The Monster Under the Bed: Chavismo as a Wedge Issue in Latin America
Abstract There is a broad array of literature analyzing the interaction between domestic and foreign policy. In this regard, we have recently seen that strategic politicians use divisive foreign leaders as a tool to take advantage of in domestic politics. Nevertheless, the use of these leaders in domestic campaigns – and particularly the reasons why this occurs – has not received much attention in academia. In this paper, we attempt to approach this topic by identifying when conditions are ripe for this strategic use of foreign leaders in domestic politics. More specifically, we argue that the image of foreign leaders can be used when they present the conditions to become a wedge issue. We explore this question by using survey data on views of Chávez across Latin America together with political and economic indicators between 2005 and 2011. We find that perceptions of Chavismo are divisive in countries in which the incumbent government is ruled by a left-wing administration. Similarly, we show that, in those countries, Chavismo has all the conditions to become a wedge issue, as opponents have a homogeneously negative perception of that political movement, while government supporters are divided in their views of Chavismo.
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https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414013512605
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Gallegos, F. (2006). "Mucho más que dos izquierdas". Nueva Sociedad 205: 30-44.
Giasson, T. and D. Dumouchel. (2012). "Of Wedge Issues and Conservative Politics in Canada. The Case of Gun Registry Elimination" Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, April 2012
Green-Pedersen, C. and P. B. Mortensen. (2010). "Who sets the agenda and who responds to it in the Danish parliament? A new model of issue competition and agenda-setting." European Journal of Political Research 49(2):257-281. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.01897.x
Hill, C. (2003). The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy. Palgrave MacMillan.
Hobolt, S. B. and Catherine E. de Vries. (2015). "Issue Entrepreneurship and Multiparty Competition" Comparative Political Studies 48(9):1159-1185. - https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414015575030
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Holtz-Bacha, C., Langer, A. I., & Merkle, S. (2014). "The personalization of politics in comparative perspective: Campaign coverage in Germany and the United Kingdom". European Journal of Communication, 29(2), 153-170. - https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323113516727
Lauri, K. (2010). The Personalisation of Politics: A Study of Parliamentary Democracies. ECPR Press Colchester 124pp
Jacobs, L., R. and Page, Benjamin, I. (2005). "Who influences US foreign policy?" American Political Science Review, 99(01), 107-123. - https://doi.org/10.1017/S000305540505152X
Jenkins, S. P. (1999). "INEQDECO: Stata Module to Calculate Inequality Indices with Decomposition by Subgroup." Revised May 26, 2008. Statistical Software Components S366002. Boston: Boston College Department of Economics.
Jeong, G., G. J. Miller, C. Schofield and I. Sened. (2011). "Cracks in the Opposition: Immigration as a Wedge Issue for the Reagan Coalition" American Journal of Political Science 55(3), 511-525
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00516.x
Jones, M. P. (2010). "Beyond the Electoral Connection: The Effect of Political Parties on the Policymaking Process," in Carlos Scartascini, Ernesto Stein, and Mariano Tommasi, eds., How Democracy Works: Political Institutions, Actors, and Arenas in Latin American Policymaking. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank and David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University, 2010, pp. 19-46.
Kasara, K. and Suryanarayan, P. (2015). When do the rich vote less than the poor and why? Explaining turnout inequality across the world. American Journal of Political Science, 59(3), 613-627. - https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12134
Keohane, R. and Milner, H. (1996). Internationalization and domestic politics. Cambridge University Press. - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511664168
King, G., M. Tomz and J. Wittenberg. (2000). "Making the most of statistical analyses: Improving interpretation and presentation." American Journal of Political Science 44(2):341-355. - https://doi.org/10.2307/2669316
Kitzberger, P. (2010). Giro a la izquierda, populismo y activismo gubernamental en la esfera pública mediática en América Latina. In Poder político y medios de comunicación: de la representación política al reality show, ed. Sorj Bernardo. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI.
Klüver, H. and J.-J. Spoon. (2014). "Who responds? Voters, parties and issue attention." British Journal of Political Science
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123414000313
Kriesi, H. (2007). "The Role of European Integration in National Election Campaigns" European Union Politics. 8: 83-108
https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116507073288
Langer A. I. (2011). The Personalisation of Politics in the UK: Mediated Leadership from Attlee to Cameron. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Langer, A. I. and Iñaki Sagarzazu. (2018). "Bring back the party: personalisation, the media and coalition politics" West European Politics, 41:2, 472-495
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2017.1354528
Leiras, M. (2007). "Latin America's Electoral Turn: Left, Right, and Wrong."Constellations 14 (3): 398-408. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8675.2007.00454.x
Levitsky, S. and Murillo, M. V. (2008). "Argentina: From Kirchner to Kirchner" Journal of Democracy 19 (2): 16-30. - https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2008.0030
Levy, J. (1988). "Domestic politics and war". Journal of Interdisciplinary History: 653-673. - https://doi.org/10.2307/204819
Lippmann, W. (1932). Public opinion. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
López Maya, M. (2011) "Hugo Chávez and the Populist Left", in Steven Levistky and Kenneth M. Roberts (eds), The Resurgence of the Latin American Left. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Universi-ty Press, 2011, pp. 213-238.
Lupien, P. (2013) "The Media in Venezuela and Bolivia Attacking the "Bad Left" from Below" Latin American Perspectives, Issue 190, Vol. 40(3), 226-246
https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X13476004
Marks, G. and C. Wilson. (2000). "The Past in the Present: A Theory of Party Response to European Integration,". British Journal of Political Science, 30(3): 433-459
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