A Corpus-Based Study on the Spanish Translation of 道 (dao) in The Analects
Abstract This article has chosen seven Spanish translations of The Analects to conduct comparative research focusing on one culture-specific item, 道 (dao). Subscribed to a descriptive approach based mainly on norms postulated by Toury and Equivalence by Nida, it endeavors to answer the following research questions: 1) What are the main strategies in its translation? 2) What are the possible motivators of translation similarities and differences? This research combines quantitative and qualitative analysis methods based on corpus building. Corpus-based, this study describes the translation of 道 in Classical Chinese and its translation equivalence into Spanish. The findings demonstrated that various strategies and words are used to translate 道. When it functions as a verb, the literal translation is used, and different verbs are employed to express the meaning given the context. Moreover, decisions on verb tense, sentence structure, and grammatical subject also seem to vary significantly across translators. When 道 is used as a noun, translators show different preferences for word choices. Instances for both dynamic and formal equivalence have been observed, pointing out that these two concepts should not be analyzed in isolation, as they stand in a dynamic relationship. Translators also make adaptations to reach adequacy and acceptability in translation. Detailed results are discussed in light of these theories, and this study views translation as a socio, linguistic, cultural, and translator-based activity.
- Referencias
- Cómo citar
- Del mismo autor
- Métricas
Aixelá, J. F. (1996). Culture-Specific Items in Translation. In R. Alvarez Rodríguez & M. C. A. Vidal (Eds.), Translation, power, subversion (pp. 52-78). Multilingual Matters.
Anonymous. (1879). The Shih King or Book of Poetry. [Orig. 诗经] (J. Legge, Trans.). Retrieved November 5, 2022, https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/9394
Anonymous. (1969). Los libros canónicos chinos. [Orig.论语] (J. B. Bergua, Trans.). Ibéricas.
Anonymous. (1982). Las analectas: Conversaciones con los discípulos. [Orig.论语] (M. Rosenberg, Trans.). Adíax.
Anonymous. (1989). Discourses and Sayings of Confucius. [Orig. 论语] (H.-M. Ku, Trans.). Clarendon Press.
Anonymous. (1997). Lun Yu: Reflexiones y enseñanzas [Orig.论语] (A.-H. Suárez, Trans.). Kairós.
Anonymous. (1999). Analectas. Reflexiones y enseñanza [Orig.论语] (J. Pérez Arroyo, Trans.). Círculo de Lectores.
Anonymous. (2009a). Analectas. [Orig.论语] (N. Cabrera, Trans.). Editorial Popular.
Anonymous. (2009b). Analectas [orig.论语] (S. Chang, Trans.). Foreign Language Teaching and Research Publishing.
Anonymous. (2020). Analectas [orig.论语] (G. Luque Mazuelos, Trans.). Ombú Producciones.
Baker, M. (1992). A Coursebook on Translation. Routledge.
Baker, M. (1995). Corpora in translation studies: An overview and some suggestions for future research. Target, 7(2), 223-243. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.7.2.03bak
Baker, M. (2000). Towards a methodology for investigating the style of a literary translator. Target, 12(2), 241–266. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.12.2.04bak
Blažytė, D., & Liubinienė, V. (2017). Kultūrinės realijos ir jų vertimo strategijos Martino Lindstromo knygoje «Prekės ženklo jausmas». Studies About Languages, 0(29), 42–57. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.29.16661
Chen, H. (2015). On Matteo Ricci’s interpretations of Chinese culture. Coolabah, 16, 87-100.
Cheng, L., & Sin, K. K. (2008). Terminological equivalence in legal translation: A semiotic approach. Semiotica, 172(1/4), 33-45. https://doi.org/10.1515/SEMI.2008.088
Cheng, Z. (1991). New Dimensions of Confucian and Neo-Confucian Philosophy. State University of New York Press.
Cheung, L. K. C. (2004). The Unification of Dao and Ren in the Analects. Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 31(3), 313-327. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6253.2004.00156.x
Davies, E. E. (2003). A goblin or a dirty nose?: The treatment of culture-specific references in translations of the Harry Potter Books. The Translator, 9(1), 65-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2003.10799146
Farrokh, P. (2011). The Equivalence and Shift in the Persian Translation of English Complex Sentences with wh-Subordinate Clauses. English Language and Literature Studies, 1(2), p74. https://doi.org/10.5539/ells.v1n2p74
Figueroa Lackington, B. A. (2021). El Xué Ér en el horizonte conceptual confuciano. Estudios de Asia y África, 56(1(174)), 75-94. https://doi.org/10.24201/eaa.v56i1.2506
Gardner, D. K. (2014). Confucianism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.
