Translating Transculturality: Mediation of Identity in John Rabe’s Diaries
Abstract
Along with people’s movement and technology, local and foreign components in language and culture become interconnected. Hence translation and cultural studies need approaches, beyond the national, to fuzzy linguistic and cultural forms. One such case originates from the Nanking Massacre, which occurred in the East Asian theatre of WWII. John Rabe, a businessman from Hamburg and a foreign resident in Nanking, was elected by the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone to be its chairman. His humanitarian efforts eventually won him a special cultural identity, «the Living Buddha». This article focuses on mediation of identity. It presents «translating transculturality» as a new research approach, and applies it to the mediatedness related to Rabe’s identity in his diaries and their revised, edited and translated versions.
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Chang, Iris. 1997. The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II. New York: Penguin Books.
Chen, David. 1996. «At the Rape of Nanking: A Nazi Who Saved Lives». The New York Times, 12 December 1996. Accessed August 23, 2018. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/12/world/at-the-rape-of-nanking-a-nazi-who-saved-lives.html
Cheung, Martha. 2012. «The mediated nature of knowledge and the pushing-hands approach to research on translation history». Translation Studies 5 (2), 156-171. - https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2012.663599
Doff, Sabine, and Frank Schulze-Engler. 2011. «Beyond "Other Cultures": An Introduction». In Beyond «Other Cultures»: Transcultural Perspectives on Teaching the New Literatures in English, Trier: WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 1-14.
Genette, Gérard. 1997. Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation. [orig. Seuils]. Translated by Jane Lewin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511549373
Jager, Sheila Miyoshi and Rana Mitter, (eds.) 2007. Ruptured Histories: War, Memory, and the Post-Cold War in Asia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Li, Hongtao ??? and Shunming Huang ???. 2017. ????????????????? (The Texture of Memory: Media, Trauma and the Nanjing Massacre). Beijing: Renmin University Press.
«Mengguo suqing nacui fating fuyiting: Rending Labei wei feinazui fenzi de panjue» ????????????????????????? [Zusammenfassung: des am 3. Juni 1946 von der Entnazifizierung-Kommission für den Britischen Sektor entschiedenen Falles H.D. Rabe]. 1997. In Labei Riji ???? (Rabe's Diary). [orig. «Bomben über Nanking: Das Tagebuch eines Lebenden Buddha»]. Translated by the Translation Team of John Rabe's Diary. Nanking: Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 717-718.
Mitter, Rana. 2013. China's War with Japan, 1937-1945: The Struggle for Survival. London: Penguin Books.
Rabe, John. 2017. Feindliche Flieger über Nanking. Photocopy of the typescript, volumes 1-6, 1937/38. Nanking: Jiangsu People's Publishing House.
Rabe, John. 1941/42. «Bomben über Nanking: Das Tagebuch eines Lebenden Buddha». Typescript. Copy of the typescript in Jiangsu People's Publishing House.
Rabe, John. 1997a. Labei Riji ???? (Rabe's Diary). [orig. «Bomben über Nanking: Das Tagebuch eines Lebenden Buddha»]. Translated by the Translation Team of John Rabe's Diary. Nanking: Jiangsu People's Publishing House.
Rabe, John. 1997b. John Rabe: Der gute Deutsche von Nanking. Edited by Erwin Wickert. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt.
Rabe, John. 2000. The Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe. [orig. John Rabe: Der gute Deutsche von Nanking]. Translated by John Woods. 1998. New York: Vintage Books.
Saito, Hiro. 2017. The History Problem: The Politics of War Commemoration in East Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. - https://doi.org/10.1515/9780824856779
Shen, Qinna. 2011. «Revisiting the Wound of a Nation: The "Good Nazi" John Rabe and the Nanking Massacre». Seminar: A Journal of Germanic Studies 47(5), 661-680. - https://doi.org/10.3138/seminar.47.5.661
Vautrin, Minnie. 1937/1940. «Diary of Wilhelmina Vautrin, 1937-1940». Yale Divinity Library. Accessed August 20, 2017. http://divinity-adhoc.library.yale.edu/nanking/vautrin.pdf
Welsch, Wolfgang. 1999. «Transculturality: The Puzzling Form of Cultures Today». In Spaces of Culture: City, Nation, World, ed. by Mike Featherstone, and Scott Lash, London: Sage Publications, 194-213..
Wickert, Erwin. 1997a. «John Rabe». In Labei Riji ???? (Rabe's Diary). [orig. «Bomben über Nanking: Das Tagebuch eines Lebenden Buddha»]. Translated by the Translation Team of John Rabe's Diary. Nanking: Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 705-716.
Wickert, Erwin. 1997b. «Zum Text». In John Rabe: Der gute Deutsche von Nanking, edited by Erwin Wickert, Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 22-23.
Wickert, Erwin. 2000. «Afterword: John Rabe's Last Years». In The Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe. [orig. John Rabe: Der gute Deutsche von Nanking]. Translated by John Woods, 1998, New York: Vintage Books, 253-257.
