Analysis and Implementation of Strategies to Prevent or Mitigate Cognitive ‘Contamination’ in the Collection, Analysis and Interpretation of Forensic-Scientific Evidence in Criminal Proceedings
Abstract
During the obtaining, analysis and interpretation of scientific-forensic evidence in a judicial procedure, cognitive biases always intervene. These affect the decisions that lead to the imposition of a sentence that may have nothing to do with the truth of what happened and be the opposite of what is intended to be fair. There are numerous studies that define cognitive biases, how they act on experts and inexperienced people, and describe how they have affected numerous judicial procedures, leading to the release of hundreds of people who have been unjustly imprisoned. Implementing standardized measures and procedures that reduce them can help ensure that the price that has to be paid for a judicial error is not so high. Biases are unconscious and inherent to human beings, knowing their sources and origin allows us to understand what factors can influence the decisions of experts who try to clarify a truth that only an author, a victim or a rare witness knows time they tell the same story. It is possible to minimize its effects. There are strategies that try to prevent biases from influencing the decisions of experts, decisions that, until recently, were thought to be the result of logical, scientific and legal reasoning. In this work, many measures are listed that scientific literature proposes to achieve this, oriented towards experts, their environment and intervening in all stages of the research to achieve legitimacy and the desired legal protection. It is very difficult to gather so many sciences into one, forensic science, and apply it taking into account the psychological factors of the individual, which seem infinite.- Referencias
- Cómo citar
Almazrouei, M. A., Dror, I. E. y Morgan, R. M. (2020). Organizational and Human Factors Affecting Forensic Decision‐Making: Workplace Stress and Feedback. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 65(6), 1968-1977. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14542
Bessarabova, E., Piercy, C. W., King, S., Vincent, C., Dunbar, N. E., Burgoon, J. K., Miller, C. H., Jensen, M., Elkins, A., Wilson, D. W., Wilson, S. N. y Lee, Y.-H. (2016). Mitigating bias blind spot via a serious video game. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 452-466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.089
Bitzer, S., Miranda, M. D., y Bucht, R. E. (2022). Forensic advisors: The missing link. WIREs Forensic Science, 4(3), e1444. https://doi.org/10.1002/wfs2.1444
Ceberio Belaza, M. (2015, 9 de mayo). “He pasado un infierno indescriptible, los peores 4.000 días de mi vida”. Falso Culpable. Recuperado de https://falsoculpable.blogspot.com/search?q=van+der
Ceberio Belaza, M. (2016, 6 de marzo). Fabricando un violador: El calvario de Romano van der Dussen, falso culpable. Falso Culpable. Recuperado de https://falsoculpable.blogspot.com/2016/03/fabricando-un-violador-el-calvario-de.html
Chan Gamboa, E. C., Estrada Pineda, C. y Rodríguez Díaz, F. J. R. (2000). Aportaciones a la psicología jurídica y forense desde Iberoamérica. Editorial EL Manual Moderno.
Cuellar, M., Mauro, J. y Luby, A. (2022). A Probabilistic Formalisation of Contextual Bias: from Forensic Analysis to Systemic Bias in the Criminal Justice System. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society, 185(Supplement_2), S620-S643. https://doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12962
Curley, L. J., Munro, J., y Dror, I. E. (2022). Cognitive and human factors in legal layperson decision making: Sources of bias in juror decision making. Medicine, Science and the Law, 62(3), 206–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/00258024221080655
De la Rosa Rodríguez, P. I. y Sandoval Navarro, V. D. (2016). Los sesgos cognitivos y su influjo en la decisión judicial. Aportes de la Psicología Jurídica a los procesos penales de corte acusatorio. Derecho Penal y Criminología, 37(102), 141. https://doi.org/10.18601/01210483.v37n102.08
Ditrich, H. (2015). Cognitive fallacies and criminal investigations. Science & Justice, 55(2), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2014.12.007
Dror, I. (2013). The ambition to be scientific: Human expert performance and objectivity. Science & Justice, 53(2), 81-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2013.03.002
Dror, I. E. (2015). Cognitive neuroscience in forensic science: understanding and utilizing the human element. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370(1674), 20140255. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0255
Dror, I. E. (2020). Cognitive and Human Factors in Expert Decision Making: Six Fallacies and the Eight Sources of Bias. Analytical Chemistry, 92(12), 7998-8004. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00704
