The Women’s Caucus in Uruguay: a Critical Actor for the Substantive Representation of Women in Parliament
Abstract Drawing on analytical frameworks proposed in recent scholarship on women’s political representation, this article studies the archetypal case of the bancada femenina (women’s caucus) in the Uruguayan Parliament from 2000-2010 in order to identify and analyse the possibilities and challenges posed by multiparty initiatives among female members of Parliament for achieving women’s substantive representation. The article explores how the different dimensions of representation –descriptive, substantive and symbolic– interact in the composition, functioning, actions and discourse of this collective actor, and evaluates how factors relating to both agency and institutional contexts and conjunctures inform the substantive representation of women in the Uruguayan case.
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BRATTON, Kathleen A. Critical mass theory revisited: the behavior and success of token women in state legislatures. Politics & Gender, 2005, vol. 1 (1): 97-125.
CELIS, Karen. Substantive representation of women (and improving it). What is and should it be about? Ponencia presentada en la Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 2008.
CELIS, Karen; CHILDS, Sarah; KANTOLA, Johanna y KROOK, Mona Lena. Rethinking women’s substantive representation. Representation, 2008, vol. 44 (2): 99-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00344890802079573.
CHANEY, Paul. Critical mass, deliberation and the substantive representation of women: evidence from the uK’s Devolution Programme. Political Studies, 2006, vol. 54: 691-714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2006.00633.x
CHASQUETTI, Daniel y BUQUET, Daniel. La democracia en Uruguay: una partidocracia de consenso. Política, 2004, vol. 42: 221-247.
CHILDS, Sarah. New Labour’s women MPs: women representing women. New York: Routledge, 2004.
CHILDS, Sarah. Women and British party politics: descriptive, substantive, and symbolic representation. London: Routledge, 2008.
CHILDS, Sarah y KROOK, Mona Lena. Should feminists give up on critical mass? A contingent yes. Politics & Gender, 2006, vol. 2 (4): 522-530.
CHILDS, Sarah y KROOK, Mona Lena. Critical mass theory and women’s political representation. Political Studies, 2008, vol. 56: 725-736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00712.x.
CHILDS, Sarah y KROOK, Mona Lena. Analysing women’s substantive representation: from critical mass to critical actors. Government and Opposition, 2009, vol. 44 (2): 125-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2009.01279.x
DAHLERUP, Drude. From a small to a large minority: women in Scandinavian politics. Scandinavian Political Studies, 1988, vol. 11 (4): 275-297.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.1988.tb00372.x
DAHLERUP, Drude. The theory of a «critical mass» revisited. Ponencia presentada en la Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 2005.
DODSON, Debra. The impact of women in Congress. Oxford: ouP, 2006.
DOVI, Suzanne. Preferable Descriptive Representatives: Will Just Any Woman, Black, or Latino Do? The American Political Science Review, 2002, vol. 96 (4): 729-743.
GONZÁLEZ, Keila y SAMPLE, Kristen (eds.). Muchos modelos, un objetivo: Experiencias de comisiones y bancadas de género en los congresos. Lima: idea Internacional/ndi, 2010.
HAWKESWORTH, Mary. Congressional enactments of race-gender: toward a theory of raced-gendered institutions. American Political Science Review, 2003, vol. 97 (4): 529-550.
HTUN, Mala y JONES, Mark. Engendering the right to participate in decision-making: electoral quotas and women’s leadership in Latin America. En molyneux, Maxine y crasKe, Nikki (eds.). Gender and the politics of rights and democracy in Latin America. Londres: Palgrave, 2002, 32-56.
LAWLESS, Jennifer L. Politics of presence? Congresswomen and symbolic representation. Political Research Quarterly, 2004, vol. 57 (1): 81-99.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3219836; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106591290405700107.
MACAULAY, Fiona J. Cross-party alliances around gender agendas: critical mass, critical actors, critical structures or critical junctures? Ponencia preparada para la Expert Group Meeting on equal participation of women and men in decision-making processes. UN-DESA-DAW, ECA, IPU, 2005.
MACKAY, Fiona. «Thick» conceptions of substantive representation: Women, gender, and political institutions. Representation, 2008, vol. 44 (2): 125-140.
http://dx.doi.org/10. 1080/00344890802079607.
MANSBRIDGE, Jane. Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? A contingent
«Yes». Journal of Politics, 1999, vol. 61 (3): 627-657.
MANSBRIDGE, Jane. The descriptive political representation of gender: An anti-essentialist argument. En Klausen, Jytte y maier, Charles S. (eds.). Has liberalism failed women? Assuring equal representation in Europe and the United States. New York: Palgrave, 2001: 19-38.
PITKIN, Hanna. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.
REINGOLD, Beth. Representing women: Sex, gender, and legislative behavior in Arizona and California. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
RODRÍGUEZ GUSTÁ, Ana Laura. ¿Quién promueve la igualdad en los Parlamentos? Experiencias de bancadas, comisiones, unidades técnicas y grupos mixtos en América Latina y el Caribe. RSCLAC-PNUD, 2011.
SAWARD, Michael. The subject of representation. Representation, 2008, vol. 44 (2): 93-97.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00344890802079433.
SCHWINDT-BAYER, Leslie A. y MISHLER, William. An integrated model of women’s representation. Journal of Politics, 2005, vol. 67 (2): 407-428.
SIAVELIS, Peter M. y MORGENSTERN, Scott. Political recruitment and candidate selection in Latin America: a framework for analysis. En SIAVELIS, Peter M. y MORGENSTERN, Scott (eds.). Pathways to power: political recruitment and candidate selection in Latin America. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008: 3-37.
