Biodrama as a Tool to Transform Gender-Based Violence among Ecuadorian Youth
Abstract
Gender-based violence in Ecuador has been on the rise, while young people continue to reproduce sexist attitudes and conceptions that sustain and legitimize it. This article examines the impact of the biodrama La Manzana de Eva on Ecuadorian youth. Drawing on an exploratory mixed-methods approach, the study a variety of perceptions regarding manifestations of gender-based violence well as the emergence of transformative emotional responses following attendance at the theatrical performance. The findings are discussed considering their implications for advancing processes of social and cultural change.
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Abatista, A. y Cova, F. (2023). Are self-transcendent emotions one big family? An empirical taxonomy of positive self-transcendent emotion labels. Affective Science, 4, 731-743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42761-023-00194-1
Anguita-Martínez, R., Pradena-García, Y. y Fernández-Rodríguez, E. (2021). La performance teatral como dispositivo transferencial crítico de la violencia micromachista en adolescentes. Revista Internacional de Educación para la Justicia Social, 10(2), 27-42. https://doi.org/10.15366/riejs2021.10.2.002
Arias, G., Dennis, C., Loo, S., Lazier, A. L., Moye, K. D., Moye, K. y Butler, J. D. (2020). A space to speak: therapeutic theater to address gender-based violence. Violence Against Women, 26(14), 1771-1789. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220942835
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
Balasch, M. y Montenegro, M. (2003). Una propuesta metodológica desde la epistemología de los conocimientos situados: las producciones narrativas. Encuentros en Psicología Social, 1(3), 44-48.
Bareket, O. y Fiske, S. T. (2023). A systematic review of the ambivalent sexism literature: Hostile sexism protects men’s power; benevolent sexism guards traditional gender roles. Psychological Bulletin, 149(11-12), 637-698. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000400
Belknap, R. A., Haglund, K., Felzer, H., Pruszynski, J. y Schneider, J. (2013). A theater intervention to prevent teen dating violence for Mexican-American middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), 62-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.02.006
Carofilis Cedeño, C. y Guarderas-Albuja, P. (2023). De las producciones narrativas a la fabulación feminista: La Manzana de Eva. Nómadas, 57, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.30578/nomadas.n57a14
Chapleau, K. M., Oswald, D. L. y Russell, B. L. (2007). How ambivalent sexism toward women and men support rape myth acceptance. Sex Roles, 57, 131-136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9196-2
Clay-Warner, J., Tinkler, J., Groh, S. M., Smith, K. M. y Potter, S. (2024). What will people think? How college students evaluate bystander intervention behavior. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 40(5-6), 1271-1295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260524125900
Crisp, B. R. y Taket, A. (2023). Using a theatre-based programme to prevent gender-based violence: evidence from Australia. Health Promotion International, 38(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daac025
Congreso Nacional del Ecuador. (2001). Ley de la Juventud (Ley n.º 49). Registro Oficial n.º 439, 24 de octubre de 2001. Última modificación: 7 de julio de 2014. https://www.lexis.com.ec
Cuevas, C., Matamala, J., Sepúlveda, F., Barrera, M. y Maureira, F. (2023). Incidencia de variables sociodemográficas en el sexismo en estudiantes de Educación Física. Revista Ciencias de la Actividad Física UCM, 24(1), enero-junio, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.29035/rcaf.24.1.12
Cusi, O., Pizarro, J., Alfaro-Beracoechea, L., Paéz, D. y Carrera, P. (2018). Elevación o inspiración moral: creación y validación de una escala de elevación en castellano. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología Positiva, 4, 39-56.
Draper, S. (2014). Effervescence and solidarity in religious organizations. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 53(2), 229-248. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12109
Expósito, F., Moya, M. C. y Glick, P. (2014). Sexismo ambivalente: medición y correlatos. Revista de Psicología Social, 13(2), 159-169. https://doi.org/10.1174/021347498760350641
Fredrickson, B. L. (2009). Positivity. Three Rivers Press.
Garaigordobil, M. y Aliri, J. (2013). Ambivalent sexism inventory: Standardization and normative data in a sample of the Basque Country. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 21(1), 173-186.
Glick, P. y Fiske, S. T. (1996). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491-512.
