Entre lo técnico y lo político: los estudios sociales de la ciencia y la tecnología y el debate sobre el expertise
Resumen El artículo examina el debate sobre la expertise que movilizó los estudios sociales de la ciencia y la tecnología (Science, Technology and Society/STS) en las dos primeras décadas del siglo XXI. Ese debate puso en tela de juicio no solo las agendas de investigación y los marcos teóricos del campo, sino también las implicaciones políticas y sociales del propio trabajo de sus estudiosos. El tema de la expertise cobra relevancia tanto en situaciones donde se demanda mayor participación social en la agenda pública que involucra saberes técnicos, como frente a negacionismos que atentan contra la credibilidad de la ciencia. ¿Qué papel deben jugar los STS, comprometidos como están en resaltar los vínculos entre ciencia y sociedad, en estos escenarios? ¿Cómo reconocer la autoridad de los científicos sin reiterar las viejas concepciones positivistas sobre la ciencia? Analizamos dos momentos clave en los que el campo se centró en estos temas: la discusión suscitada por la Sociología normativa de la expertise de Harry Collins y Robert Evans a principios de la década de 2000 y los debates sobre la «posverdad» desencadenados a partir de 2016, con el ascenso de las nuevas derechas. A la luz de los desafíos contemporáneos, tanto académicos como políticos, se hace necesario un examen de estas discusiones, incluyendo el fortalecimiento de las instituciones científicas como una dimensión crucial de la democracia.
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Callon, M., Lascoumes, P., & Barthe, Y. (2001). Agir dans un monde uncertain: essai sur la Démocratie Technique. Paris: Éditions du Seuil [edição em inglês em 2009].
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Collins, H., & Evans, R. (2003, jun.). King Canute Meets the Beach Boys: Responses to The Third Wave. Social Studies of Science, 33(3), 435-452.
Collins, H., & Evans, R. (2007). Rethinking Expertise. Chicago/Londres: University of Chicago Press.
Collins, H., Evans, R., & Weinel, M. (2017). STS as Science or Politics? Social Studies of Science, 47(4), 580-586.
Collins, H., Evans, R., Durant, D., & Weinel, M. (2020). Experts and the Will of the People. Society, Populism and Science. Palgrave Macmillan.
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Fonseca, P. (2021, out.-dez.). Negacionismo, desinformação e Estudos Sociais da Ciência e Tecnologia: amostra de um debate emergente. Boletim CTS em Foco, 5, 8-17
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Latour, B. (2007). Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Nova York: Oxford University Press.
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Lynch, M. (2017). STS, Symmetry and Post-truth. Social Studies of Science, 47(4), 593-599.
Miguel, J. C. (2021, out.-dez.). Pós-verdade ou produção da ignorância? Boletim CTS em Foco, 5, 54-59.
Mitre, M. (2016). As relações entre ciência e política, especialização e democracia: a trajetória de um debate em aberto. Estudos Avançados, 30(87).
Oreskes, N., & Conway, E. M. (2011). Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. Nova York: Bloomsbury.
Prasad, A. (2022). Anti-science Misinformation and Conspiracies: COVID–19, Post-truth, and Science & Technology Studies (STS). Science, Technology & Society, 27(1), 88-112.
Rip, A. (2003). Constructing Expertise in a Third Wave of Science Studies? Social Studies of Science, 33(3), 419-34.
Shapin, S., & Schaffer, S. (1985). Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Silva, V. C., & Videira, A. A. P. (2020, dez.) Como as ciências morrem? Os ataques ao conhecimento na era da pós-verdade. Caderno Brasileiro de Ensino de Física, 37(3), 1041-1073.
Sismondo, S. (2017a). Post-truth? Editorial. Social Studies of Science, 47(1), 3-6.
Sismondo, S. (2017b). Casting a Wider Net: a Reply to Collins, Evans and Weinel. Social Studies of Science, 47(4), 587-592.
Vicente, A. M. (2014, jun.) Estudos sociais da ciência e tecnologia e engajamento: novas tendências. Mediações, Revista de Ciências Sociais, 19(1).
Wynne, B. (1996). May the Sheep Safely Graze? A Reflexive View of the Expert-Lay Knowledge Divide. In S. Lash, B. Szerszynski, & B. Wynne (Eds). Risk, Environment and Modernity: Towards a New Ecology (pp. 44-83). Londres: Sage.
Wynne, B. (2003). “Seasick on the Third Wave? Subverting the Hegemony of Propositionalism: Response to Collins & Evans (2002)”. Social Studies of Science, 33(4). 401-417.
Baker, E., & Oreskes, N. (2017). It’s No Game: Post-truth and the Obligations of Science Studies. Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective, 6(8), 1-10.
Bertanha, C. F. (2020, jul.) Universalização do princípio da simetria? Debates em torno da democratização epistêmica e da emergência de uma “era da pós-verdade”. Rev. Sociologias Plurais, 6(2), 102-121.
Bloor, D. (2009 [1976]). Conhecimento e imaginário social. São Paulo: Unesp.
Callon, M., Lascoumes, P., & Barthe, Y. (2001). Agir dans un monde uncertain: essai sur la Démocratie Technique. Paris: Éditions du Seuil [edição em inglês em 2009].
Collins, H., & Evans, R. (2002). The Third Wave of Science Studies: Studies in Expertise and Experience. Social Studies of Science, 32(2), 235-296.
Collins, H., & Evans, R. (2003, jun.). King Canute Meets the Beach Boys: Responses to The Third Wave. Social Studies of Science, 33(3), 435-452.
Collins, H., & Evans, R. (2007). Rethinking Expertise. Chicago/Londres: University of Chicago Press.
