Medicine as a Science of Design
Abstract
There is a long dispute in the philosophy of medicine between those who consider medicine as an applied science and those who defend that is an art. We defend an alternative: medicine is a science of design. Doing this allows us to introduce prescriptive and evaluative elements that are generally analyzed in a constructivist way, as well as a reconsideration of rationality in terms of bounded rationality and evaluative rationality.
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AMUNDSON, Ron. «Against Normal Function». Studies in History and Philosophy of the Biological and Biomedical Sciences 31 (2000): 33–53.
BOORSE, Christopher, HUMBER, James M., & ALMEDER, Robert F. What is disease? A Rebuttal on Health, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, 1997.
CASACUBERTA, David & ESTANY, Anna. «La medicina en el contexto académico: ciencia pura, aplicada y de diseño». In David Casacu-berta & Anna Estany (Eds.), Epistemología e Innovación en Medicina, 9-22. Barcelona: Plaza y Valdés, 2021.
COOPER, Rachel. «Disease». Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biology and the Biomedical Sciences 33 (2002): 263–282.
CROSS, Nigel. Designerly Ways of Knowing, Londres: Springer, 2006.
ELSTER, Jon. Tuercas y tornillos, Barcelona, Gedisa, 1990.
ENGELHARDT, H. Tristram. «The Concepts of Health and Disease». In Tristan, H. Engelhardt Jr. and Stuart F. Spicker (Eds.), Evalua-tion and Explanation in the Biomedical Sciences, 125–141. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1975.
ERESHEFSKY, Marc. «Defining “Health” and “Disease”». Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biology and Biomedical Sciences 40 (2009): 221–227.
FRANSSEN, Marteen. & KROES, Peter. «Sociotechnical Systems». In Jan Kyrre Berg Olsen, Stig Andur Pedersen S. A. and Vincent F. Hendricks (Eds.), A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology, 223-226. Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
GIGERENZER, Gerd. «Fast and frugal heuristic in medical decision making». In Roger J. Bibace, James D. Laird, Kenneth L. Noller, (Eds.), Science and medicine in dialogue, Praeger, Westport, CT, 2005.
GIGERENZER, Gerd. Rationality for mortals: how people cope with uncertainty, Oxford, Oxford University press, 2008.
GIGERENZER, Gerd. Risk Savvy: how to make good decisions, New York, Penguin Group, 2014.
GONZÁLEZ, Wenceslao. J. «Rationality in Economics and Scientific Predictions: A Critical Reconstruction of Bounded Rationality and its Role in Economic Predictions». Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities 61 (1997): 205-232
GONZÁLEZ, Wenceslao. J. «Análisis de las Ciencias de Diseño desde la racionalidad limitada, la predicción y la prescripción». In Wen-ceslao J. González, (Ed.), Las Ciencias de diseño: racionalidad limitada, predicción y prescripción, La Coruña, Netbiblo, 2007.
GONZÁLEZ, Wenceslao. J. «Rationality and Prediction in the Sciences of the Artificial: Economics as a Design Science». In Maria Carla Galavotti, Roberto Scazzieri. and Patrick Suppes, (Eds.), Reasoning, Rationality and Probability, 165-186. Stanford, CSLI Pub., 2008.
GONZÁLEZ, Wenceslao. J. Philosophic-Methodological Analysis of Prediction and its Role in Economics, Dordrecht, Springer, 2015.
KITCHER, Philip. The Lives to Come: The Genetic Revolution and Human Possibilities, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1997.
LAWSON, B. How Designers Think: The Design Process Demystified, Amsterdam: Elsevier/Architectural Press, 2006.
MARAÑÓN, Tatiana & LEÓN, Rosario. «La investigación clínica. Un primer acercamiento». Humanidades Médicas, 15, 1 (2015): 163 -184.
MOSELEY, Ray. «Intuition in the Art and Science of Medicine». In Corinna Delkeskamp-Hayes and Mary Ann Gardell (Eds.), Science, Technology, and the Art of Medicine, pp. 211-218. Netherlands, Springer, 1993.