Glick, P. y Fiske, S. T. (2011). Ambivalent sexism revisited. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(3), 530-535.
Gracia, E., Herrero, J. y Lila, M. (2010). Percepciones y actitudes hacia la violencia de pareja contra la mujer en inmigrantes latinoamericanos en España. Psychosocial Intervention, 19(2), 135-144. https://doi.org/10.5093/in2010v19n2a5
Guarderas-Albuja, P. (2016). Silencios y acentos en la construcción de la violencia de género como un problema social en Quito. Íconos-Revista de Ciencias Sociales, (55), 191-213. https://doi.org/10.17141/iconos.55.2016.1700
Guarderas-Albuja, P., Zumárraga-Espinosa, M., Ramírez-Ocaña, X. y Luzuriaga, J. (2025). The aftermath of campus sexual harassment: Psychological and academic effects. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 81, 100748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2025.100748
Hopkins-Doyle, A., Petterson, A. L., Leach, S., Zibell, H., Chobthamkit, P., Binti Abdul Rahim, S., Blake, J., Bosco, C., Cherrie-Rees, K., Beadle, A., Cock, V., Greer, H., Jankowska, A., Macdonald, K., Scott English, A., Wai Lan Yeung, V., Asano, R., Beattie, P., Bernardo, A., … y Sutton, R. M. (2024). The misandry myth: An inaccurate stereotype about feminists’ attitudes toward men. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 48(1), 8-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843231202708
Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas del Ecuador [INEC]. (2019). Encuesta Nacional sobre Relaciones Familiares y Violencia de Género contra las Mujeres – ENVIGMU. https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/violencia-de-genero/
Jacobs, T. P. y McConnell, A. R. (2022). Self-transcendent emotion dispositions: Greater connections with nature and more sustainable behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 81, 101797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101797
Larrea, M., Guarderas-Albuja, P., Cuvi, J., Almeida, M., Paula, C., Bichara, T., Reyes-Valenzuela, C., Franco, A., Ramos, V., Saeteros, R., Carrión, B., Peñaherrera, S., Altamirano, G. y Tello, J. (2023). Visibilización de una lacerante situación: el acoso sexual en las universidades de Ecuador. En P. Guarderas-Albuja, J. Cuvi, M. Larrea, B. Reyes Masa y B. Carrión Berrú (Eds.), Acoso sexual y universidad. Realidades, debates y experiencias en el Ecuador (pp. 19-37). Abya Yala. https://doi.org/10.17163/abyaups.21
Magwegwe, E. (2024). Breaking the silence: Participatory forum theatre and gender-based violence prevention in mining communities. A case study of Makusha, Midlands Province, Zimbabwe. Society, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-024-01010-7
Marhayati, N., Suryani, S., Badriyah, L. y Sitorus, I. R. (2024). Cultivating a culture of intervention: Bystander programs and the prevention of sexual violence. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 8(6), 831-850. https://doi.org/ 10.55214/25768484.v8i6.2169
Martínez-Baquero, L. y Vallejo-Medina, P. (2024). Evaluation of ambivalent sexism in Colombia and validation of the ASI and AMI brief scales. PLoS ONE, 19(2), e0297981. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297981
Mitchell, K. S. y Freitag, J. L. (2011). Forum theatre for bystanders: A new model for gender violence prevention. Violence Against Women, 17(8), 990-1013. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012114171
Novelli, D., Drury, J., Reicher, S. y Stott, C (2013). Crowdedness mediates the effect of social identification on positive emotion in a crowd: A survey of two crowd events. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e78983. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078983
ONU Mujeres. (2024). Alerta de género ante la declaración de Conflicto Armado Interno Ecuador. Marzo, 2024. ONU Mujeres. https://ecuador.unwomen.org/es/digital-library/publications/2024/04/alerta-de-genero-ante-la-declaracion-de-conflicto-armado-interno-en-ecuador-marzo-2024
Osuna-Rodríguez, M., Amor, M. I. y Dios, I. (2023). An evaluation of university students’ perceptions of gender violence–A study of its prevalence in southern Spain. Education Sciences, 13(2), 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13020178
Osuna-Rodríguez, M., Rodríguez-Osuna, L. M., Dios, I. y Amor, M. I. (2020). Perception of gender-based violence and sexual harassment in university students: Analysis of the information sources and risk within a relationship. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3754. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113754
Pizarro, J. J., Zumeta, L. N., Bouchat, P., Włodarczyk, A., Rimé, B., Basabe, N. y Páez, D. (2022). Emotional processes, collective behavior, and social movements: A meta-analytic review of collective effervescence outcomes during collective gatherings and demonstrations. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 974683. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.974683