Dror, I. E. (2023). The most consistent finding in forensic science is inconsistency. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 68, issue 6, 1851-1855. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15369
Dror, I. E., Kukucka, J., Kassin, S. M. y Zapf, P. A. (2018). No one is immune to contextual bias‒Not even forensic pathologists. No one is immune to contextual bias—Not even forensic pathologists. By Dror, Itiel E.,Kukucka, Jeff,Kassin, Saul M.,Zapf, Patricia A. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Vol 7(2), Jun 2018, 316-317
Dror, I. E., y Kukucka, J. (2021). Linear Sequential Unmasking–Expanded (LSU-E): A general approach for improving decision making as well as minimizing noise and bias. Forensic Science International: Synergy, 3, 100161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2021.100161
Dror, I., Melinek, J., Arden, J. L., Kukucka, J., Hawkins, S., Carter, J., y Atherton, D. S. (2021). Cognitive bias in forensic pathology decisions. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 66(5), 1751–1757. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14697
Dror, I. E. y Pierce, M. L. (2019). ISO Standards Addressing Issues of Bias and Impartiality in Forensic Work. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 65(3), 800-808. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14265
Dror, I. E., Wertheim, K., Fraser-Mackenzie, P. y Walajtys, J. (2011). The Impact of Human–Technology Cooperation and Distributed Cognition in Forensic Science: Biasing Effects of AFIS Contextual Information on Human Experts. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 57(2), 343-352. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.02013.x
Dunbar, N. E., Miller, C. H., Adame, B. J., Elizondo, J., Wilson, S. N., Lane, B. L., Kauffman, A. A., Bessarabova, E., Jensen, M. L., Straub, S. K., Lee, Y.-H., Burgoon, J. K., Valacich, J. J., Jenkins, J. y Zhang, J. (2014). Implicit and explicit training in the mitigation of cognitive bias through the use of a serious game. Computers in Human Behavior, 37, 307-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.053
Earwaker, H., Nakhaeizadeh, S., Smit, N. M. y Morgan, R. M. (2020). A cultural change to enable improved decision-making in forensic science: A six phased approach. Science & Justice, 60(1), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2019.08.006
Edmond, G., Tangen, J. M., Searston, R. A. y Dror, I. E. (2014). Contextual bias and cross-contamination in the forensic sciences: the corrosive implications for investigations, plea bargains, trials and appeals. Law, Probability and Risk, 14(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1093/lpr/mgu018
Edmond, G., Towler, A., Growns, B., Ribeiro, G., Found, B., White, D., Ballantyne, K., Searston, R. A., Thompson, M. B., Tangen, J. M., Kemp, R. I. y Martire, K. (2016). Thinking forensics: Cognitive science for forensic practitioners. Science & Justice, 57(2), 144-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2016.11.005
Findley, K. A. (2011). Tunnel vision. En Conviction of the innocent: Lessons from psychological research (pp. 303-323). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13085-014
Gardner, B. O., Kelley, S., Murrie, D. C., y Dror, I. E. (2019). What do forensic analysts consider relevant to their decision making? Science & Justice, 59(5), 516–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2019.04.005
Geven, L., Schneider, T. y Schell-Leugers, J. (s.f.). Ahmed Tommouhi. EUREX. Recuperado de https://www.registryofexonerations.eu/case_details/ahmed-tommouhi-1-sexual-offense-1994/
Giovanelli, A. (2023). The forensic’s scientist craft: toward an integrative theory. Part 2: meso- and macroapproach. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2023.2283418
Güidi Clas, E. M. (2003). El perfil criminológico del juez prevaricador. J.M. Bosch Editor.
Guthrie, C., Rachlinski, J. J., y Wistrich, A. J. (2007). Blinking on the bench: How judges decide cases. Cornall Law Review, 93(1), 1-43.
Kassin, S. M., Dror, I. E. y Kukucka, J. (2013). The forensic confirmation bias: Problems, perspectives, and proposed solutions. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2(1), 42-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.01.001
Koen, W. J. y Kukucka, J. (2018). Confirmation bias in forensic science. En The Psychology and Sociology of Wrongful Convictions: Forensic Science Reform (pp. 215–245). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802655-7.00007-1
Kukucka, J. and Dror I. E. (2023). Human Factors in Forensic Science: Psychological Causes of Bias and Error. In David DeMatteo, and Kyle C. Scherr (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Law (2023; online edn, Oxford Academic, 23 Feb. 2023), https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197649138.013.36, accessed 24 Jan. 2025.