Hall, D. L., & Ames, R. T. (1987). Thinking through Confucius. State University of New York Press.
Halverson, S. (1997). The concept of equivalence in translation studies: Much ado about something. Target, 9(2), 207–233. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.9.2.02hal
Iliescu-Gheorghiu, L. (2020). Of mice and women: Translating for dual readerships. BAS British and American Studies, 26(26), 201-201.
Jakobson, R. (2012). On linguistic aspects of translation. In L. Venuti (Ed.), The Translation Studies Reader (pp. 126-131). Routledge. https://web.stanford.edu/~eckert/PDF/jakobson.pdf
Kaloh Vid, N. (2017). Translations of Sovietisms: A Comparative Case Study of English Translations of Bulgakov’s The Master and Margarita. Meta : Journal Des Traducteurs / Meta: Translators’ Journal, 62(1), 178-200. https://doi.org/10.7202/1040472ar
Kaloh Vid, N., & Žagar-Šoštarić, P. (2018). Soviet Language in English Retranslations: Mikhail Bulgakov’s The Heart of a Dog. Translation and Literature, 27(2), 165-183. https://doi.org/10.3366/tal.2018.0336
Kashgary, A. D. (2011). The paradox of translating the untranslatable: Equivalence vs. Non-equivalence in translating from Arabic into English. Journal of King Saud University-Languages and Translation, 23(1), 47-57.
Katan, D. (2004). Translating Cultures: An Introduction for Translators, Interpreters, and Mediators (2nd ed). St. Jerome Pub.
Lai, K. (2006). Li in The Analects: Training in Moral Competence and the Question of Flexibility. Philosophy East and West, 56(1), 69-83. https://doi.org/10.1353/pew.2006.0001
Lai, K. (2008). An Introduction to Chinese Philosophy. Cambridge University Press.
Lee, C.-C., Li, D., Arai, S., & Puntillo, K. (2009). Ensuring cross-cultural equivalence in translation of research consents and clinical documents: A systematic process for translating English to Chinese. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 20(1), 77–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659608325852
Liang, W. (2007). A Descriptive Study of Translating Children’s Fantasy Fiction. Perspectives, 15(2), 92–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050802153830
Liang, W. W. (2016). Translators’ behaviors from a sociological perspective – A parallel corpus study of fantasy fiction translation in Taiwan. Babel. Revue Internationale de La Traduction / International Journal of Translation, 62(1), 39-66. https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.62.1.03lia
Marco, J. (2004). Les Tècniques de traducció (dels referents culturals): Retorn per a quedar-nos-hi. Quaderns: revista de traducció, 129-149. https://raco.cat/index.php/QuadernsTraduccio/article/view/25397
Marco, J. (2019). The translation of food-related culture-specific items in the Valencian Corpus of Translated Literature (COVALT) corpus: A study of techniques and factors. Perspectives, 27(1), 20-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2018.1449228
Marin-Lacarta, M. (2017). Indirectness in literary translation: Methodological possibilities. Translation Studies, 10(2), 133-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2017.1286255
Marin-Lacarta, M. (2018). Mediated and marginalised: Translations of modern and contemporary Chinese literature in Spain (1949-2010). Meta, 63(2), 306–321. https://doi.org/10.7202/1055141ar
Matten, M. A. (2004). Hermeneutics of Translation: A Critical Consideration of the Term Dao in Two Renderings of the Analects. Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 31(3), 329–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6253.2004.00157.x
Meynard, T. (2015). The Jesuit reading of Confucius: The first complete translation of the Lunyu (1687) published in the West (Vol. 3, p. 675). Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004289789
Miao, J. (2000). The limitations of ‘equivalent effect.’ Perspectives, 8(3), 197–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2000.9961388
Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. Prentice Hall.
Nida, E. (1964). Toward a Science of Translating: With Special Reference to Principles and Procedures Involved in Bible Translating. E. J. Brill.