MOORE, Kristine, A. Marc LIPSITCH, John M. BARRY M. & Michael T. OSTERHOLM. The Future of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Lear-ned from Pandemic Influenza, CIDRAP University of Minnesota, 2020.
NIINILUOTO, Ilka. «The Aim and Structure of Applied Research». Erkenntnis 38 (1993): 1-21.
OSTABAL, María Isabel. «La intubación endotraqueal». Medicina Integral 39, 8 (2002): 335-42.
SABORIDO, Cristian. Filosofía de la medicina. Madrid, Tecnos, 2020.
SADEGH-ZADEH, Kazem. Handbook of Analytical Philosophy of Medicine. Netherlands, Springer, 2012.
SASSOWER, Raphael. «Technoscience and Medicine». In Corinna Delkeskamp-Hayes & Mary Ann Gardell (Eds.), Science, Techno-logy, and the Art of Medicine, 219-228. Netherlands, Springer, 1993.
SIMON, Herbert A. «Problem Forming, Problem Finding, and Problem Solving in Design». In Arne Collen & Wojciech W. Gasparski (Eds.), Design and Systems: General Applications of Methodology 245-257, vol. 3, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ, 1995.
SIMON, Herbert A. The Sciences of Artificial. Massachusetts, MIT Press, 1996.
SIMON, Herbert A. «Forecasting the Future or Shaping it?». Industrial and Corporate Change vol. 11, (3), (2002): 601.
SPICKER, Stuart. «Intuition and the Process of Medical Diagnosis: The Quest for Explicit Knowledge in the Technological Era». In Co-rinna Delkeskamp-Hayes & Mary Ann Gardell (Eds.), Science, Technology, and the Art of Medicine, 199-210. Netherlands, Springer, 1993.
TVERSKY, Amos & KAHNEMAN, Daniel. «Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk». Econometrica 47 (1979): 263-292.
WHITBECK, Caroline. «Causation in Medicine: The Disease Entity Model». Philosophy of Science 44 (1977): 619–637
WIELAND, Wolfgang. «The concept of the art of medicine». In Corinna Delkeskamp-Hayes & Mary Ann Gardell (Eds.), Science, Te-chnology, and the Art of Medicine, 165-181. Netherlands, Springer, 1993.
BOORSE, Christopher, HUMBER, James M., & ALMEDER, Robert F. What is disease? A Rebuttal on Health, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, 1997.
CASACUBERTA, David & ESTANY, Anna. «La medicina en el contexto académico: ciencia pura, aplicada y de diseño». In David Casacu-berta & Anna Estany (Eds.), Epistemología e Innovación en Medicina, 9-22. Barcelona: Plaza y Valdés, 2021.
COOPER, Rachel. «Disease». Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biology and the Biomedical Sciences 33 (2002): 263–282.
CROSS, Nigel. Designerly Ways of Knowing, Londres: Springer, 2006.
ELSTER, Jon. Tuercas y tornillos, Barcelona, Gedisa, 1990.
ENGELHARDT, H. Tristram. «The Concepts of Health and Disease». In Tristan, H. Engelhardt Jr. and Stuart F. Spicker (Eds.), Evalua-tion and Explanation in the Biomedical Sciences, 125–141. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1975.
ERESHEFSKY, Marc. «Defining “Health” and “Disease”». Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biology and Biomedical Sciences 40 (2009): 221–227.
FRANSSEN, Marteen. & KROES, Peter. «Sociotechnical Systems». In Jan Kyrre Berg Olsen, Stig Andur Pedersen S. A. and Vincent F. Hendricks (Eds.), A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology, 223-226. Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
GIGERENZER, Gerd. «Fast and frugal heuristic in medical decision making». In Roger J. Bibace, James D. Laird, Kenneth L. Noller, (Eds.), Science and medicine in dialogue, Praeger, Westport, CT, 2005.
GIGERENZER, Gerd. Rationality for mortals: how people cope with uncertainty, Oxford, Oxford University press, 2008.
GIGERENZER, Gerd. Risk Savvy: how to make good decisions, New York, Penguin Group, 2014.