Kukucka, J., Kassin, S. M., Zapf, P. A. y Dror, I. E. (2017). Cognitive Bias and Blindness: A Global Survey of Forensic Science Examiners. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4), 452-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.09.001
Kunkler, K. S. y Roy, T. (2023). Reducing the impact of cognitive bias in decision making: Practical actions for forensic science practitioners. Forensic Science International Synergy, 7, 100341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2023.100341
Lidén, M. y Almazrouei, M. A. (2023). “Blood, Bucks and Bias”: Reliability and biasability of crime scene investigators’ selection and prioritization of blood traces. Science & Justice, 63(2), 276-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2023.01.005
MacLean, C. L. (2022). Cognitive bias in workplace investigation: Problems, perspectives and proposed solutions. Applied Ergonomics, 105, 103860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103860
MacLean, C. L., y Dror, I. E. (2016). A Primer on the Psychology of Cognitive Bias. In Blinding as a Solution to Bias: Strengthening Biomedical Science, Forensic Science, and Law (pp. 13–24). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802460-7.00001-2
Manzanero, A. L. (2020). Incidencia de las falsas identificaciones. Falso Culpable. Recuperado de https://falsoculpable.blogspot.com/p/incidencia-de-las-falsas.html
Meterko, V. y Cooper, G. (2021). Cognitive Biases in Criminal Case Evaluation: A Review of the Research. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 37(1), 101-122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-020-09425-8
Murrie, D. C., Boccaccini, M. T., Turner, D. B., Meeks, M., Woods, C. y Tussey, C. (2009). Rater (dis)agreement on risk assessment measures in sexually violent predator proceedings: Evidence of adversarial allegiance in forensic evaluation? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 15(1), 19-53. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014897
O’Brien, B. (2009). Prime Suspect: an Examination of Factors that Aggravate and Counteract Confirmation Bias in Criminal Investigations. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 15(4), 315-334. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017881
O’Brien, É., Nic Daeid, N., y Black, S. (2015). Science in the court: pitfalls, challenges and solutions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370(1674), 20150062. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0062
Páez, A. (2021). Los sesgos cognitivos y la legitimidad racional de las decisiones judiciales (Cognitive Bias and the Rational Legitimacy of Judicial Decisions). Razonamiento Jurídico y Ciencias Cognitivas, 187-222. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3956986
Pronin, E., Lin, D. Y., y Ross, L. (2002). The Bias Blind Spot: Perceptions of Bias in Self Versus Others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(3), 369–381. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202286008
Rachlinski, J. J. y Wistrich, A. J. (2017). Judging the Judiciary by the Numbers: Empirical Research on Judges. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 13, 203-229. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110615-085032
Rassin, E. (2018). Reducing tunnel vision with a pen-and-paper tool for the weighting of criminal evidence. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 15(2), 227-233.
Reese, E. J. (2011). Techniques for mitigating cognitive biases in fingerprint identification. UCLa L. Rev., 59, 1252.
Roux, C., Bucht, R., Crispino, F., De Forest, P., Lennard, C., Margot, P., Miranda, M. D., NicDaeid, N., Ribaux, O., Ross, A. y Willis, S. (2022). The Sydney declaration – Revisiting the essence of forensic science through its fundamental principles. Forensic Science International, 332, 111182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111182
Roux, C., Talbot-Wright, B., Robertson, J., Crispino, F., y Ribaux, O. (2015). The end of the (forensic science) world as we know it? The example of trace evidence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370(1674), 20140260. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0260
Roux, C., Willis, S. y Weyermann, C. (2021). Shifting forensic science focus from means to purpose: A path forward for the discipline? Science & Justice, 61(6), 678-686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2021.08.005
Saks, M. J. (2010). Forensic identification: From a faith-based “Science” to a scientific science. Forensic Science International, 201(1), 14–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.03.014
