LA OPINIÓN DE LOS REOS SOBRE LA JUSTICIA PENAL EN MÉXICO: EXPLORANDO LOS EFECTOS DE LA JUSTICIA PROCEDIMENTAL
Abstract El objetivo de este trabajo es abordar un tema inexplorado hasta ahora: la justicia procedimental desde la visión de la población en reclusión en México. La intención es describir cuantitativamente la opinión de este grupo sobre los procedimientos que han experimentado, aspecto que puede ser muy interesante si se tiene en cuenta que estas personas han tenido un contacto directo con todas las instancias del proceso penal, a diferencia de la mayoría de la población que, por lo general, forma su opinión sin tener contacto con el sistema de justicia. Además del análisis descriptivo, se analiza la relación entre las experiencias de justicia procedimental de los internos con aspectos como la satisfacción con el sistema de justicia y la evaluación sobre la sentencia recibida. El análisis se realiza sobre datos de una encuesta aplicada a internos de centros de reclusión federal en México, en el año 2012. Los resultados muestran las variables y dimensiones de la justicia procedimental que más afectan la evaluación del sistema de justicia penal, con lo cual se realizan algunas sugerencias de política criminal dirigidas principalmente hacia los operadores del sistema de justicia.
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Azaola, Elena (2007) “Las condiciones de vida en las cárceles mexicanas”. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales 49(200): 87-97.
Beijersbergen, Karin A.; Anja J. E. Dirkzwager; Veroni I. Eichelsheim; Petr H. Van der Laan y Paul Nieuwbeerta (2015) “Procedural Justice, Anger, and Prisoners´ Misconduct. A Longitudinal Study”. Criminal Justice and Behavior 42(2): 196-218.
Bergman, Marcelo; Christian Arias y J. Siano (2015) Condiciones de vida en la cárcel: Resultados de la encuesta de detenidos condenados. Centro de Estudios Latinoamericanos sobre Inseguridad y Violencia.
Blader, Steven L. y Tom R. Tyler (2003) “A Four-Component Model of Procedural Justice: Defining the Meaning of a ´Fair´ Process”. Personal Social Psychology Bulletin 29(6): 747-758.
Booth, Tracey (2015) “Victim Impact Statements, Sentencing and Contemporary Standards of Fairness in the Courtroom”, In Dean Wilson and Stuart Ross (eds.), Crime, Victims and Policy. International Contexts, Local Experiences. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 234-239.
Bottoms, Anthony (1995) “The Philosophy and Politics of Punishment and Sentencing”. In Chris Clarkson and Rod Morgan (eds.), The Politics of Sentencing Reform. Oxford. Clarendon Press, pp.17-49.
Bottoms, Anthony y Justice Tankebe (2012) “Beyond Procedural Justice: A Dialogic Approach to Legitimacy in Criminal Justice”. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 102(1): 119-170.
Bradford, Ben; Jonathan Jackson y Elizabeth A. Stanko (2012) “Contact and confidence: revisiting the impact of public encounters with the police”. Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy 19(1), 20-46.
Carranza, Elías (2012) “Situación penitenciaria en América Latina y el Caribe ¿Qué hacer?” Anuario de Derechos Humanos 2012, 31-66.
Casper, Jonathan D.; Tom R. Tyler y Bonnie Fisher (1988) “Procedural Justice in Felony Cases”. Law & Society Review 22(3): 483-508.
Cohen, Jacob (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Corbetta, Piergiorgio (2007) Metodología y técnicas de investigación social. Madrid: McGraw Hill.
Dai, Mengyan; James Frank e Ivan Sun (2011) “Procedural justice during police-citizen encounters: The effects of process-based policing on citizen compliance and demeanor”. Journal of Criminal Justice 39: 159-168.
Davies, Sharyn G.; Adrianus Meliala y John Buttle (2014) “Gangnam Style versus Eye of the Tiger: people, police and procedural justice in Indonesia”. Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy. DOI: 10.1080/10439463.2014.949712
Eith, Christine y Matthew R. Durose (2011) “Contacts between Police and the Public, 2008”. Special Report NCJ234599. US Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Feldman, Y. y Tom R. Tyler (2012) “Mandated justice: The potential promise and possible pitfalls of mandating procedural justice in the workplace”. Regulation & Governance 6(1): 46-65.
Garland, David (2001) The culture of control. Crime and social order in contemporary society. Oxford University Press.