Yang, Daqing. 1999. «Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing». The American Historical Review 104 (3), 842-865. - https://doi.org/10.2307/2650991
Yoshida, Takashi. 2006. The Making of the «Rape of Nanking»: History and Memory in Japan, China, and the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.
Chen, David. 1996. «At the Rape of Nanking: A Nazi Who Saved Lives». The New York Times, 12 December 1996. Accessed August 23, 2018. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/12/world/at-the-rape-of-nanking-a-nazi-who-saved-lives.html
Cheung, Martha. 2012. «The mediated nature of knowledge and the pushing-hands approach to research on translation history». Translation Studies 5 (2), 156-171. - https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2012.663599
Doff, Sabine, and Frank Schulze-Engler. 2011. «Beyond "Other Cultures": An Introduction». In Beyond «Other Cultures»: Transcultural Perspectives on Teaching the New Literatures in English, Trier: WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 1-14.
Genette, Gérard. 1997. Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation. [orig. Seuils]. Translated by Jane Lewin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511549373
Jager, Sheila Miyoshi and Rana Mitter, (eds.) 2007. Ruptured Histories: War, Memory, and the Post-Cold War in Asia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Li, Hongtao ??? and Shunming Huang ???. 2017. ????????????????? (The Texture of Memory: Media, Trauma and the Nanjing Massacre). Beijing: Renmin University Press.
«Mengguo suqing nacui fating fuyiting: Rending Labei wei feinazui fenzi de panjue» ????????????????????????? [Zusammenfassung: des am 3. Juni 1946 von der Entnazifizierung-Kommission für den Britischen Sektor entschiedenen Falles H.D. Rabe]. 1997. In Labei Riji ???? (Rabe's Diary). [orig. «Bomben über Nanking: Das Tagebuch eines Lebenden Buddha»]. Translated by the Translation Team of John Rabe's Diary. Nanking: Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 717-718.
Mitter, Rana. 2013. China's War with Japan, 1937-1945: The Struggle for Survival. London: Penguin Books.
Rabe, John. 2017. Feindliche Flieger über Nanking. Photocopy of the typescript, volumes 1-6, 1937/38. Nanking: Jiangsu People's Publishing House.
Rabe, John. 1941/42. «Bomben über Nanking: Das Tagebuch eines Lebenden Buddha». Typescript. Copy of the typescript in Jiangsu People's Publishing House.
Rabe, John. 1997a. Labei Riji ???? (Rabe's Diary). [orig. «Bomben über Nanking: Das Tagebuch eines Lebenden Buddha»]. Translated by the Translation Team of John Rabe's Diary. Nanking: Jiangsu People's Publishing House.
Rabe, John. 1997b. John Rabe: Der gute Deutsche von Nanking. Edited by Erwin Wickert. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt.
Rabe, John. 2000. The Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe. [orig. John Rabe: Der gute Deutsche von Nanking]. Translated by John Woods. 1998. New York: Vintage Books.
Saito, Hiro. 2017. The History Problem: The Politics of War Commemoration in East Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. - https://doi.org/10.1515/9780824856779
Shen, Qinna. 2011. «Revisiting the Wound of a Nation: The "Good Nazi" John Rabe and the Nanking Massacre». Seminar: A Journal of Germanic Studies 47(5), 661-680. - https://doi.org/10.3138/seminar.47.5.661
Vautrin, Minnie. 1937/1940. «Diary of Wilhelmina Vautrin, 1937-1940». Yale Divinity Library. Accessed August 20, 2017. http://divinity-adhoc.library.yale.edu/nanking/vautrin.pdf
Welsch, Wolfgang. 1999. «Transculturality: The Puzzling Form of Cultures Today». In Spaces of Culture: City, Nation, World, ed. by Mike Featherstone, and Scott Lash, London: Sage Publications, 194-213..
Wickert, Erwin. 1997a. «John Rabe». In Labei Riji ???? (Rabe's Diary). [orig. «Bomben über Nanking: Das Tagebuch eines Lebenden Buddha»]. Translated by the Translation Team of John Rabe's Diary. Nanking: Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 705-716.
Wickert, Erwin. 1997b. «Zum Text». In John Rabe: Der gute Deutsche von Nanking, edited by Erwin Wickert, Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 22-23.
Wickert, Erwin. 2000. «Afterword: John Rabe's Last Years». In The Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe. [orig. John Rabe: Der gute Deutsche von Nanking]. Translated by John Woods, 1998, New York: Vintage Books, 253-257.
Yang, Daqing. 1999. «Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing». The American Historical Review 104 (3), 842-865. - https://doi.org/10.2307/2650991
Yoshida, Takashi. 2006. The Making of the «Rape of Nanking»: History and Memory in Japan, China, and the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zhang, Y. (2019). Translating Transculturality: Mediation of Identity in John Rabe’s Diaries. CLINA Revista Interdisciplinaria De Traducción Interpretación Y Comunicación Intercultural, 5(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.14201/clina201514562
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