SWERS, Michele L. The difference women make: the policy impact of women in Congress. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
UNIÓN INTER-PARLAMENTARIA. Equality in politics. A survey of women and men in parliaments. Ginebra: UIP, 2008.
CELIS, Karen. Substantive representation of women (and improving it). What is and should it be about? Ponencia presentada en la Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 2008.
CELIS, Karen; CHILDS, Sarah; KANTOLA, Johanna y KROOK, Mona Lena. Rethinking women’s substantive representation. Representation, 2008, vol. 44 (2): 99-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00344890802079573.
CHANEY, Paul. Critical mass, deliberation and the substantive representation of women: evidence from the uK’s Devolution Programme. Political Studies, 2006, vol. 54: 691-714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2006.00633.x
CHASQUETTI, Daniel y BUQUET, Daniel. La democracia en Uruguay: una partidocracia de consenso. Política, 2004, vol. 42: 221-247.
CHILDS, Sarah. New Labour’s women MPs: women representing women. New York: Routledge, 2004.
CHILDS, Sarah. Women and British party politics: descriptive, substantive, and symbolic representation. London: Routledge, 2008.
CHILDS, Sarah y KROOK, Mona Lena. Should feminists give up on critical mass? A contingent yes. Politics & Gender, 2006, vol. 2 (4): 522-530.
CHILDS, Sarah y KROOK, Mona Lena. Critical mass theory and women’s political representation. Political Studies, 2008, vol. 56: 725-736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00712.x.
CHILDS, Sarah y KROOK, Mona Lena. Analysing women’s substantive representation: from critical mass to critical actors. Government and Opposition, 2009, vol. 44 (2): 125-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2009.01279.x
DAHLERUP, Drude. From a small to a large minority: women in Scandinavian politics. Scandinavian Political Studies, 1988, vol. 11 (4): 275-297.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.1988.tb00372.x
DAHLERUP, Drude. The theory of a «critical mass» revisited. Ponencia presentada en la Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 2005.
DODSON, Debra. The impact of women in Congress. Oxford: ouP, 2006.
DOVI, Suzanne. Preferable Descriptive Representatives: Will Just Any Woman, Black, or Latino Do? The American Political Science Review, 2002, vol. 96 (4): 729-743.
GONZÁLEZ, Keila y SAMPLE, Kristen (eds.). Muchos modelos, un objetivo: Experiencias de comisiones y bancadas de género en los congresos. Lima: idea Internacional/ndi, 2010.
HAWKESWORTH, Mary. Congressional enactments of race-gender: toward a theory of raced-gendered institutions. American Political Science Review, 2003, vol. 97 (4): 529-550.
HTUN, Mala y JONES, Mark. Engendering the right to participate in decision-making: electoral quotas and women’s leadership in Latin America. En molyneux, Maxine y crasKe, Nikki (eds.). Gender and the politics of rights and democracy in Latin America. Londres: Palgrave, 2002, 32-56.
LAWLESS, Jennifer L. Politics of presence? Congresswomen and symbolic representation. Political Research Quarterly, 2004, vol. 57 (1): 81-99.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3219836; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106591290405700107.
MACAULAY, Fiona J. Cross-party alliances around gender agendas: critical mass, critical actors, critical structures or critical junctures? Ponencia preparada para la Expert Group Meeting on equal participation of women and men in decision-making processes. UN-DESA-DAW, ECA, IPU, 2005.
MACKAY, Fiona. «Thick» conceptions of substantive representation: Women, gender, and political institutions. Representation, 2008, vol. 44 (2): 125-140.
http://dx.doi.org/10. 1080/00344890802079607.
MANSBRIDGE, Jane. Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? A contingent
«Yes». Journal of Politics, 1999, vol. 61 (3): 627-657.
MANSBRIDGE, Jane. The descriptive political representation of gender: An anti-essentialist argument. En Klausen, Jytte y maier, Charles S. (eds.). Has liberalism failed women? Assuring equal representation in Europe and the United States. New York: Palgrave, 2001: 19-38.
PITKIN, Hanna. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.
REINGOLD, Beth. Representing women: Sex, gender, and legislative behavior in Arizona and California. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
RODRÍGUEZ GUSTÁ, Ana Laura. ¿Quién promueve la igualdad en los Parlamentos? Experiencias de bancadas, comisiones, unidades técnicas y grupos mixtos en América Latina y el Caribe. RSCLAC-PNUD, 2011.
SAWARD, Michael. The subject of representation. Representation, 2008, vol. 44 (2): 93-97.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00344890802079433.
SCHWINDT-BAYER, Leslie A. y MISHLER, William. An integrated model of women’s representation. Journal of Politics, 2005, vol. 67 (2): 407-428.
SIAVELIS, Peter M. y MORGENSTERN, Scott. Political recruitment and candidate selection in Latin America: a framework for analysis. En SIAVELIS, Peter M. y MORGENSTERN, Scott (eds.). Pathways to power: political recruitment and candidate selection in Latin America. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008: 3-37.
SWERS, Michele L. The difference women make: the policy impact of women in Congress. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
UNIÓN INTER-PARLAMENTARIA. Equality in politics. A survey of women and men in parliaments. Ginebra: UIP, 2008.
Johnson, N. (2014). The Women’s Caucus in Uruguay: a Critical Actor for the Substantive Representation of Women in Parliament. América Latina Hoy, 66, 145–165. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh201466145165
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