Gau, Jacinta (2011) “The Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Procedural Justice and Police Legitimacy: An Empirical Test of Core Theoretical Propositions”. Journal of Criminal Justice 39: 489-498.
Grijalva, Aurea (2013) Efectos de la corrupción y la confianza en la policía en el miedo al delito. Un análisis en México. Tesis doctoral. Universidad de Castilla La Mancha.
––---–– (2016) “Cultura jurídica y política en los ciudadanos. En busca de sus determinantes en México”. En Nuevas amenazas y desafíos permanentes. El Estado Islámico en el escenario internacional y la regionalización de la seguridad en América Latina. Madrid: Instituto Universitario General Gutiérrez Mellado, 317-342.
Hough, Mike (2013) “Procedural Justice and Professional Policing in Times of Austerity”. Criminology and Criminal Justice 13(2): 181-197.
Howell, David C. (2007) Statistical Methods for Psychology. Belmont: Thomson.
Ivarsson, Andreas; Mark B. Andersen; Urban Johnson y Magnus Lindwall (2013) “To adjust or not adjust: Nonparametric effect sizes, confidence intervals, and real-world meaning”. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 14: 97-102.
Jackson, Jonathan y Ben Bradford (2010) “What is Trust and Confidence in the police?”. Policing 4(3): 241-248. Jackson, Jonathan; Ben Bradford; Mike Hough; Andy Myhill; Paul
Quinton y Tom R. Tyler (2012) “Why do people comply with the law? Legitimacy and the influence of legal institutions”. British Journal of Criminology 52(6): 1051-1071
Jonathan-Zamir, T.; Stephen D. Mastrofski y Shomron Moyal (2013) “Measuring Procedural Justice in Police-Citizen Encounters”. Justice Quarterly. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418825.201 3.845677
Lavrakas, Paul J. (2008) Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Morris, Stephen D. (2011) “Mexico´s Political Culture: The Unrule of Law and Corruption as a Form of Resistance”. Mexican Law Review 3(2): 327-342.
Morris, Stephen D. y Joseph L. Klesner (2010) “Corruption and Trust: Theoretical Considerations and Evidence from Mexico”. Comparative Political Studies 43(10): 1258-1285.
Murphy, Kristina (2009) “Public satisfaction with police: The importance of procedural justice and police performance in police- citizen encounters”. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 42(2): 159-178.
Murphy, Kristina; Elise Sargeant y Adrian Cherney (2015) “The importance of procedural justice and police performance in shaping intentions to cooperate with the police: Does social identity matter?” European Journal of Criminology 12(6): 719-738.
Naval, Claire y Juan Salgado (2006) Irregularidades, abusos de poder y maltrato en el Distrito Federal. La relación de los agentes policiales y del Ministerio Público con la población. México: Fundar.
Pérez, Catalina; Elena Azaola; Juan Salgado; Gabriela Pérez; Marcelo Bergman; Carlos Vilalta; Rodrigo Meneses; Miguel Quintana y Karen Silva (2012) Primera Encuesta a Población Interna en Centros Federales de Readaptación Social. México: Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, disponible en: http://hdl.handle.net/10089/16531.
Peterson-Badali, Michelle; Stephanie Care y Julia Broeking (2007) “Young People’s Perceptions and Experiences of the Lawyer– Client Relationship”. Canadian Journal of Criminology & Criminal Justice 49(3): 375-401.
Reisig, Michael; Jason Bratton y Marc G. Gertz (2007) “The Construct Validity and Refinement of Process-Based Policing Measures”. Criminal Justice and Behavior 20(10): 1-24.
Reisig, Michael y Gorazd Mesko (2009) “Procedural justice, legitimacy, and prisoner misconduct”. Psychology, Crime & Law 15(1): 41-59.
Schulhofer, Stephen J.; Tom R. Tyler y Aziz Z. Huq (2011) “American Policing at a Crossroads: Unsustainable Policies and the Procedural Justice Alternative”. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 101(2): 335-374.
Shelley, L. (2001) “Corruption and Organized Crime in Mexico in the Post-PRI Transition”. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 17(3): 213-231.
Skogan, Wesley G. (2006) “Asymmetry in the impact of encounters with police”. Policing and Society 16(2): 99-126.
Sunshine y Tom R. Tyler (2003) “The Role of Procedural Justice and Legitimacy in Shaping Public Support for Policing”. Law & Society Review 37(3): 513-548.
