Interpreting at the Border: «Shuttle interpreting» for the UNHCR
Abstract
This paper will provide an overview of relevant research in the area of interpreting in conflict zones with a special focus on working with refugees. The relevant theoretical framework will be supplemented by my personal experience working as field interpreter for UNHCR in Macedonia and Kosovo in 1999/2000, and the experiences of my colleague interpreting for the refugees in Macedonia during the European refugee crisis at the Macedonia-Greece border in 2015/2016. Tackling the question of the discrepancy between the prescribed neutrality and real-life experiences of mediating and advocating for the vulnerable, the article will propose a new mode of working for interpreters in conflict that I would call «shuttle interpreting», namely independent interpreting between the communication parties.
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Allen, Katharine. 2012. «Interpreting in Conflict Zones». NAJIT. Accessed December 26, 2016. http://najit.org/blog/?p=229.
Allport, Gordon. 1942. The Use of Personal Documents in Psychological Science. New York: Social Science Research Council.
Apter, Emily. 2005. The Translation Zone: A New Comparative Literature. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Baker, Mona. 2006. Translation and Conflict: A Narrative Account. London and New York: Routledge.
Baker, Mona. 2010. «Interpreters and Translators in the War Zone: Narrated and Narrators. The Translator 16 (2): 197-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2010.10799469
Boulle, Laurence, Michael T. Jr. Colatrella and Anthony P. Picchioni. 2008. Mediation: Skills and Techniques. San Francisco: LexisNexis.
Boulle, Laurence and Miryana Nesic. 2001. Mediation: Principles Process Practice. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Dragovic-Drouet, Mila. 2007. «The Practice of Translation and Interpreting During the Conflicts in the Former Yugoslavia (1991-1999)». In Translating and Interpreting Conflict, ed. by Myriam Salama-Carr. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 29-40.
Erikson, Erik. 1958. Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Erikson, Erik. 1969. Gandhi's Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Erikson, Erik. 1975. Life History and the Historical Moment. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Inghilleri, Moira. 2005. «Mediating Zones of Uncertainty: Interpreter Agency, the Interpreting Habitus and Political Asylum Adjudication». The Translator 11(1): 69-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2005.10799190
Maryns, Katrijn. 2006. The Asylum Speaker: Language in the Belgium Asylum Procedure. London: Routledge.
Moser-Mercer, Barbara and Grégoire Bali. 2008. «Interpreting in zones of crisis and war». AIIC. Accessed December 19, 2016. http://aiic.net/p/2979.
Moser-Mercer, Barbara, Leïla Kherbiche and Barbara Class. 2014. «Interpreting Conflict: Training Challenges in Humanitarian Field Interpreting». Journal of Human Rights Practice 6 (1): 140-158. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/hut025
Mulayim, Sedat and Miranda Lai. 2010. «Training refugees to become interpreters for refugees». The International Journal of Translating and Interpreting Research 2 (1): 48-60.
Palmer, Jerry. 2007. «Interpreting and Translation for Western Media in Iraq». In Translating and Interpreting Conflict, ed. by Myriam Salama-Carr. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 13-28.
Pöllabauer, Sonja. 2004. «Interpreting in Asylum Hearings: Issues of Role, Responsibility and Power». Interpreting 6 (2): 143-180. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.6.2.03pol
Rafael, Vicente. 2007. «Translation in Wartime». Public Culture 19 (2): 239-246. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-2006-034
Ruiz Rosendo, Lucía and Clementina Persaud. 2016. «Interpreting in Conflict Zones Throughout History». Linguistica Antverpiensia (Themes in Translation Studies) 15: 1-35.
Stahuljak, Zrinka. 2000. «Violent Distortions: Bearing Witness to the Task of Wartime». Traduction, Terminologie, Rédaction 13 (1): 137-151. https://doi.org/10.7202/037392ar
Tipton, Rebecca and Olgierda Furmanek. 2016. Dialogue Interpreting: A Guide to Interpreting in Public Services and the Community. New York: Routledge.
Tymoczko, Maria. 2003. «Ideology and the position of the translator: in what sense is a translator "in between"?» In Apropos of Ideology –Translation Studies on Ideology– Ideologies in Translation Studies, ed. by Maria Calzada Perez. Manchester: St Jerome, 181-201.
Todorova, Marija. 2016. «Interpreting conflict mediation in Kosovo and Macedonia». Linguistica Antverpiensia (Themes in Translation Studies) 15: 227-240.
