Integridad institucional, democracia electoral y crimen organizado: un análisis mediante PCA  y modelos multinivel

Lesly Estefania Flores Rivera; Arturo Azael López Estrello

doi:10.14201/alh.32394

institutional Integrity, Electoral Democracy, and Organized Crime: An Analysis through PCA and Multilevel Models

Lesly Estefania Flores Rivera

Universidad de Guanajuato flores.le[at]ugto.mx
Arturo Azael López Estrello

Universidad de Guanajuato y Auditoría Superior del Estado de Guanajuato https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4089-1413

https://doi.org/10.14201/alh.32394

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How to Cite

Flores Rivera, L. E., & López Estrello, A. A. (2026). institutional Integrity, Electoral Democracy, and Organized Crime: An Analysis through PCA and Multilevel Models. América Latina Hoy , 96, e32394. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh.32394

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Editorial dates

Submitted:

07/29/2025

Acceptance:

01/04/2026

Published:

02/19/2026

Issue

Vol. 96 (2026)

Section

Varia

Keywords

Institutional Integrity Index
electoral democracy
organized crime
Latin America and the Caribbean
multilevel models

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This research didn't have any funding

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.