Robnett, R. D., Anderson, K. J. y Hunter, L. (2012). Predicting feminist identity: Associations between gender-traditional attitudes, feminist stereotyping, and ethnicity. Sex Roles, 67, 143-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0170-2
Secretaría de Educación Superior, C., Tecnología e Innovación [SENESCYT]. (2018). SENESCYT socializa protocolo de actuación en casos de acoso, discriminación y violencia. https://n9.cl/2ptvd/
Tellas, V., Brownell, P. y Hernández, P. S. (2017). Biodrama: Proyecto archivos: seis documentales escénicos: Editorial de la Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Van Zomeren, M. (2021). Toward an integrative perspective on distinct positive emotions for political action: Analyzing, comparing, evaluating, and synthesizing three theoretical perspectives. Political Psychology, 42, 173-194. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12795
Wlodarczyk, A., Zumeta, L., Basabe, N., Rimé, B. y Páez, D. (2023). Religious and secular collective gatherings, perceived emotional synchrony and self-transcendent emotions: two longitudinal studies. Current Psychology, 42(6), 4754-4771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01826-0
Yurrebaso Macho, A., Guzmán-Ordaz, R., Picado-Valverde, E. y Jáñez González, Á. (2024). Toward gender understanding: Examining ambivalent sexism among university students and its impact on faculty evaluation. Societies, 14(4), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14040048
Zickfeld, J. H., Schubert, T. W., Seibt, B. y Fiske, A. P. (2019). Moving through the literature: What is the emotion often denoted being moved? Emotion Review, 11(2), 123-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073918820126
Zumeta, L., Castro-Abril, P., Méndez, L., Pizarro, J., Włodarczyk, A., Basabe, N. y Alonso-Arbiol, I., et al. (2020). Collective effervescence, self-transcendence, and gender differences in social well-being during 8 March demonstrations. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 607538. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.607538
Anguita-Martínez, R., Pradena-García, Y. y Fernández-Rodríguez, E. (2021). La performance teatral como dispositivo transferencial crítico de la violencia micromachista en adolescentes. Revista Internacional de Educación para la Justicia Social, 10(2), 27-42. https://doi.org/10.15366/riejs2021.10.2.002
Arias, G., Dennis, C., Loo, S., Lazier, A. L., Moye, K. D., Moye, K. y Butler, J. D. (2020). A space to speak: therapeutic theater to address gender-based violence. Violence Against Women, 26(14), 1771-1789. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220942835
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
Balasch, M. y Montenegro, M. (2003). Una propuesta metodológica desde la epistemología de los conocimientos situados: las producciones narrativas. Encuentros en Psicología Social, 1(3), 44-48.
Bareket, O. y Fiske, S. T. (2023). A systematic review of the ambivalent sexism literature: Hostile sexism protects men’s power; benevolent sexism guards traditional gender roles. Psychological Bulletin, 149(11-12), 637-698. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000400
Belknap, R. A., Haglund, K., Felzer, H., Pruszynski, J. y Schneider, J. (2013). A theater intervention to prevent teen dating violence for Mexican-American middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), 62-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.02.006
Carofilis Cedeño, C. y Guarderas-Albuja, P. (2023). De las producciones narrativas a la fabulación feminista: La Manzana de Eva. Nómadas, 57, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.30578/nomadas.n57a14
Chapleau, K. M., Oswald, D. L. y Russell, B. L. (2007). How ambivalent sexism toward women and men support rape myth acceptance. Sex Roles, 57, 131-136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9196-2
Clay-Warner, J., Tinkler, J., Groh, S. M., Smith, K. M. y Potter, S. (2024). What will people think? How college students evaluate bystander intervention behavior. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 40(5-6), 1271-1295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260524125900
Crisp, B. R. y Taket, A. (2023). Using a theatre-based programme to prevent gender-based violence: evidence from Australia. Health Promotion International, 38(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daac025
Congreso Nacional del Ecuador. (2001). Ley de la Juventud (Ley n.º 49). Registro Oficial n.º 439, 24 de octubre de 2001. Última modificación: 7 de julio de 2014. https://www.lexis.com.ec
Cuevas, C., Matamala, J., Sepúlveda, F., Barrera, M. y Maureira, F. (2023). Incidencia de variables sociodemográficas en el sexismo en estudiantes de Educación Física. Revista Ciencias de la Actividad Física UCM, 24(1), enero-junio, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.29035/rcaf.24.1.12
Cusi, O., Pizarro, J., Alfaro-Beracoechea, L., Paéz, D. y Carrera, P. (2018). Elevación o inspiración moral: creación y validación de una escala de elevación en castellano. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología Positiva, 4, 39-56.