GONZÁLEZ, Wenceslao. J. «Rationality in Economics and Scientific Predictions: A Critical Reconstruction of Bounded Rationality and its Role in Economic Predictions». Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities 61 (1997): 205-232
GONZÁLEZ, Wenceslao. J. «Análisis de las Ciencias de Diseño desde la racionalidad limitada, la predicción y la prescripción». In Wen-ceslao J. González, (Ed.), Las Ciencias de diseño: racionalidad limitada, predicción y prescripción, La Coruña, Netbiblo, 2007.
GONZÁLEZ, Wenceslao. J. «Rationality and Prediction in the Sciences of the Artificial: Economics as a Design Science». In Maria Carla Galavotti, Roberto Scazzieri. and Patrick Suppes, (Eds.), Reasoning, Rationality and Probability, 165-186. Stanford, CSLI Pub., 2008.
GONZÁLEZ, Wenceslao. J. Philosophic-Methodological Analysis of Prediction and its Role in Economics, Dordrecht, Springer, 2015.
KITCHER, Philip. The Lives to Come: The Genetic Revolution and Human Possibilities, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1997.
LAWSON, B. How Designers Think: The Design Process Demystified, Amsterdam: Elsevier/Architectural Press, 2006.
MARAÑÓN, Tatiana & LEÓN, Rosario. «La investigación clínica. Un primer acercamiento». Humanidades Médicas, 15, 1 (2015): 163 -184.
MOSELEY, Ray. «Intuition in the Art and Science of Medicine». In Corinna Delkeskamp-Hayes and Mary Ann Gardell (Eds.), Science, Technology, and the Art of Medicine, pp. 211-218. Netherlands, Springer, 1993.
MOORE, Kristine, A. Marc LIPSITCH, John M. BARRY M. & Michael T. OSTERHOLM. The Future of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Lear-ned from Pandemic Influenza, CIDRAP University of Minnesota, 2020.
NIINILUOTO, Ilka. «The Aim and Structure of Applied Research». Erkenntnis 38 (1993): 1-21.
OSTABAL, María Isabel. «La intubación endotraqueal». Medicina Integral 39, 8 (2002): 335-42.
SABORIDO, Cristian. Filosofía de la medicina. Madrid, Tecnos, 2020.
SADEGH-ZADEH, Kazem. Handbook of Analytical Philosophy of Medicine. Netherlands, Springer, 2012.
SASSOWER, Raphael. «Technoscience and Medicine». In Corinna Delkeskamp-Hayes & Mary Ann Gardell (Eds.), Science, Techno-logy, and the Art of Medicine, 219-228. Netherlands, Springer, 1993.
SIMON, Herbert A. «Problem Forming, Problem Finding, and Problem Solving in Design». In Arne Collen & Wojciech W. Gasparski (Eds.), Design and Systems: General Applications of Methodology 245-257, vol. 3, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ, 1995.
SIMON, Herbert A. The Sciences of Artificial. Massachusetts, MIT Press, 1996.
SIMON, Herbert A. «Forecasting the Future or Shaping it?». Industrial and Corporate Change vol. 11, (3), (2002): 601.
SPICKER, Stuart. «Intuition and the Process of Medical Diagnosis: The Quest for Explicit Knowledge in the Technological Era». In Co-rinna Delkeskamp-Hayes & Mary Ann Gardell (Eds.), Science, Technology, and the Art of Medicine, 199-210. Netherlands, Springer, 1993.
TVERSKY, Amos & KAHNEMAN, Daniel. «Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk». Econometrica 47 (1979): 263-292.
WHITBECK, Caroline. «Causation in Medicine: The Disease Entity Model». Philosophy of Science 44 (1977): 619–637
WIELAND, Wolfgang. «The concept of the art of medicine». In Corinna Delkeskamp-Hayes & Mary Ann Gardell (Eds.), Science, Te-chnology, and the Art of Medicine, 165-181. Netherlands, Springer, 1993.
Medicine as a Science of Design. (2022). Azafea: Revista de Filosofía, 24, 21-38. https://doi.org/10.14201/azafea2022242138
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