Stacey, R. B. (2005). Report on the Erroneous Fingerprint Individualization in the Madrid Train Bombing Case, vol. 35, issue 1. https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/about-us/lab/forensic-science-communications/fsc/jan2005/special_report/2005_special_report.htm
Steblay, N., Hosch, H. M., Culhane, S. E., y McWethy, A. (2006). The impact on juror verdicts of judicial instruction to disregard inadmissible evidence: A meta-analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 30(4), 469–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-006-9039-7
Tversky, A. y Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124-1131. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
UCI Newkirk Center for Science and Society. (2024). The National Registry of Exonerations. Consultado el 12 de diciembre de 2024, en https://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/about.aspx
Van Koppen, P. J. y Mackor, A. R. (2019). A Scenario Approach to the Simonshaven Case. TopicsinCognitive Science, 12(4), 1132-1151. https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12429
Vredeveldt, A., van Rosmalen, E. A. J., van Koppen, P. J., Dror, I. E., y Otgaar, H. (2022). Legal psychologists as experts: guidelines for minimizing bias. Psychology, Crime & Law, 30(7), 705-729. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2114476
Wells, G. L., Wilford, M. M., y Smalarz, L. (2013). Forensic science testing: The forensic filler-control method for controlling contextual bias, estimating error rates, and calibrating analysts' reports. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2(1), 53–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.01.004
Bessarabova, E., Piercy, C. W., King, S., Vincent, C., Dunbar, N. E., Burgoon, J. K., Miller, C. H., Jensen, M., Elkins, A., Wilson, D. W., Wilson, S. N. y Lee, Y.-H. (2016). Mitigating bias blind spot via a serious video game. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 452-466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.089
Bitzer, S., Miranda, M. D., y Bucht, R. E. (2022). Forensic advisors: The missing link. WIREs Forensic Science, 4(3), e1444. https://doi.org/10.1002/wfs2.1444
Ceberio Belaza, M. (2015, 9 de mayo). “He pasado un infierno indescriptible, los peores 4.000 días de mi vida”. Falso Culpable. Recuperado de https://falsoculpable.blogspot.com/search?q=van+der
Ceberio Belaza, M. (2016, 6 de marzo). Fabricando un violador: El calvario de Romano van der Dussen, falso culpable. Falso Culpable. Recuperado de https://falsoculpable.blogspot.com/2016/03/fabricando-un-violador-el-calvario-de.html
Chan Gamboa, E. C., Estrada Pineda, C. y Rodríguez Díaz, F. J. R. (2000). Aportaciones a la psicología jurídica y forense desde Iberoamérica. Editorial EL Manual Moderno.
Cuellar, M., Mauro, J. y Luby, A. (2022). A Probabilistic Formalisation of Contextual Bias: from Forensic Analysis to Systemic Bias in the Criminal Justice System. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society, 185(Supplement_2), S620-S643. https://doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12962
Curley, L. J., Munro, J., y Dror, I. E. (2022). Cognitive and human factors in legal layperson decision making: Sources of bias in juror decision making. Medicine, Science and the Law, 62(3), 206–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/00258024221080655
De la Rosa Rodríguez, P. I. y Sandoval Navarro, V. D. (2016). Los sesgos cognitivos y su influjo en la decisión judicial. Aportes de la Psicología Jurídica a los procesos penales de corte acusatorio. Derecho Penal y Criminología, 37(102), 141. https://doi.org/10.18601/01210483.v37n102.08
Ditrich, H. (2015). Cognitive fallacies and criminal investigations. Science & Justice, 55(2), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2014.12.007
Dror, I. (2013). The ambition to be scientific: Human expert performance and objectivity. Science & Justice, 53(2), 81-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2013.03.002
Dror, I. E. (2015). Cognitive neuroscience in forensic science: understanding and utilizing the human element. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370(1674), 20140255. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0255
Dror, I. E. (2020). Cognitive and Human Factors in Expert Decision Making: Six Fallacies and the Eight Sources of Bias. Analytical Chemistry, 92(12), 7998-8004. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00704
Dror, I. E. (2023). The most consistent finding in forensic science is inconsistency. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 68, issue 6, 1851-1855. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15369