Draper, S. (2014). Effervescence and solidarity in religious organizations. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 53(2), 229-248. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12109
Expósito, F., Moya, M. C. y Glick, P. (2014). Sexismo ambivalente: medición y correlatos. Revista de Psicología Social, 13(2), 159-169. https://doi.org/10.1174/021347498760350641
Fredrickson, B. L. (2009). Positivity. Three Rivers Press.
Garaigordobil, M. y Aliri, J. (2013). Ambivalent sexism inventory: Standardization and normative data in a sample of the Basque Country. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 21(1), 173-186.
Glick, P. y Fiske, S. T. (1996). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491-512.
Glick, P. y Fiske, S. T. (2011). Ambivalent sexism revisited. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(3), 530-535.
Gracia, E., Herrero, J. y Lila, M. (2010). Percepciones y actitudes hacia la violencia de pareja contra la mujer en inmigrantes latinoamericanos en España. Psychosocial Intervention, 19(2), 135-144. https://doi.org/10.5093/in2010v19n2a5
Guarderas-Albuja, P. (2016). Silencios y acentos en la construcción de la violencia de género como un problema social en Quito. Íconos-Revista de Ciencias Sociales, (55), 191-213. https://doi.org/10.17141/iconos.55.2016.1700
Guarderas-Albuja, P., Zumárraga-Espinosa, M., Ramírez-Ocaña, X. y Luzuriaga, J. (2025). The aftermath of campus sexual harassment: Psychological and academic effects. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 81, 100748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2025.100748
Hopkins-Doyle, A., Petterson, A. L., Leach, S., Zibell, H., Chobthamkit, P., Binti Abdul Rahim, S., Blake, J., Bosco, C., Cherrie-Rees, K., Beadle, A., Cock, V., Greer, H., Jankowska, A., Macdonald, K., Scott English, A., Wai Lan Yeung, V., Asano, R., Beattie, P., Bernardo, A., … y Sutton, R. M. (2024). The misandry myth: An inaccurate stereotype about feminists’ attitudes toward men. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 48(1), 8-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843231202708
Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas del Ecuador [INEC]. (2019). Encuesta Nacional sobre Relaciones Familiares y Violencia de Género contra las Mujeres – ENVIGMU. https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/violencia-de-genero/
Jacobs, T. P. y McConnell, A. R. (2022). Self-transcendent emotion dispositions: Greater connections with nature and more sustainable behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 81, 101797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101797
Larrea, M., Guarderas-Albuja, P., Cuvi, J., Almeida, M., Paula, C., Bichara, T., Reyes-Valenzuela, C., Franco, A., Ramos, V., Saeteros, R., Carrión, B., Peñaherrera, S., Altamirano, G. y Tello, J. (2023). Visibilización de una lacerante situación: el acoso sexual en las universidades de Ecuador. En P. Guarderas-Albuja, J. Cuvi, M. Larrea, B. Reyes Masa y B. Carrión Berrú (Eds.), Acoso sexual y universidad. Realidades, debates y experiencias en el Ecuador (pp. 19-37). Abya Yala. https://doi.org/10.17163/abyaups.21
Magwegwe, E. (2024). Breaking the silence: Participatory forum theatre and gender-based violence prevention in mining communities. A case study of Makusha, Midlands Province, Zimbabwe. Society, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-024-01010-7
Marhayati, N., Suryani, S., Badriyah, L. y Sitorus, I. R. (2024). Cultivating a culture of intervention: Bystander programs and the prevention of sexual violence. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 8(6), 831-850. https://doi.org/ 10.55214/25768484.v8i6.2169
Martínez-Baquero, L. y Vallejo-Medina, P. (2024). Evaluation of ambivalent sexism in Colombia and validation of the ASI and AMI brief scales. PLoS ONE, 19(2), e0297981. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297981
Mitchell, K. S. y Freitag, J. L. (2011). Forum theatre for bystanders: A new model for gender violence prevention. Violence Against Women, 17(8), 990-1013. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012114171