Nida, E. (2012). Principls of correspondence. In L. Venuti (Ed.), The Translation Studies Reader (pp. 141-155). Routledge. https://web.stanford.edu/~eckert/PDF/jakobson.pdf
Oksaar, E. (1988). Kulturemtheorie: Ein Beitrag zur Sprachverwendungsforschung vorgelegt in der Sitzung vom 17. Januar 1986. Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.
Oster, U., & Molés-Cases, T. (2016). Eating and drinking seen through translation: A study of food-related translation difficulties and techniques in a parallel corpus of literary texts. Across Languages and Cultures, 17(1), 53–75. https://doi.org/10.1556/084.2016.17.1.3
Pang, X. (2015). Unifying vs. Diversifying approaches and relevant reflection on translation of cultural keywords: Based on the case analysis of Junzi and its counterpart Xiaoren. Linguistics and Literature Studies, 3(4), 169–178. https://doi.org/10.13189/lls.2015.030405
Panou, D. (2013). Equivalence in Translation Theories: A Critical Evaluation. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.3.1.1-6
Pym, A. (1992). Translation and text transfer: An essay on the principles of intercultural communication. P. Lang.
Pym, A. (1995). European translation studies, Une science qui dérange, and why equivalence needn’t be a dirty word. TTR: Traduction, Terminologie, Rédaction, 8(1), 153-176. https://doi.org/10.7202/037200ar
Pym, A. (2010). Translation and text transfer: An essay on the principles of intercultural communication ([Revised edition]). Intercultural Studies Group.
Qian, M. (2002). 论语新解 [A New Interpretation of The Analects]. Sanlian Shudian.
Rainey, L. D. (2010). Confucius & Confucianism: The essentials. Wiley-Blackwell.
Rosa, A. A., Pięta, H., & Bueno Maia, R. (2017). Theoretical, methodological and terminological issues regarding indirect translation: An overview. Translation Studies, 10(2), 113-132. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2017.1285247
RStudio Team. (2022). Rstudio: Integrated Development Environment for R [Manual]. http://www.rstudio.com/
Seco, M., Andrés, O., & Ramos, G. (1999). Diccionario del español actual. Aguilar.
Shi, X. (2014). Chinese-English Translation Strategies of Public Signs Based on Functional Equivalence Theory. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 5(4), 873-877. https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.5.4.873-877
Simeoni, D. (1998). The pivotal status of the translator’s habitus. Target, 10(1), 1-39. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.10.1.02sim
Tai, J. H.-Y., & Chou, J. Y. (1975). On the Equivalent of «kill» in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 10(2), 48-52.
Tao, Y. (2018). From monologue to dialogue: Western translators’ perspective on translating key cultural concepts in The Analects. Translation Review, 102(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/07374836.2018.1515682
Toury, G. (2012). Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. John Benjamins.
Tu, W.-M. (1998). Confucius and Confucianism. In W. Slote & G. DeVos (Eds.), Confucianism and the Family (p. 16). State University of New York Press.
Valdeón, R. A. (2008). Alienation techniques in screen translation: The role of culture specifics in the reconstruction of target-culture discourse. Languages in Contrast, 8(2), 208-234. https://doi.org/10.1075/lic.8.2.05val
Venuti, L. (1995). The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. Routledge.
Vinay, J.-P., & Darbelnet, J. (1995). Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A methodology for translation (J. C. Sager & M.-J. Hamel, Trans.). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Volovyk, A. (2021). Culture-specific Items from Ukrainian and Russian Fairy Tales: A Daunting Challenge for Translators. Studies about Languages, 39, 19-32. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.1.39.27577
Wang, L. (2017). On Strategies of Non-equivalence in English-Chinese Translation. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 7(12), 1295-1299. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0712.17
Wang, Y. (2012). Exploring Cultural Transmission and Translation Strategies in the Perspective of Functionalist Approaches: A case study of the two English versions of Hongloumeng. Babel. Revue Internationale de La Traduction / International Journal of Translation, 58(4), 471-487. https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.58.4.07wan
Xu, X. (2014). The analysis of different translations of The Analects by James Legge and Ku Hung-Ming from Perspective of Hermeneutics. Studies in Literature and Language, 9(1), 149-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/n
Yang, B. (1980). 论语译注 [Translation and annotation of The Analects]. Zhonghua Shuju.