UNHCR. 2009. «Self-Study Module 3: Interpreting in a Refugee Context». Accessed December 19, 2016. http://www.refworld.org/docid/49b6314d2.html.
UNHCR. 2015. «Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2015». Accessed December 28, 2016. http://www.unhcr.org/576408cd7.pdf.K
Allport, Gordon. 1942. The Use of Personal Documents in Psychological Science. New York: Social Science Research Council.
Apter, Emily. 2005. The Translation Zone: A New Comparative Literature. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Baker, Mona. 2006. Translation and Conflict: A Narrative Account. London and New York: Routledge.
Baker, Mona. 2010. «Interpreters and Translators in the War Zone: Narrated and Narrators. The Translator 16 (2): 197-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2010.10799469
Boulle, Laurence, Michael T. Jr. Colatrella and Anthony P. Picchioni. 2008. Mediation: Skills and Techniques. San Francisco: LexisNexis.
Boulle, Laurence and Miryana Nesic. 2001. Mediation: Principles Process Practice. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Dragovic-Drouet, Mila. 2007. «The Practice of Translation and Interpreting During the Conflicts in the Former Yugoslavia (1991-1999)». In Translating and Interpreting Conflict, ed. by Myriam Salama-Carr. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 29-40.
Erikson, Erik. 1958. Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Erikson, Erik. 1969. Gandhi's Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Erikson, Erik. 1975. Life History and the Historical Moment. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Inghilleri, Moira. 2005. «Mediating Zones of Uncertainty: Interpreter Agency, the Interpreting Habitus and Political Asylum Adjudication». The Translator 11(1): 69-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2005.10799190
Maryns, Katrijn. 2006. The Asylum Speaker: Language in the Belgium Asylum Procedure. London: Routledge.
Moser-Mercer, Barbara and Grégoire Bali. 2008. «Interpreting in zones of crisis and war». AIIC. Accessed December 19, 2016. http://aiic.net/p/2979.
Moser-Mercer, Barbara, Leïla Kherbiche and Barbara Class. 2014. «Interpreting Conflict: Training Challenges in Humanitarian Field Interpreting». Journal of Human Rights Practice 6 (1): 140-158. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/hut025
Mulayim, Sedat and Miranda Lai. 2010. «Training refugees to become interpreters for refugees». The International Journal of Translating and Interpreting Research 2 (1): 48-60.
Palmer, Jerry. 2007. «Interpreting and Translation for Western Media in Iraq». In Translating and Interpreting Conflict, ed. by Myriam Salama-Carr. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 13-28.
Pöllabauer, Sonja. 2004. «Interpreting in Asylum Hearings: Issues of Role, Responsibility and Power». Interpreting 6 (2): 143-180. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.6.2.03pol
Rafael, Vicente. 2007. «Translation in Wartime». Public Culture 19 (2): 239-246. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-2006-034
Ruiz Rosendo, Lucía and Clementina Persaud. 2016. «Interpreting in Conflict Zones Throughout History». Linguistica Antverpiensia (Themes in Translation Studies) 15: 1-35.
Stahuljak, Zrinka. 2000. «Violent Distortions: Bearing Witness to the Task of Wartime». Traduction, Terminologie, Rédaction 13 (1): 137-151. https://doi.org/10.7202/037392ar
Tipton, Rebecca and Olgierda Furmanek. 2016. Dialogue Interpreting: A Guide to Interpreting in Public Services and the Community. New York: Routledge.
Tymoczko, Maria. 2003. «Ideology and the position of the translator: in what sense is a translator "in between"?» In Apropos of Ideology –Translation Studies on Ideology– Ideologies in Translation Studies, ed. by Maria Calzada Perez. Manchester: St Jerome, 181-201.
Todorova, Marija. 2016. «Interpreting conflict mediation in Kosovo and Macedonia». Linguistica Antverpiensia (Themes in Translation Studies) 15: 227-240.
UNHCR. 2009. «Self-Study Module 3: Interpreting in a Refugee Context». Accessed December 19, 2016. http://www.refworld.org/docid/49b6314d2.html.
UNHCR. 2015. «Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2015». Accessed December 28, 2016. http://www.unhcr.org/576408cd7.pdf.K
Todorova, M. (2017). Interpreting at the Border: «Shuttle interpreting» for the UNHCR. CLINA Revista Interdisciplinaria De Traducción Interpretación Y Comunicación Intercultural, 3(2), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.14201/clina201732115129
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