Trends in Democratic Attitudes: Bolivia 2004-2021
Abstract After more than a decade of political stability, in 2019 Bolivia suffered a major political crisis that ended with the resignation of a long-standing President, amidst popular unrest after a questioned election. While the crisis was the immediate result of a questionable attempt by the President to skip constitutional term limits, its roots can be found in the declining rates of support and satisfaction with democracy among citizens and in the polarization reaching democratic support. Using survey data from LAPOPs AmericasBarometer, this article finds that national averages for different measures for democratic support show declining trends, and, perhaps more importantly, they also show high levels of polarization, with supporters of the president showing radically different attitudes that those who are critics of the government, particularly during critical times. Cluster analyses performed on the same data indicate that the proportion of individuals who share attitudes that can be considered as “institutionalists” has been declining, while the proportion of those who support extra-powers for the executive and authoritarian alternatives, has increased. The article concludes discussing some risks for Bolivian democracy within its citizens’ attitudes towards democratic institutions.
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Lehoucq, F. (2020). Bolivia’s Citizen Revolt. Journal of Democracy, 31(3), 29-60.
Lupu, N., Rodrigues, M., & Zechmeister, E. J. (2021). Pulse of Democracy.
Mayorga, F. (Ed.) (2020). Crisis y cambio político en Bolivia. Octubre y noviembre de 2019: la democracia en una encrucijada. OXFAM - CESU.
Monsiváis-Carrillo, A. (2020). Permissive Winners? The Quality of Democracy and the Winner–Loser Gap in the Perception of Freedoms. Political Studies, 70(1), 173-194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321720952230
Moreno Morales, D. E. (2019a). 21F y 28N: Referéndum, fallo constitucional y conflicto institucional. In I. Monasterio (Ed.), Foro Regional 11. Política, habitabilidad e innovación. Miradas ciudadanas en el eje metropolitano de Bolivia. Ciudadania - CERES - Los Tiempos. https://www.ciudadaniabolivia.org/sites/default/files/archivos_articulos/F.R. Política habitabilidad e innovación.pdf
Moreno Morales, D. E. (2019b). The mysterious case of the disappearing Indians: changes in self-identification as indigenous in the latest inter-census period in Bolivia. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies, 14(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/17442222.2019.1612829
Moreno Morales, D. E. (2021). The Curse Among Citizens: Corruption, Democracy and Citizen Participation in the Andean Region. In B. Schorr & G. Damonte (Eds.), Andean states and the resource curse: institutional change in extractive economies. Taylor and Francis.
Moreno Morales, D. E., Córdova Eguívar, E., Schwarz Blum, V., Vargas Villazón, G., & Garrido Cortés, J. (2012). Cultura política de la democracia en Bolivia. Hacia la igualdad de oportunidades. Ciudadania - LAPOP.
Moreno Morales, D. E., & Osorio Michel, D. (2022). ¿Legitimidades fragmentadas? Apoyo a la democracia en la región andina. Colombia Internacional, 110, 51–88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7440/colombiaint110.2022.03
Romero Ballivian, S. (2022). El ciclo electoral boliviano 2020-2021: de la crisis de 2019 a los comicios de 2021. FES - Plural. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/bolivien/19584.pdf
Schwarz, V., Arequipa, M., Choque, M., Córdova, E., Monasterio, I., Moreno, D., Soto, D., Osorio, D., Vargas, G., Villanueva, A., & Zuazo, M. (2019). 20 años de cultura política en Bolivia. Ciudadanía / ASDI. https://www.ciudadaniabolivia.org/sites/default/files/archivos_articulos/Cultura Politica de la Democracia en Bolivia 20 años.pdf
Singer, M. (2018). Delegating Away Democracy: How Good Representation and Policy Successes Can Undermine Democratic Legitimacy. Comparative Political Studies, 51(13), 1754–1788. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414018784054
Wolff, J. (2020). The Turbulent End of an Era in Bolivia: Contested Elections, the Ouster of Evo Morales, and the Beginning of a Transition Towards an Uncertain Future. Revista de Ciencia Política, 40(2). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-090X2020005000105
Moreno Morales, D. E. (2023). Trends in Democratic Attitudes: Bolivia 2004-2021. Revista Latinoamericana De Opinión Pública, 12(2), 81–116. https://doi.org/10.14201/rlop.31385
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