Novelli, D., Drury, J., Reicher, S. y Stott, C (2013). Crowdedness mediates the effect of social identification on positive emotion in a crowd: A survey of two crowd events. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e78983. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078983
ONU Mujeres. (2024). Alerta de género ante la declaración de Conflicto Armado Interno Ecuador. Marzo, 2024. ONU Mujeres. https://ecuador.unwomen.org/es/digital-library/publications/2024/04/alerta-de-genero-ante-la-declaracion-de-conflicto-armado-interno-en-ecuador-marzo-2024
Osuna-Rodríguez, M., Amor, M. I. y Dios, I. (2023). An evaluation of university students’ perceptions of gender violence–A study of its prevalence in southern Spain. Education Sciences, 13(2), 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13020178
Osuna-Rodríguez, M., Rodríguez-Osuna, L. M., Dios, I. y Amor, M. I. (2020). Perception of gender-based violence and sexual harassment in university students: Analysis of the information sources and risk within a relationship. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3754. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113754
Pizarro, J. J., Zumeta, L. N., Bouchat, P., Włodarczyk, A., Rimé, B., Basabe, N. y Páez, D. (2022). Emotional processes, collective behavior, and social movements: A meta-analytic review of collective effervescence outcomes during collective gatherings and demonstrations. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 974683. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.974683
Robnett, R. D., Anderson, K. J. y Hunter, L. (2012). Predicting feminist identity: Associations between gender-traditional attitudes, feminist stereotyping, and ethnicity. Sex Roles, 67, 143-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0170-2
Secretaría de Educación Superior, C., Tecnología e Innovación [SENESCYT]. (2018). SENESCYT socializa protocolo de actuación en casos de acoso, discriminación y violencia. https://n9.cl/2ptvd/
Tellas, V., Brownell, P. y Hernández, P. S. (2017). Biodrama: Proyecto archivos: seis documentales escénicos: Editorial de la Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Van Zomeren, M. (2021). Toward an integrative perspective on distinct positive emotions for political action: Analyzing, comparing, evaluating, and synthesizing three theoretical perspectives. Political Psychology, 42, 173-194. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12795
Wlodarczyk, A., Zumeta, L., Basabe, N., Rimé, B. y Páez, D. (2023). Religious and secular collective gatherings, perceived emotional synchrony and self-transcendent emotions: two longitudinal studies. Current Psychology, 42(6), 4754-4771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01826-0
Yurrebaso Macho, A., Guzmán-Ordaz, R., Picado-Valverde, E. y Jáñez González, Á. (2024). Toward gender understanding: Examining ambivalent sexism among university students and its impact on faculty evaluation. Societies, 14(4), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14040048
Zickfeld, J. H., Schubert, T. W., Seibt, B. y Fiske, A. P. (2019). Moving through the literature: What is the emotion often denoted being moved? Emotion Review, 11(2), 123-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073918820126
Zumeta, L., Castro-Abril, P., Méndez, L., Pizarro, J., Włodarczyk, A., Basabe, N. y Alonso-Arbiol, I., et al. (2020). Collective effervescence, self-transcendence, and gender differences in social well-being during 8 March demonstrations. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 607538. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.607538
Guarderas-Albuja, P., Carofilis-Cedeño, C., Reyes-Valenzuela, C., & Mantilla-Briceño, Y. M. (2025). Biodrama as a Tool to Transform Gender-Based Violence among Ecuadorian Youth. América Latina Hoy , 95, e32264. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh.32264
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