Collins, H., Evans, R., & Weinel, M. (2017). STS as Science or Politics? Social Studies of Science, 47(4), 580-586.
Collins, H., Evans, R., Durant, D., & Weinel, M. (2020). Experts and the Will of the People. Society, Populism and Science. Palgrave Macmillan.
Durant, D. (2011). Models of Democracy in Social Studies of Science. Social Studies of Science, 41(5), 691-714.
Eyal, G. (2019). The Crisis of Expertise. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Felt, U., Fouché, R., Miller, C. A., & Smith-Doerr, L. (Eds.). (2016). The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (4ª ed.). Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Fonseca, P. (2021, out.-dez.). Negacionismo, desinformação e Estudos Sociais da Ciência e Tecnologia: amostra de um debate emergente. Boletim CTS em Foco, 5, 8-17
Fuller, S. (2007). Science vs Religion? Intelligent Design and the Problem of Evolution. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Fuller, S. (2016a, 15 de dez.). Science Has Always Been a Bit “Post-truth”. The Guardian. Recuperado em 1º de novembro de 2022, de https://www.theguardian.com/science/political-science/ 2016/dec/15/sciencehas-always-been-a-bit-post-truth.
Fuller, S. (2016b). Embrace the Inner Fox: Post-truth as the STS Symmetry Principle Universalized. Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective. Recuperado em 1º de novembro de 2022, de https://social-epistemology.com/2016/12/25/embrace-the-inner-fox-post-truth-as-the-sts-symmetry-principle-universalized-steve-fuller/.
Fuller, S. (2017a). Is STS All Talk And No Walk? EASST Review, 36(1).
Fuller, S. (2017b). What are You Playing At? On the Use and Abuse of Games in STS. Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective, 6(9), 39-49. Recuperado em 30 de outubro de 2022, de https://social-epistemology.com/2017/08/21/what-are-you-playing-at-on-the-use-and-abuse-of-games-in-sts-steve-fuller/.
Harambam, J. (2020). The Corona Truth Wars: Where Have All the STS’ers Gone When We Need Them Most? Science & Technology Studies, 33(4), 60-67.
Jasanoff, S. (2003). Breaking the Waves in Science Studies: Comment on H. M. Collins and Robert Evans, “The Third Wave of Science Studies”. Social Studies of Science, 33(3), 389-400.
Jasanoff, S. (Ed.) (2004). States of Knowledge: The Co-Production of Science and Social Order. Londres: Routledge.
Jasanoff, S., & Simmet, H. R. (2017). No Funeral Bells: Public Reason in a “Post-truth” Age. Social Studies of Science, 47(5), 751-770.
Kropf, S. P., Cerqueira, E., Lopes, T. C., & Marcondes, S. (2024). Modulando o tempo pandêmico: a ciência e a urgência da covid-19. Tempo, 30(1).
Kuhn, T. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Latour, B. (1987). Ciência em ação. São Paulo: Editora Unesp.
Latour, B. (2004). Why Has Critique Run Out of Steam? From Matters of Fact to Matters of Concern. Critical Inquiry, 30(2), 225-248.
Latour, B. (2007). Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Nova York: Oxford University Press.
Lynch, M. (2003). Editorial. Social Studies of Science, 33(3), 325.
Lynch, M. (2017). STS, Symmetry and Post-truth. Social Studies of Science, 47(4), 593-599.
Miguel, J. C. (2021, out.-dez.). Pós-verdade ou produção da ignorância? Boletim CTS em Foco, 5, 54-59.
Mitre, M. (2016). As relações entre ciência e política, especialização e democracia: a trajetória de um debate em aberto. Estudos Avançados, 30(87).
Oreskes, N., & Conway, E. M. (2011). Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. Nova York: Bloomsbury.
Prasad, A. (2022). Anti-science Misinformation and Conspiracies: COVID–19, Post-truth, and Science & Technology Studies (STS). Science, Technology & Society, 27(1), 88-112.
Rip, A. (2003). Constructing Expertise in a Third Wave of Science Studies? Social Studies of Science, 33(3), 419-34.
Shapin, S., & Schaffer, S. (1985). Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Silva, V. C., & Videira, A. A. P. (2020, dez.) Como as ciências morrem? Os ataques ao conhecimento na era da pós-verdade. Caderno Brasileiro de Ensino de Física, 37(3), 1041-1073.
Sismondo, S. (2017a). Post-truth? Editorial. Social Studies of Science, 47(1), 3-6.
Sismondo, S. (2017b). Casting a Wider Net: a Reply to Collins, Evans and Weinel. Social Studies of Science, 47(4), 587-592.
Vicente, A. M. (2014, jun.) Estudos sociais da ciência e tecnologia e engajamento: novas tendências. Mediações, Revista de Ciências Sociais, 19(1).
Wynne, B. (1996). May the Sheep Safely Graze? A Reflexive View of the Expert-Lay Knowledge Divide. In S. Lash, B. Szerszynski, & B. Wynne (Eds). Risk, Environment and Modernity: Towards a New Ecology (pp. 44-83). Londres: Sage.
Wynne, B. (2003). “Seasick on the Third Wave? Subverting the Hegemony of Propositionalism: Response to Collins & Evans (2002)”. Social Studies of Science, 33(4). 401-417.
Lopes, T. da C., Cerqueira, E., & Kropf, S. P. (2023). Entre lo técnico y lo político: los estudios sociales de la ciencia y la tecnología y el debate sobre el expertise. Revista De Estudios Brasileños, 10(21), 85–102. https://doi.org/10.14201/reb2023102185102
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