Zeng, Y. (2013). Análisis de la Interpretación de «Ren» en la Traducción de «Lunyu» (Analectas del Confucio). Estudios de Traducción, 3(0), 203-211. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ESTR.2013.v3.41999
Zhang, Q., & Wang, J. (2010). Application of Functional Equivalence Theory in English Translation of Chinese Idioms. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 1(6), 880-888. https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.1.6.880-888
Zheng, Y. (2013). Análisis de la interpretación de «Ren» en la traducción de Lunyu (Analectas de Confucio). Estudios, 3, 203-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_ESTR.2013.v3.41999
Zhu, X. (2015). 论语集注 [Collected Notes on the Analects of Confucius]. The Commercial Press.
Anonymous. (1879). The Shih King or Book of Poetry. [Orig. 诗经] (J. Legge, Trans.). Retrieved November 5, 2022, https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/9394
Anonymous. (1969). Los libros canónicos chinos. [Orig.论语] (J. B. Bergua, Trans.). Ibéricas.
Anonymous. (1982). Las analectas: Conversaciones con los discípulos. [Orig.论语] (M. Rosenberg, Trans.). Adíax.
Anonymous. (1989). Discourses and Sayings of Confucius. [Orig. 论语] (H.-M. Ku, Trans.). Clarendon Press.
Anonymous. (1997). Lun Yu: Reflexiones y enseñanzas [Orig.论语] (A.-H. Suárez, Trans.). Kairós.
Anonymous. (1999). Analectas. Reflexiones y enseñanza [Orig.论语] (J. Pérez Arroyo, Trans.). Círculo de Lectores.
Anonymous. (2009a). Analectas. [Orig.论语] (N. Cabrera, Trans.). Editorial Popular.
Anonymous. (2009b). Analectas [orig.论语] (S. Chang, Trans.). Foreign Language Teaching and Research Publishing.
Anonymous. (2020). Analectas [orig.论语] (G. Luque Mazuelos, Trans.). Ombú Producciones.
Baker, M. (1992). A Coursebook on Translation. Routledge.
Baker, M. (1995). Corpora in translation studies: An overview and some suggestions for future research. Target, 7(2), 223-243. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.7.2.03bak
Baker, M. (2000). Towards a methodology for investigating the style of a literary translator. Target, 12(2), 241–266. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.12.2.04bak
Blažytė, D., & Liubinienė, V. (2017). Kultūrinės realijos ir jų vertimo strategijos Martino Lindstromo knygoje «Prekės ženklo jausmas». Studies About Languages, 0(29), 42–57. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.29.16661
Chen, H. (2015). On Matteo Ricci’s interpretations of Chinese culture. Coolabah, 16, 87-100.
Cheng, L., & Sin, K. K. (2008). Terminological equivalence in legal translation: A semiotic approach. Semiotica, 172(1/4), 33-45. https://doi.org/10.1515/SEMI.2008.088
Cheng, Z. (1991). New Dimensions of Confucian and Neo-Confucian Philosophy. State University of New York Press.
Cheung, L. K. C. (2004). The Unification of Dao and Ren in the Analects. Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 31(3), 313-327. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6253.2004.00156.x
Davies, E. E. (2003). A goblin or a dirty nose?: The treatment of culture-specific references in translations of the Harry Potter Books. The Translator, 9(1), 65-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2003.10799146
Farrokh, P. (2011). The Equivalence and Shift in the Persian Translation of English Complex Sentences with wh-Subordinate Clauses. English Language and Literature Studies, 1(2), p74. https://doi.org/10.5539/ells.v1n2p74
Figueroa Lackington, B. A. (2021). El Xué Ér en el horizonte conceptual confuciano. Estudios de Asia y África, 56(1(174)), 75-94. https://doi.org/10.24201/eaa.v56i1.2506
Gardner, D. K. (2014). Confucianism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.
Hall, D. L., & Ames, R. T. (1987). Thinking through Confucius. State University of New York Press.
Halverson, S. (1997). The concept of equivalence in translation studies: Much ado about something. Target, 9(2), 207–233. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.9.2.02hal
Iliescu-Gheorghiu, L. (2020). Of mice and women: Translating for dual readerships. BAS British and American Studies, 26(26), 201-201.