Dror, I. E., Kukucka, J., Kassin, S. M. y Zapf, P. A. (2018). No one is immune to contextual bias‒Not even forensic pathologists. No one is immune to contextual bias—Not even forensic pathologists. By Dror, Itiel E.,Kukucka, Jeff,Kassin, Saul M.,Zapf, Patricia A. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Vol 7(2), Jun 2018, 316-317
Dror, I. E., y Kukucka, J. (2021). Linear Sequential Unmasking–Expanded (LSU-E): A general approach for improving decision making as well as minimizing noise and bias. Forensic Science International: Synergy, 3, 100161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2021.100161
Dror, I., Melinek, J., Arden, J. L., Kukucka, J., Hawkins, S., Carter, J., y Atherton, D. S. (2021). Cognitive bias in forensic pathology decisions. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 66(5), 1751–1757. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14697
Dror, I. E. y Pierce, M. L. (2019). ISO Standards Addressing Issues of Bias and Impartiality in Forensic Work. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 65(3), 800-808. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14265
Dror, I. E., Wertheim, K., Fraser-Mackenzie, P. y Walajtys, J. (2011). The Impact of Human–Technology Cooperation and Distributed Cognition in Forensic Science: Biasing Effects of AFIS Contextual Information on Human Experts. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 57(2), 343-352. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.02013.x
Dunbar, N. E., Miller, C. H., Adame, B. J., Elizondo, J., Wilson, S. N., Lane, B. L., Kauffman, A. A., Bessarabova, E., Jensen, M. L., Straub, S. K., Lee, Y.-H., Burgoon, J. K., Valacich, J. J., Jenkins, J. y Zhang, J. (2014). Implicit and explicit training in the mitigation of cognitive bias through the use of a serious game. Computers in Human Behavior, 37, 307-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.053
Earwaker, H., Nakhaeizadeh, S., Smit, N. M. y Morgan, R. M. (2020). A cultural change to enable improved decision-making in forensic science: A six phased approach. Science & Justice, 60(1), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2019.08.006
Edmond, G., Tangen, J. M., Searston, R. A. y Dror, I. E. (2014). Contextual bias and cross-contamination in the forensic sciences: the corrosive implications for investigations, plea bargains, trials and appeals. Law, Probability and Risk, 14(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1093/lpr/mgu018
Edmond, G., Towler, A., Growns, B., Ribeiro, G., Found, B., White, D., Ballantyne, K., Searston, R. A., Thompson, M. B., Tangen, J. M., Kemp, R. I. y Martire, K. (2016). Thinking forensics: Cognitive science for forensic practitioners. Science & Justice, 57(2), 144-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2016.11.005
Findley, K. A. (2011). Tunnel vision. En Conviction of the innocent: Lessons from psychological research (pp. 303-323). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13085-014
Gardner, B. O., Kelley, S., Murrie, D. C., y Dror, I. E. (2019). What do forensic analysts consider relevant to their decision making? Science & Justice, 59(5), 516–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2019.04.005
Geven, L., Schneider, T. y Schell-Leugers, J. (s.f.). Ahmed Tommouhi. EUREX. Recuperado de https://www.registryofexonerations.eu/case_details/ahmed-tommouhi-1-sexual-offense-1994/
Giovanelli, A. (2023). The forensic’s scientist craft: toward an integrative theory. Part 2: meso- and macroapproach. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2023.2283418
Güidi Clas, E. M. (2003). El perfil criminológico del juez prevaricador. J.M. Bosch Editor.
Guthrie, C., Rachlinski, J. J., y Wistrich, A. J. (2007). Blinking on the bench: How judges decide cases. Cornall Law Review, 93(1), 1-43.
Kassin, S. M., Dror, I. E. y Kukucka, J. (2013). The forensic confirmation bias: Problems, perspectives, and proposed solutions. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2(1), 42-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.01.001
Koen, W. J. y Kukucka, J. (2018). Confirmation bias in forensic science. En The Psychology and Sociology of Wrongful Convictions: Forensic Science Reform (pp. 215–245). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802655-7.00007-1
Kukucka, J. and Dror I. E. (2023). Human Factors in Forensic Science: Psychological Causes of Bias and Error. In David DeMatteo, and Kyle C. Scherr (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Law (2023; online edn, Oxford Academic, 23 Feb. 2023), https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197649138.013.36, accessed 24 Jan. 2025.