Tankebe, Justice (2008) “Police effectiveness and police trustworthiness in Ghana: An empirical appraisal”. Criminology and Criminal Justice 8(2): 185-202.
Tankebe, Justice (2013) “Viewing Things Differently: The Dimensions of Public Perceptions of Police Legitimacy”. Criminology 51(1): 103-135.
Tyler, Tom R. (2000) “Social justice: Outcome and procedure”. International Journal of Psychology 35(2): 117-125.
Tyler, Tom R. (2003) “Procedural Justice, Legitimacy, and the Effective Rule of Law”. Crime and Justice 30: 283-357.
Tyler, Tom R. (2006) Why People Obey the Law. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 2nd ed.
Tyler, Tom R. y Jeffrey Fagan (2008) “Legitimacy and Cooperation: Why Do People Help the Police Fight Crime in Their Communities?” Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 6: 231-275.
Vacha-Haase, Tammi y Bruce Thompson (2004) “How to Estimate and Interpret Various Effect Sizes”. Journal of Counseling Psychology 51(4): 473-481.
Van Craen, Maarten y Wesley S. Skogan (2015) “Trust in the Belgian police: The importance of responsiveness”. European Journal of Criminology 12(2): 129-150.
Van Damme, Anjuli; Lieven Pauwels y Robert Svensson (2015) “Why do Swedes Cooperate with the Police? A SEM Analysis of Tyler´s Procedural Justice Model”. European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research 21: 15-33.
Vázquez, David y Esther Fernández (2013) “Confianza en los tribunales penales. Una vía normativa a la cooperación ciudadana con la justicia más allá de la amenaza y la coerción”. Revista Electrónica de Ciencia Penal y Criminología 15: 1-29.
Vilalta, Carlos (2013) Determinant Factors in the Perception of Crime-Related Insecurity in Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank.
Vilalta, Carlos (2014) “Does the Mexican War on Organized Crime Mediate the Impact of Fear of Crime on Daily Routines?” Crime & Delinquency. DOI: 10.1177/0011128714541208.
Warren, Mark E. (2004) “What Does Corruption Mean in a Democracy?” American Journal of Political Science 48(2): 328-343.
Wolf, Sonja (2011) “La guerra de México contra el narcotráfico y la Iniciativa Mérida: piedras angulares en la búsqueda de legitimidad”. Foro Internacional 51(4): 669-714.
Woolard, Jennifer L., Samantha Harvell y Sandra Graham (2008) “Anticipatory injustice among adolescents: age and racial/ethnic differences in perceived unfairness of the justice system”. Behavioral Sciences & the Law 26(2): 207-226.
Azaola, Elena (2007) “Las condiciones de vida en las cárceles mexicanas”. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales 49(200): 87-97.
Beijersbergen, Karin A.; Anja J. E. Dirkzwager; Veroni I. Eichelsheim; Petr H. Van der Laan y Paul Nieuwbeerta (2015) “Procedural Justice, Anger, and Prisoners´ Misconduct. A Longitudinal Study”. Criminal Justice and Behavior 42(2): 196-218.
Bergman, Marcelo; Christian Arias y J. Siano (2015) Condiciones de vida en la cárcel: Resultados de la encuesta de detenidos condenados. Centro de Estudios Latinoamericanos sobre Inseguridad y Violencia.
Blader, Steven L. y Tom R. Tyler (2003) “A Four-Component Model of Procedural Justice: Defining the Meaning of a ´Fair´ Process”. Personal Social Psychology Bulletin 29(6): 747-758.
Booth, Tracey (2015) “Victim Impact Statements, Sentencing and Contemporary Standards of Fairness in the Courtroom”, In Dean Wilson and Stuart Ross (eds.), Crime, Victims and Policy. International Contexts, Local Experiences. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 234-239.
Bottoms, Anthony (1995) “The Philosophy and Politics of Punishment and Sentencing”. In Chris Clarkson and Rod Morgan (eds.), The Politics of Sentencing Reform. Oxford. Clarendon Press, pp.17-49.
Bottoms, Anthony y Justice Tankebe (2012) “Beyond Procedural Justice: A Dialogic Approach to Legitimacy in Criminal Justice”. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 102(1): 119-170.
Bradford, Ben; Jonathan Jackson y Elizabeth A. Stanko (2012) “Contact and confidence: revisiting the impact of public encounters with the police”. Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy 19(1), 20-46.