Jakobson, R. (2012). On linguistic aspects of translation. In L. Venuti (Ed.), The Translation Studies Reader (pp. 126-131). Routledge. https://web.stanford.edu/~eckert/PDF/jakobson.pdf
Kaloh Vid, N. (2017). Translations of Sovietisms: A Comparative Case Study of English Translations of Bulgakov’s The Master and Margarita. Meta : Journal Des Traducteurs / Meta: Translators’ Journal, 62(1), 178-200. https://doi.org/10.7202/1040472ar
Kaloh Vid, N., & Žagar-Šoštarić, P. (2018). Soviet Language in English Retranslations: Mikhail Bulgakov’s The Heart of a Dog. Translation and Literature, 27(2), 165-183. https://doi.org/10.3366/tal.2018.0336
Kashgary, A. D. (2011). The paradox of translating the untranslatable: Equivalence vs. Non-equivalence in translating from Arabic into English. Journal of King Saud University-Languages and Translation, 23(1), 47-57.
Katan, D. (2004). Translating Cultures: An Introduction for Translators, Interpreters, and Mediators (2nd ed). St. Jerome Pub.
Lai, K. (2006). Li in The Analects: Training in Moral Competence and the Question of Flexibility. Philosophy East and West, 56(1), 69-83. https://doi.org/10.1353/pew.2006.0001
Lai, K. (2008). An Introduction to Chinese Philosophy. Cambridge University Press.
Lee, C.-C., Li, D., Arai, S., & Puntillo, K. (2009). Ensuring cross-cultural equivalence in translation of research consents and clinical documents: A systematic process for translating English to Chinese. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 20(1), 77–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659608325852
Liang, W. (2007). A Descriptive Study of Translating Children’s Fantasy Fiction. Perspectives, 15(2), 92–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050802153830
Liang, W. W. (2016). Translators’ behaviors from a sociological perspective – A parallel corpus study of fantasy fiction translation in Taiwan. Babel. Revue Internationale de La Traduction / International Journal of Translation, 62(1), 39-66. https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.62.1.03lia
Marco, J. (2004). Les Tècniques de traducció (dels referents culturals): Retorn per a quedar-nos-hi. Quaderns: revista de traducció, 129-149. https://raco.cat/index.php/QuadernsTraduccio/article/view/25397
Marco, J. (2019). The translation of food-related culture-specific items in the Valencian Corpus of Translated Literature (COVALT) corpus: A study of techniques and factors. Perspectives, 27(1), 20-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2018.1449228
Marin-Lacarta, M. (2017). Indirectness in literary translation: Methodological possibilities. Translation Studies, 10(2), 133-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2017.1286255
Marin-Lacarta, M. (2018). Mediated and marginalised: Translations of modern and contemporary Chinese literature in Spain (1949-2010). Meta, 63(2), 306–321. https://doi.org/10.7202/1055141ar
Matten, M. A. (2004). Hermeneutics of Translation: A Critical Consideration of the Term Dao in Two Renderings of the Analects. Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 31(3), 329–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6253.2004.00157.x
Meynard, T. (2015). The Jesuit reading of Confucius: The first complete translation of the Lunyu (1687) published in the West (Vol. 3, p. 675). Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004289789
Miao, J. (2000). The limitations of ‘equivalent effect.’ Perspectives, 8(3), 197–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2000.9961388
Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. Prentice Hall.
Nida, E. (1964). Toward a Science of Translating: With Special Reference to Principles and Procedures Involved in Bible Translating. E. J. Brill.
Nida, E. (2012). Principls of correspondence. In L. Venuti (Ed.), The Translation Studies Reader (pp. 141-155). Routledge. https://web.stanford.edu/~eckert/PDF/jakobson.pdf
Oksaar, E. (1988). Kulturemtheorie: Ein Beitrag zur Sprachverwendungsforschung vorgelegt in der Sitzung vom 17. Januar 1986. Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.
Oster, U., & Molés-Cases, T. (2016). Eating and drinking seen through translation: A study of food-related translation difficulties and techniques in a parallel corpus of literary texts. Across Languages and Cultures, 17(1), 53–75. https://doi.org/10.1556/084.2016.17.1.3
Pang, X. (2015). Unifying vs. Diversifying approaches and relevant reflection on translation of cultural keywords: Based on the case analysis of Junzi and its counterpart Xiaoren. Linguistics and Literature Studies, 3(4), 169–178. https://doi.org/10.13189/lls.2015.030405
Panou, D. (2013). Equivalence in Translation Theories: A Critical Evaluation. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.3.1.1-6
Pym, A. (1992). Translation and text transfer: An essay on the principles of intercultural communication. P. Lang.
