La bancada femenina en Uruguay: un «actor crítico» para la representación sustantiva de las mujeres en el parlamento
Contenido principal del artículo
Vol. 66 (2014): Mujeres en política, Artículos Monográficos, Páginas 145-165
Resumen
En el marco de los debates contemporáneos sobre la representación política de las mujeres, este artículo se propone a estudiar la bancada femenina en el Parlamento uruguayo en el período 2000-2010 para identificar y analizar a partir de este caso arquetípico en la región las posibilidades y desafíos que plantean las iniciativas de articulación multipartidaria para lograr la representación sustantiva de las mujeres. El análisis explora cómo las distintas dimensiones de la representación –descriptiva, sustantiva y simbólica– se articulan en la composición, funcionamiento, actuación y discurso de este actor colectivo, y evalúa cómo inciden tanto la agencia de diferentes actores/as, como factores contextuales institucionales y coyunturales en la representación sustantiva de las mujeres en el caso uruguayo.
Palabras clave:
representación descriptiva, sustantiva, simbólica, bancada femenina, Parlamento uruguayo
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Detalles del artículo
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BRATTON, Kathleen A. Critical mass theory revisited: the behavior and success of token women in state legislatures. Politics & Gender, 2005, vol. 1 (1): 97-125.
CELIS, Karen. Substantive representation of women (and improving it). What is and should it be about? Ponencia presentada en la Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 2008.
CELIS, Karen; CHILDS, Sarah; KANTOLA, Johanna y KROOK, Mona Lena. Rethinking women’s substantive representation. Representation, 2008, vol. 44 (2): 99-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00344890802079573.
CHANEY, Paul. Critical mass, deliberation and the substantive representation of women: evidence from the uK’s Devolution Programme. Political Studies, 2006, vol. 54: 691-714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2006.00633.x
CHASQUETTI, Daniel y BUQUET, Daniel. La democracia en Uruguay: una partidocracia de consenso. Política, 2004, vol. 42: 221-247.
CHILDS, Sarah. New Labour’s women MPs: women representing women. New York: Routledge, 2004.
CHILDS, Sarah. Women and British party politics: descriptive, substantive, and symbolic representation. London: Routledge, 2008.
CHILDS, Sarah y KROOK, Mona Lena. Should feminists give up on critical mass? A contingent yes. Politics & Gender, 2006, vol. 2 (4): 522-530.
CHILDS, Sarah y KROOK, Mona Lena. Critical mass theory and women’s political representation. Political Studies, 2008, vol. 56: 725-736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00712.x.
CHILDS, Sarah y KROOK, Mona Lena. Analysing women’s substantive representation: from critical mass to critical actors. Government and Opposition, 2009, vol. 44 (2): 125-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2009.01279.x
DAHLERUP, Drude. From a small to a large minority: women in Scandinavian politics. Scandinavian Political Studies, 1988, vol. 11 (4): 275-297.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.1988.tb00372.x
DAHLERUP, Drude. The theory of a «critical mass» revisited. Ponencia presentada en la Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 2005.
DODSON, Debra. The impact of women in Congress. Oxford: ouP, 2006.
DOVI, Suzanne. Preferable Descriptive Representatives: Will Just Any Woman, Black, or Latino Do? The American Political Science Review, 2002, vol. 96 (4): 729-743.
GONZÁLEZ, Keila y SAMPLE, Kristen (eds.). Muchos modelos, un objetivo: Experiencias de comisiones y bancadas de género en los congresos. Lima: idea Internacional/ndi, 2010.
HAWKESWORTH, Mary. Congressional enactments of race-gender: toward a theory of raced-gendered institutions. American Political Science Review, 2003, vol. 97 (4): 529-550.
HTUN, Mala y JONES, Mark. Engendering the right to participate in decision-making: electoral quotas and women’s leadership in Latin America. En molyneux, Maxine y crasKe, Nikki (eds.). Gender and the politics of rights and democracy in Latin America. Londres: Palgrave, 2002, 32-56.
LAWLESS, Jennifer L. Politics of presence? Congresswomen and symbolic representation. Political Research Quarterly, 2004, vol. 57 (1): 81-99.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3219836; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106591290405700107.
MACAULAY, Fiona J. Cross-party alliances around gender agendas: critical mass, critical actors, critical structures or critical junctures? Ponencia preparada para la Expert Group Meeting on equal participation of women and men in decision-making processes. UN-DESA-DAW, ECA, IPU, 2005.
MACKAY, Fiona. «Thick» conceptions of substantive representation: Women, gender, and political institutions. Representation, 2008, vol. 44 (2): 125-140.
http://dx.doi.org/10. 1080/00344890802079607.
MANSBRIDGE, Jane. Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? A contingent
«Yes». Journal of Politics, 1999, vol. 61 (3): 627-657.
MANSBRIDGE, Jane. The descriptive political representation of gender: An anti-essentialist argument. En Klausen, Jytte y maier, Charles S. (eds.). Has liberalism failed women? Assuring equal representation in Europe and the United States. New York: Palgrave, 2001: 19-38.
PITKIN, Hanna. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.
REINGOLD, Beth. Representing women: Sex, gender, and legislative behavior in Arizona and California. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
RODRÍGUEZ GUSTÁ, Ana Laura. ¿Quién promueve la igualdad en los Parlamentos? Experiencias de bancadas, comisiones, unidades técnicas y grupos mixtos en América Latina y el Caribe. RSCLAC-PNUD, 2011.
SAWARD, Michael. The subject of representation. Representation, 2008, vol. 44 (2): 93-97.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00344890802079433.
