With without negation, without with negation and with with without
Abstract This work analyses the relation that is established between the preposition con and the preposition sin, and argues that such relation is based on conceptual semantics and not in any kind of grammatical relation. I propose that the two groups of readings of the preposition con, symmetric and non symmetric, are differentiated by the internal syntactic structure of the preposition, and that the preposition sin is not the negation of either of the two structures, but rather of a third one. The interpretation of sin as the negation of con is due to a conceptual reading of the notion of contact in its negative version, as absence, and is not codified in any type of grammatical configuration. From here the asymmetries between the two prepositions follow, as one would expect given that the relation between con and sin is not grammatically codified.
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rae y asale (2009). Nueva gramática de la lengua española. Espasa.
Rigau, G. (1990). The semantic nature of some Romance prepositions. En J. Mascaró y M. Nespor (Eds.), Grammar in progress (pp. 363-373). Foris Publications.
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Stolz, T. (2001). To be with X is to have X: Comitatives, instrumentals, locative, and predicative possession. Linguistics, 39, 321-350.
Svenonius, P. (2010). Spatial P in English. En G. Cinque y L. Rizzi (Eds.), Mapping spatial PPs: The cartography of syntactic structures 6 (pp. 127-160). Oxford University Press.
Wiltschko, M. (2014). The universal structure of categories. Cambridge University Press.
Winter, Y. (2018). Symmetric predicates and the semantics of reciprocal alternations. Semantics and Pragmatics, 11, 1-47.
Wood, J. y Marantz, A. (2017). The interpretation of external arguments. En R. D’Alessandro et al. (Eds.), The Verbal Domain (pp. 255-278). Oxford University Press.
Wunderlich, D. (1991). How Do Prepositional Phrases Fit into Compositional Syntax and Semantics? Linguistics, 29, 591-621.
Zhang, N. (2007). The syntax of English comitative constructions. Folia Linguistica, 41, 135-169.
Bosque, I. y Gutiérrez Rexach, J. (2009). Fundamentos de sintaxis formal. Akal.
Bosque, I. (1980). Sobre la negación. Cátedra.
Bosque, I. (2004). Combinatoria y significación. Algunas reflexiones. En I. Bosque (Ed.), Redes. Diccionario combinatorio del español contemporáneo (pp. lxxvii-clxxiv). sm.
Camacho, J. (2000). Structural restrictions on comitative coordination. Linguistic Inquiry, 31, 366-375.
Carlson, G. (1998). Thematic roles and the individuation of events. En S. Rothstein (Ed.), Events and grammar (pp. 35-51). Kluwer.
Cinque, G. (2010). The syntax of adjectives. mit Press.
Conti Jiménez, C. (2005). Pluralidad comitativa. Verba, 32, 275-306.
Den Dikken, M. (2003). On the syntax of locative and directional adpositional phrases [Manuscrito inédito, cuny].
Dimitriadis, A. (2008). The event structure of irreducibly symmetric reciprocals. En J. Dölling, T. Heyde-Zybatow y M. Schäfer (Eds.), Event structures in linguistic form and interpretation (pp. 327-354). Mouton de Gruyter.
Fábregas, A. (2007). The Exhaustive Lexicalisation Principle. Nordlyd, 34, 165-199.
Fábregas, A. (2015). Direccionales con con y marcado diferencial de objeto. Revue Romane, 50, 163-190.
Fábregas, A. (2020). Morphologically derived adjectives in Spanish. John Benjamins.
Felíu, E. (2003). Morfología derivativa y semántica léxica: la prefijación de auto-, co- e inter-. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
Fillmore, Ch. J. (1968). The case for case. En E. Bach y R. T. Harms (Eds.), Universals in linguistic theory (pp. 1-88). Holt, Rinehart y Winston.
García, E. (1988). -go, cronopio entre los morfemas: consigo contrastado con sí mismo. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, 89, 197-211.
Gibert-Sotelo, E. (2017). Source and negative prefixes: On the syntax-lexicon interface and the encoding of spatial relations [Tesis doctoral, Universitat de Girona].
Hale, K. y Keyser, S. J. (1993). The basic elements of argument structure. En K. Hale y S. J. Keyser (Eds.), The view from Building 20 (pp. 53-109). mit Press.
Kayne, R. S. (1994). The antisymmetry of syntax. mit Press.
Klein, W. (1994). Time in language. Routledge.
Koopman, H. (2000). Prepositions, Postpositions, Circumpositions, and Particles. En H. Koopman (Ed.), The Syntax of Specifiers and Heads (pp. 204-260). Routledge.
Langendoen, D. T. (1978). The logic of reciprocity. Linguistic Inquiry, 9, 177-197.
Levin, B. (1993). English verb classes and alternations: A preliminary investigation. University of Chicago Press.
Mare, M. y Pato, E. (2017). La concordancia comitativa en español: caracterización general y valores discursivos. Revista Española de Lingüística, 47, 67-90.
Martínez, J. A. (1999). La concordancia. En I. Bosque y V. Demonte (Eds.), Gramática descriptiva de la lengua española, vol. 2 (pp. 2695-2786). Espasa Calpe.
Mateu, J. (2002). Argument structure: relational construal at the syntax-semantics interface [Tesis doctoral, clt-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona].
rae y asale (2009). Nueva gramática de la lengua española. Espasa.
Rigau, G. (1990). The semantic nature of some Romance prepositions. En J. Mascaró y M. Nespor (Eds.), Grammar in progress (pp. 363-373). Foris Publications.
Rini, J. (1990). On the Chronology of Spanish conmigo, contigo, consigo and the Interaction of Phonological, Syntactic, and Morphological Processes. Hispanic Review, 58, 503-512.
Romeu, J. (2014). Cartografía mínima de las construcciones espaciales [Tesis doctoral, Universidad Complutense de Madrid].
Stolz, T. (2001). To be with X is to have X: Comitatives, instrumentals, locative, and predicative possession. Linguistics, 39, 321-350.
Svenonius, P. (2010). Spatial P in English. En G. Cinque y L. Rizzi (Eds.), Mapping spatial PPs: The cartography of syntactic structures 6 (pp. 127-160). Oxford University Press.
Wiltschko, M. (2014). The universal structure of categories. Cambridge University Press.
Winter, Y. (2018). Symmetric predicates and the semantics of reciprocal alternations. Semantics and Pragmatics, 11, 1-47.
Wood, J. y Marantz, A. (2017). The interpretation of external arguments. En R. D’Alessandro et al. (Eds.), The Verbal Domain (pp. 255-278). Oxford University Press.
Wunderlich, D. (1991). How Do Prepositional Phrases Fit into Compositional Syntax and Semantics? Linguistics, 29, 591-621.
Zhang, N. (2007). The syntax of English comitative constructions. Folia Linguistica, 41, 135-169.
Fábregas, A. (2023). With without negation, without with negation and with with without. Asterisco: Revista De lingüística española, 1, 47–78. https://doi.org/10.14201/ast.28381
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