Pym, A. (1995). European translation studies, Une science qui dérange, and why equivalence needn’t be a dirty word. TTR: Traduction, Terminologie, Rédaction, 8(1), 153-176. https://doi.org/10.7202/037200ar
Pym, A. (2010). Translation and text transfer: An essay on the principles of intercultural communication ([Revised edition]). Intercultural Studies Group.
Qian, M. (2002). 论语新解 [A New Interpretation of The Analects]. Sanlian Shudian.
Rainey, L. D. (2010). Confucius & Confucianism: The essentials. Wiley-Blackwell.
Rosa, A. A., Pięta, H., & Bueno Maia, R. (2017). Theoretical, methodological and terminological issues regarding indirect translation: An overview. Translation Studies, 10(2), 113-132. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2017.1285247
RStudio Team. (2022). Rstudio: Integrated Development Environment for R [Manual]. http://www.rstudio.com/
Seco, M., Andrés, O., & Ramos, G. (1999). Diccionario del español actual. Aguilar.
Shi, X. (2014). Chinese-English Translation Strategies of Public Signs Based on Functional Equivalence Theory. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 5(4), 873-877. https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.5.4.873-877
Simeoni, D. (1998). The pivotal status of the translator’s habitus. Target, 10(1), 1-39. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.10.1.02sim
Tai, J. H.-Y., & Chou, J. Y. (1975). On the Equivalent of «kill» in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 10(2), 48-52.
Tao, Y. (2018). From monologue to dialogue: Western translators’ perspective on translating key cultural concepts in The Analects. Translation Review, 102(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/07374836.2018.1515682
Toury, G. (2012). Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. John Benjamins.
Tu, W.-M. (1998). Confucius and Confucianism. In W. Slote & G. DeVos (Eds.), Confucianism and the Family (p. 16). State University of New York Press.
Valdeón, R. A. (2008). Alienation techniques in screen translation: The role of culture specifics in the reconstruction of target-culture discourse. Languages in Contrast, 8(2), 208-234. https://doi.org/10.1075/lic.8.2.05val
Venuti, L. (1995). The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. Routledge.
Vinay, J.-P., & Darbelnet, J. (1995). Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A methodology for translation (J. C. Sager & M.-J. Hamel, Trans.). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Volovyk, A. (2021). Culture-specific Items from Ukrainian and Russian Fairy Tales: A Daunting Challenge for Translators. Studies about Languages, 39, 19-32. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.1.39.27577
Wang, L. (2017). On Strategies of Non-equivalence in English-Chinese Translation. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 7(12), 1295-1299. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0712.17
Wang, Y. (2012). Exploring Cultural Transmission and Translation Strategies in the Perspective of Functionalist Approaches: A case study of the two English versions of Hongloumeng. Babel. Revue Internationale de La Traduction / International Journal of Translation, 58(4), 471-487. https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.58.4.07wan
Xu, X. (2014). The analysis of different translations of The Analects by James Legge and Ku Hung-Ming from Perspective of Hermeneutics. Studies in Literature and Language, 9(1), 149-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/n
Yang, B. (1980). 论语译注 [Translation and annotation of The Analects]. Zhonghua Shuju.
Zeng, Y. (2013). Análisis de la Interpretación de «Ren» en la Traducción de «Lunyu» (Analectas del Confucio). Estudios de Traducción, 3(0), 203-211. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ESTR.2013.v3.41999
Zhang, Q., & Wang, J. (2010). Application of Functional Equivalence Theory in English Translation of Chinese Idioms. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 1(6), 880-888. https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.1.6.880-888
Zheng, Y. (2013). Análisis de la interpretación de «Ren» en la traducción de Lunyu (Analectas de Confucio). Estudios, 3, 203-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_ESTR.2013.v3.41999
Zhu, X. (2015). 论语集注 [Collected Notes on the Analects of Confucius]. The Commercial Press.
Liu, Z. (2023). A Corpus-Based Study on the Spanish Translation of 道 (dao) in The Analects. CLINA Revista Interdisciplinaria De Traducción Interpretación Y Comunicación Intercultural, 8(2), 135–161. https://doi.org/10.14201/clina202282135161
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
+
−