SCHWINDT-BAYER, Leslie A. y MISHLER, William. An integrated model of women’s representation. Journal of Politics, 2005, vol. 67 (2): 407-428.
SIAVELIS, Peter M. y MORGENSTERN, Scott. Political recruitment and candidate selection in Latin America: a framework for analysis. En SIAVELIS, Peter M. y MORGENSTERN, Scott (eds.). Pathways to power: political recruitment and candidate selection in Latin America. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008: 3-37.
SWERS, Michele L. The difference women make: the policy impact of women in Congress. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
UNIÓN INTER-PARLAMENTARIA. Equality in politics. A survey of women and men in parliaments. Ginebra: UIP, 2008.
CELIS, Karen. Substantive representation of women (and improving it). What is and should it be about? Ponencia presentada en la Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 2008.
CELIS, Karen; CHILDS, Sarah; KANTOLA, Johanna y KROOK, Mona Lena. Rethinking women’s substantive representation. Representation, 2008, vol. 44 (2): 99-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00344890802079573.
CHANEY, Paul. Critical mass, deliberation and the substantive representation of women: evidence from the uK’s Devolution Programme. Political Studies, 2006, vol. 54: 691-714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2006.00633.x
CHASQUETTI, Daniel y BUQUET, Daniel. La democracia en Uruguay: una partidocracia de consenso. Política, 2004, vol. 42: 221-247.
CHILDS, Sarah. New Labour’s women MPs: women representing women. New York: Routledge, 2004.
CHILDS, Sarah. Women and British party politics: descriptive, substantive, and symbolic representation. London: Routledge, 2008.
CHILDS, Sarah y KROOK, Mona Lena. Should feminists give up on critical mass? A contingent yes. Politics & Gender, 2006, vol. 2 (4): 522-530.
CHILDS, Sarah y KROOK, Mona Lena. Critical mass theory and women’s political representation. Political Studies, 2008, vol. 56: 725-736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00712.x.
CHILDS, Sarah y KROOK, Mona Lena. Analysing women’s substantive representation: from critical mass to critical actors. Government and Opposition, 2009, vol. 44 (2): 125-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2009.01279.x
DAHLERUP, Drude. From a small to a large minority: women in Scandinavian politics. Scandinavian Political Studies, 1988, vol. 11 (4): 275-297.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.1988.tb00372.x
DAHLERUP, Drude. The theory of a «critical mass» revisited. Ponencia presentada en la Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 2005.
DODSON, Debra. The impact of women in Congress. Oxford: ouP, 2006.
DOVI, Suzanne. Preferable Descriptive Representatives: Will Just Any Woman, Black, or Latino Do? The American Political Science Review, 2002, vol. 96 (4): 729-743.
GONZÁLEZ, Keila y SAMPLE, Kristen (eds.). Muchos modelos, un objetivo: Experiencias de comisiones y bancadas de género en los congresos. Lima: idea Internacional/ndi, 2010.
HAWKESWORTH, Mary. Congressional enactments of race-gender: toward a theory of raced-gendered institutions. American Political Science Review, 2003, vol. 97 (4): 529-550.
HTUN, Mala y JONES, Mark. Engendering the right to participate in decision-making: electoral quotas and women’s leadership in Latin America. En molyneux, Maxine y crasKe, Nikki (eds.). Gender and the politics of rights and democracy in Latin America. Londres: Palgrave, 2002, 32-56.
LAWLESS, Jennifer L. Politics of presence? Congresswomen and symbolic representation. Political Research Quarterly, 2004, vol. 57 (1): 81-99.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3219836; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106591290405700107.
MACAULAY, Fiona J. Cross-party alliances around gender agendas: critical mass, critical actors, critical structures or critical junctures? Ponencia preparada para la Expert Group Meeting on equal participation of women and men in decision-making processes. UN-DESA-DAW, ECA, IPU, 2005.
MACKAY, Fiona. «Thick» conceptions of substantive representation: Women, gender, and political institutions. Representation, 2008, vol. 44 (2): 125-140.
http://dx.doi.org/10. 1080/00344890802079607.
MANSBRIDGE, Jane. Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? A contingent
«Yes». Journal of Politics, 1999, vol. 61 (3): 627-657.
MANSBRIDGE, Jane. The descriptive political representation of gender: An anti-essentialist argument. En Klausen, Jytte y maier, Charles S. (eds.). Has liberalism failed women? Assuring equal representation in Europe and the United States. New York: Palgrave, 2001: 19-38.
PITKIN, Hanna. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.
REINGOLD, Beth. Representing women: Sex, gender, and legislative behavior in Arizona and California. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
RODRÍGUEZ GUSTÁ, Ana Laura. ¿Quién promueve la igualdad en los Parlamentos? Experiencias de bancadas, comisiones, unidades técnicas y grupos mixtos en América Latina y el Caribe. RSCLAC-PNUD, 2011.
SAWARD, Michael. The subject of representation. Representation, 2008, vol. 44 (2): 93-97.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00344890802079433.
SCHWINDT-BAYER, Leslie A. y MISHLER, William. An integrated model of women’s representation. Journal of Politics, 2005, vol. 67 (2): 407-428.
SIAVELIS, Peter M. y MORGENSTERN, Scott. Political recruitment and candidate selection in Latin America: a framework for analysis. En SIAVELIS, Peter M. y MORGENSTERN, Scott (eds.). Pathways to power: political recruitment and candidate selection in Latin America. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008: 3-37.
SWERS, Michele L. The difference women make: the policy impact of women in Congress. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
UNIÓN INTER-PARLAMENTARIA. Equality in politics. A survey of women and men in parliaments. Ginebra: UIP, 2008.