Carranza, Elías (2012) “Situación penitenciaria en América Latina y el Caribe ¿Qué hacer?” Anuario de Derechos Humanos 2012, 31-66.
Casper, Jonathan D.; Tom R. Tyler y Bonnie Fisher (1988) “Procedural Justice in Felony Cases”. Law & Society Review 22(3): 483-508.
Cohen, Jacob (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Corbetta, Piergiorgio (2007) Metodología y técnicas de investigación social. Madrid: McGraw Hill.
Dai, Mengyan; James Frank e Ivan Sun (2011) “Procedural justice during police-citizen encounters: The effects of process-based policing on citizen compliance and demeanor”. Journal of Criminal Justice 39: 159-168.
Davies, Sharyn G.; Adrianus Meliala y John Buttle (2014) “Gangnam Style versus Eye of the Tiger: people, police and procedural justice in Indonesia”. Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy. DOI: 10.1080/10439463.2014.949712
Eith, Christine y Matthew R. Durose (2011) “Contacts between Police and the Public, 2008”. Special Report NCJ234599. US Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Feldman, Y. y Tom R. Tyler (2012) “Mandated justice: The potential promise and possible pitfalls of mandating procedural justice in the workplace”. Regulation & Governance 6(1): 46-65.
Garland, David (2001) The culture of control. Crime and social order in contemporary society. Oxford University Press.
Gau, Jacinta (2011) “The Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Procedural Justice and Police Legitimacy: An Empirical Test of Core Theoretical Propositions”. Journal of Criminal Justice 39: 489-498.
Grijalva, Aurea (2013) Efectos de la corrupción y la confianza en la policía en el miedo al delito. Un análisis en México. Tesis doctoral. Universidad de Castilla La Mancha.
––---–– (2016) “Cultura jurídica y política en los ciudadanos. En busca de sus determinantes en México”. En Nuevas amenazas y desafíos permanentes. El Estado Islámico en el escenario internacional y la regionalización de la seguridad en América Latina. Madrid: Instituto Universitario General Gutiérrez Mellado, 317-342.
Hough, Mike (2013) “Procedural Justice and Professional Policing in Times of Austerity”. Criminology and Criminal Justice 13(2): 181-197.
Howell, David C. (2007) Statistical Methods for Psychology. Belmont: Thomson.
Ivarsson, Andreas; Mark B. Andersen; Urban Johnson y Magnus Lindwall (2013) “To adjust or not adjust: Nonparametric effect sizes, confidence intervals, and real-world meaning”. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 14: 97-102.
Jackson, Jonathan y Ben Bradford (2010) “What is Trust and Confidence in the police?”. Policing 4(3): 241-248. Jackson, Jonathan; Ben Bradford; Mike Hough; Andy Myhill; Paul
Quinton y Tom R. Tyler (2012) “Why do people comply with the law? Legitimacy and the influence of legal institutions”. British Journal of Criminology 52(6): 1051-1071
Jonathan-Zamir, T.; Stephen D. Mastrofski y Shomron Moyal (2013) “Measuring Procedural Justice in Police-Citizen Encounters”. Justice Quarterly. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418825.201 3.845677
Lavrakas, Paul J. (2008) Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Morris, Stephen D. (2011) “Mexico´s Political Culture: The Unrule of Law and Corruption as a Form of Resistance”. Mexican Law Review 3(2): 327-342.
Morris, Stephen D. y Joseph L. Klesner (2010) “Corruption and Trust: Theoretical Considerations and Evidence from Mexico”. Comparative Political Studies 43(10): 1258-1285.
Murphy, Kristina (2009) “Public satisfaction with police: The importance of procedural justice and police performance in police- citizen encounters”. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 42(2): 159-178.
Murphy, Kristina; Elise Sargeant y Adrian Cherney (2015) “The importance of procedural justice and police performance in shaping intentions to cooperate with the police: Does social identity matter?” European Journal of Criminology 12(6): 719-738.
Naval, Claire y Juan Salgado (2006) Irregularidades, abusos de poder y maltrato en el Distrito Federal. La relación de los agentes policiales y del Ministerio Público con la población. México: Fundar.
Pérez, Catalina; Elena Azaola; Juan Salgado; Gabriela Pérez; Marcelo Bergman; Carlos Vilalta; Rodrigo Meneses; Miguel Quintana y Karen Silva (2012) Primera Encuesta a Población Interna en Centros Federales de Readaptación Social. México: Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, disponible en: http://hdl.handle.net/10089/16531.