Kukucka, J., Kassin, S. M., Zapf, P. A. y Dror, I. E. (2017). Cognitive Bias and Blindness: A Global Survey of Forensic Science Examiners. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4), 452-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.09.001
Kunkler, K. S. y Roy, T. (2023). Reducing the impact of cognitive bias in decision making: Practical actions for forensic science practitioners. Forensic Science International Synergy, 7, 100341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2023.100341
Lidén, M. y Almazrouei, M. A. (2023). “Blood, Bucks and Bias”: Reliability and biasability of crime scene investigators’ selection and prioritization of blood traces. Science & Justice, 63(2), 276-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2023.01.005
MacLean, C. L. (2022). Cognitive bias in workplace investigation: Problems, perspectives and proposed solutions. Applied Ergonomics, 105, 103860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103860
MacLean, C. L., y Dror, I. E. (2016). A Primer on the Psychology of Cognitive Bias. In Blinding as a Solution to Bias: Strengthening Biomedical Science, Forensic Science, and Law (pp. 13–24). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802460-7.00001-2
Manzanero, A. L. (2020). Incidencia de las falsas identificaciones. Falso Culpable. Recuperado de https://falsoculpable.blogspot.com/p/incidencia-de-las-falsas.html
Meterko, V. y Cooper, G. (2021). Cognitive Biases in Criminal Case Evaluation: A Review of the Research. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 37(1), 101-122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-020-09425-8
Murrie, D. C., Boccaccini, M. T., Turner, D. B., Meeks, M., Woods, C. y Tussey, C. (2009). Rater (dis)agreement on risk assessment measures in sexually violent predator proceedings: Evidence of adversarial allegiance in forensic evaluation? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 15(1), 19-53. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014897
O’Brien, B. (2009). Prime Suspect: an Examination of Factors that Aggravate and Counteract Confirmation Bias in Criminal Investigations. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 15(4), 315-334. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017881
O’Brien, É., Nic Daeid, N., y Black, S. (2015). Science in the court: pitfalls, challenges and solutions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370(1674), 20150062. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0062
Páez, A. (2021). Los sesgos cognitivos y la legitimidad racional de las decisiones judiciales (Cognitive Bias and the Rational Legitimacy of Judicial Decisions). Razonamiento Jurídico y Ciencias Cognitivas, 187-222. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3956986
Pronin, E., Lin, D. Y., y Ross, L. (2002). The Bias Blind Spot: Perceptions of Bias in Self Versus Others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(3), 369–381. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202286008
Rachlinski, J. J. y Wistrich, A. J. (2017). Judging the Judiciary by the Numbers: Empirical Research on Judges. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 13, 203-229. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110615-085032
Rassin, E. (2018). Reducing tunnel vision with a pen-and-paper tool for the weighting of criminal evidence. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 15(2), 227-233.
Reese, E. J. (2011). Techniques for mitigating cognitive biases in fingerprint identification. UCLa L. Rev., 59, 1252.
Roux, C., Bucht, R., Crispino, F., De Forest, P., Lennard, C., Margot, P., Miranda, M. D., NicDaeid, N., Ribaux, O., Ross, A. y Willis, S. (2022). The Sydney declaration – Revisiting the essence of forensic science through its fundamental principles. Forensic Science International, 332, 111182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111182
Roux, C., Talbot-Wright, B., Robertson, J., Crispino, F., y Ribaux, O. (2015). The end of the (forensic science) world as we know it? The example of trace evidence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370(1674), 20140260. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0260
Roux, C., Willis, S. y Weyermann, C. (2021). Shifting forensic science focus from means to purpose: A path forward for the discipline? Science & Justice, 61(6), 678-686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2021.08.005
Saks, M. J. (2010). Forensic identification: From a faith-based “Science” to a scientific science. Forensic Science International, 201(1), 14–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.03.014
Stacey, R. B. (2005). Report on the Erroneous Fingerprint Individualization in the Madrid Train Bombing Case, vol. 35, issue 1. https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/about-us/lab/forensic-science-communications/fsc/jan2005/special_report/2005_special_report.htm
Steblay, N., Hosch, H. M., Culhane, S. E., y McWethy, A. (2006). The impact on juror verdicts of judicial instruction to disregard inadmissible evidence: A meta-analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 30(4), 469–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-006-9039-7
Tversky, A. y Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124-1131. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
UCI Newkirk Center for Science and Society. (2024). The National Registry of Exonerations. Consultado el 12 de diciembre de 2024, en https://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/about.aspx
Van Koppen, P. J. y Mackor, A. R. (2019). A Scenario Approach to the Simonshaven Case. TopicsinCognitive Science, 12(4), 1132-1151. https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12429
Vredeveldt, A., van Rosmalen, E. A. J., van Koppen, P. J., Dror, I. E., y Otgaar, H. (2022). Legal psychologists as experts: guidelines for minimizing bias. Psychology, Crime & Law, 30(7), 705-729. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2114476
Wells, G. L., Wilford, M. M., y Smalarz, L. (2013). Forensic science testing: The forensic filler-control method for controlling contextual bias, estimating error rates, and calibrating analysts' reports. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2(1), 53–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.01.004
Amezcua de Miguel, R. (2024). Analysis and Implementation of Strategies to Prevent or Mitigate Cognitive ‘Contamination’ in the Collection, Analysis and Interpretation of Forensic-Scientific Evidence in Criminal Proceedings. Ciencia Policial, 183, 43–89. https://doi.org/10.14201/cp.32165
+
−