y crasKe, Nikki (eds.). Gender and the politics of rights and democracy in Latin America. Londres: Palgrave, 2002, 32-56.
LAWLESS, Jennifer L. Politics of presence? Congresswomen and symbolic representation. Political Research Quarterly, 2004, vol. 57 (1): 81-99.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3219836; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106591290405700107.
MACAULAY, Fiona J. Cross-party alliances around gender agendas: critical mass, critical actors, critical structures or critical junctures? Ponencia preparada para la Expert Group Meeting on equal participation of women and men in decision-making processes. UN-DESA-DAW, ECA, IPU, 2005.
MACKAY, Fiona. «Thick» conceptions of substantive representation: Women, gender, and political institutions. Representation, 2008, vol. 44 (2): 125-140.
http://dx.doi.org/10. 1080/00344890802079607.
MANSBRIDGE, Jane. Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? A contingent
«Yes». Journal of Politics, 1999, vol. 61 (3): 627-657.
MANSBRIDGE, Jane. The descriptive political representation of gender: An anti-essentialist argument. En Klausen, Jytte y maier, Charles S. (eds.). Has liberalism failed women? Assuring equal representation in Europe and the United States. New York: Palgrave, 2001: 19-38.
PITKIN, Hanna. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.
REINGOLD, Beth. Representing women: Sex, gender, and legislative behavior in Arizona and California. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
RODRÍGUEZ GUSTÁ, Ana Laura. ¿Quién promueve la igualdad en los Parlamentos? Experiencias de bancadas, comisiones, unidades técnicas y grupos mixtos en América Latina y el Caribe. RSCLAC-PNUD, 2011.
SAWARD, Michael. The subject of representation. Representation, 2008, vol. 44 (2): 93-97.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00344890802079433.
SCHWINDT-BAYER, Leslie A. y MISHLER, William. An integrated model of women’s representation. Journal of Politics, 2005, vol. 67 (2): 407-428.
SIAVELIS, Peter M. y MORGENSTERN, Scott. Political recruitment and candidate selection in Latin America: a framework for analysis. En SIAVELIS, Peter M. y MORGENSTERN, Scott (eds.). Pathways to power: political recruitment and candidate selection in Latin America. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008: 3-37.
SWERS, Michele L. The difference women make: the policy impact of women in Congress. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
UNIÓN INTER-PARLAMENTARIA. Equality in politics. A survey of women and men in parliaments. Ginebra: UIP, 2008.
Johnson, N. (2014). La bancada femenina en Uruguay: un «actor crítico» para la representación sustantiva de las mujeres en el parlamento. América Latina Hoy, 66, 145–165. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh201466145165
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