Peterson-Badali, Michelle; Stephanie Care y Julia Broeking (2007) “Young People’s Perceptions and Experiences of the Lawyer– Client Relationship”. Canadian Journal of Criminology & Criminal Justice 49(3): 375-401.
Reisig, Michael; Jason Bratton y Marc G. Gertz (2007) “The Construct Validity and Refinement of Process-Based Policing Measures”. Criminal Justice and Behavior 20(10): 1-24.
Reisig, Michael y Gorazd Mesko (2009) “Procedural justice, legitimacy, and prisoner misconduct”. Psychology, Crime & Law 15(1): 41-59.
Schulhofer, Stephen J.; Tom R. Tyler y Aziz Z. Huq (2011) “American Policing at a Crossroads: Unsustainable Policies and the Procedural Justice Alternative”. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 101(2): 335-374.
Shelley, L. (2001) “Corruption and Organized Crime in Mexico in the Post-PRI Transition”. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 17(3): 213-231.
Skogan, Wesley G. (2006) “Asymmetry in the impact of encounters with police”. Policing and Society 16(2): 99-126.
Sunshine y Tom R. Tyler (2003) “The Role of Procedural Justice and Legitimacy in Shaping Public Support for Policing”. Law & Society Review 37(3): 513-548.
Tankebe, Justice (2008) “Police effectiveness and police trustworthiness in Ghana: An empirical appraisal”. Criminology and Criminal Justice 8(2): 185-202.
Tankebe, Justice (2013) “Viewing Things Differently: The Dimensions of Public Perceptions of Police Legitimacy”. Criminology 51(1): 103-135.
Tyler, Tom R. (2000) “Social justice: Outcome and procedure”. International Journal of Psychology 35(2): 117-125.
Tyler, Tom R. (2003) “Procedural Justice, Legitimacy, and the Effective Rule of Law”. Crime and Justice 30: 283-357.
Tyler, Tom R. (2006) Why People Obey the Law. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 2nd ed.
Tyler, Tom R. y Jeffrey Fagan (2008) “Legitimacy and Cooperation: Why Do People Help the Police Fight Crime in Their Communities?” Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 6: 231-275.
Vacha-Haase, Tammi y Bruce Thompson (2004) “How to Estimate and Interpret Various Effect Sizes”. Journal of Counseling Psychology 51(4): 473-481.
Van Craen, Maarten y Wesley S. Skogan (2015) “Trust in the Belgian police: The importance of responsiveness”. European Journal of Criminology 12(2): 129-150.
Van Damme, Anjuli; Lieven Pauwels y Robert Svensson (2015) “Why do Swedes Cooperate with the Police? A SEM Analysis of Tyler´s Procedural Justice Model”. European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research 21: 15-33.
Vázquez, David y Esther Fernández (2013) “Confianza en los tribunales penales. Una vía normativa a la cooperación ciudadana con la justicia más allá de la amenaza y la coerción”. Revista Electrónica de Ciencia Penal y Criminología 15: 1-29.
Vilalta, Carlos (2013) Determinant Factors in the Perception of Crime-Related Insecurity in Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank.
Vilalta, Carlos (2014) “Does the Mexican War on Organized Crime Mediate the Impact of Fear of Crime on Daily Routines?” Crime & Delinquency. DOI: 10.1177/0011128714541208.
Warren, Mark E. (2004) “What Does Corruption Mean in a Democracy?” American Journal of Political Science 48(2): 328-343.
Wolf, Sonja (2011) “La guerra de México contra el narcotráfico y la Iniciativa Mérida: piedras angulares en la búsqueda de legitimidad”. Foro Internacional 51(4): 669-714.
Woolard, Jennifer L., Samantha Harvell y Sandra Graham (2008) “Anticipatory injustice among adolescents: age and racial/ethnic differences in perceived unfairness of the justice system”. Behavioral Sciences & the Law 26(2): 207-226.
Grijalva-Eternod, Áurea E., & Fernández-Molina, E. (2017). LA OPINIÓN DE LOS REOS SOBRE LA JUSTICIA PENAL EN MÉXICO: EXPLORANDO LOS EFECTOS DE LA JUSTICIA PROCEDIMENTAL. Revista Latinoamericana De Opinión Pública, 7, 99–140. https://doi.org/10.14201/rlop.22332
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