COVID-19 in Latin America: comparing discursive strategies in presidential systems
Abstract This article studies the interpretative frames used by the presidents of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico during the initial months of COVID-19, with the aim of characterizing and comparing discursive strategies as well as exploring what factors explain the different approaches. Our conclusion is that the differences are due both as much to ideological factors as to contextual factors and the availability of resources.
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Benoit, W. L. y Henson, J. R. (2009). President Bush’s image repair discourse on Hurricane Katrina. Public Relations Review, 35(1), 40-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2008.09.022
Benziman, Y. (2020). «Winning» the «Battle» and «Beating» the COVID-19 «Enemy»: Leaders’ Use of War Frames to Define the Pandemic. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 26(3), 247-256. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/pac0000494
Birn, A. (2020). How to have narrative?flipping history in a pandemic: Views of/from Latin America. Centaurus, 62(2), 354-369. https://doi.org/10.1111/1600-0498.12310
Blondel, J. (1987). Political Leadership: Towards a General Analysis. SAGE.
Boin, A., Hart, P. y McConnell, A. (2009). Crisis exploitation: political and policy impacts of framing contests. Journal of European Public Policy, 16(1), 81-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760802453221
Bol, D., Giani, M., Blais, A. y Loewen, P. J. (2021). The effect of COVID?19 lockdowns on political support: Some good news for democracy? European Journal of Political Research, 60(2), 497-505. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12401
Bucchi, M. y Trench, B. (Eds.). (2008). Handbook of Public Communication of Science and Technology. Routledge.
Carney, T. y Bennett, B. (2014). Framing pandemic management: New governance, science or culture? Health Sociology Review, 23(2), 136-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/14461242.2014.11081968
Chong, D. y Druckman, J. N. (2007). Framing theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 10, 103-126. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.103054
Daviter, F. (2007). Policy framing in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy, 14(4), 654-666. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760701314474
Edelman, D. (2020). 2020 Edelman Trust Barometer Spring Update: Trust and the Coronavirus. Daniel J. Edelman Holdings, Inc. Disponible en: https://www.edelman.com/research/trust-2020-spring-update. Acceso el 17 de mayo de 2021.
Eising, R., Rasch, D. y Rozbicka, P. (2015). Institutions, policies, and arguments: context and strategy in EU policy framing. Journal of European Public Policy, 22(4), 516-533. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2015.1008552
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Harvard University Press.
Gollust, S. E., Nagler, R. H. y Fowler, E. F. (2020). The emergence of COVID-19 in the US: A Public Health and Political Communication Crisis. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 45(6), 967-981. https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-8641506
Hay, C. (1996). Narrating crisis: The Discursive Construction of the Winter of Discontent. Sociology, 30(2), 253-277. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0038038596030002004
Lewis, H. (2020, mayo 6). The Pandemic Has Revealed the Weakness of Strongmen. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/05/new-zealand-germany-women-leadership-
strongmen-coronavirus/611161/
Jaworska, S. (2021). Competence and collectivity: The discourse of Angela Merkel’s media communications during the first wave of the pandemic. Discourse, Context & Media, 42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2021.100506
Johnston, H. (1996). Social Movements and Culture. Routledge.
Johnston, H. (2002). Verification and Proof in Frame and Discourse Analysis. En B. Klandermans y S. Staggenborg (Eds.), Methods of Social Movement Research (pp. 62-91). University of Minnesota Press.
Kamradt-Scott, A. y McInnes, C. (2012). The securitisation of pandemic influenza: Framing, security and public policy. Global Public Health, 7(sup2), S95-S110. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2012.725752
Kornprobst, M. (2017). Framing, resonance and war: Foregrounds and backgrounds of cultural congruence. European Journal of International Relations, 25(1), 61-85. https://doi.org/10.1177%
2F1354066117741675
Laffan, B. (2014). Framing the crisis, defining the problems: Decoding the Euro Area Crisis. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 15(3), 266-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/15705854.2014.912395
Martin?Howard, S. y Farmbry, K. (2020). Framing a Needed Discourse on Health Disparities and Social Inequities: Drawing Lessons from a Pandemic. Public Administration Review, 80(5), 839-844. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13265
McAllister, I. (2007). The Personalization of Politics. En R. J. Dalton y H. D. Klingemann (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior (pp. 571-588). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.003.0030
Natanson, J. (2020). Argentina, el virus y el presidente. Nueva Sociedad, 287, 60-67. https://nuso.org/articulo/argentina-el-virus-y-el-presidente/
Olvera, A. J. (2020). De la elección plebiscitaria al populismo nostálgico. López Obrador y la «Cuarta Transformación» en México. En Y. Murakami y E. Perzotti (Eds.), Populismo, Democracia y Resistencias en América Latina. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
Page, B. I., Shapiro, R. Y. y Dempsey, G. R. (1987). What moves public opinion? The American Political Science Review, 81(1), 23-43. https://doi.org/10.2307/1960777
Pérez, J. M., Marín, C. y Cervi, L. (2021). Pandemia y guerra: narrativas de crisis y liderazgo. Análisis de las estrategias discursivas presidenciales en el inicio de la pandemia del COVID-19. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 79, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2021-1500
Quiroga, M. M. (2020). Estallido social en Chile 2019: participación, representación, confianza institucional y escándalos públicos. Análisis Político, 33(98), 3-25. https://doi.org/10.15446/anpol.v33n98.89407
Resina, J. y Lendo, T. (2016). Communicating public security crisis in Mexico: A comparison between Felipe Calderón and Enrique Peña Nieto. En Ó. Luengo (Ed.), Political Communication in Times of Crisis (pp. 269-284). Logos Verlag.
Sanahuja, J. A. y López, C. (2020). Las derechas neopatriotas en América Latina: contestación al orden liberal internacional. Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, (126), 41-64. https://doi.org/10.24241/rcai.2020.126.3.41
Snow, D. A. (2004). Framing Processes, Ideology, and Discursive Fields. En D. A., Snow, S. A. Soule y H. Kriesi, The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, (pp. 380-412). Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470999103.ch17
Snow, D. A. y Benford, R. D. (1988). Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization. International Social Movement Research, 1, 197-217. https://ssc.wisc.edu/~oliver/SOC924/Articles/SnowBenfordIdeologyframeresonanceandparticipantmobilization.pdf
Strauss, A. y Corbin, J. (2016). Bases de la investigación cualitativa: técnicas y procedimientos para desarrollar la teoría fundamentada. Universidad de Antioquia. https://diversidadlocal.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/bases-investigacion-cualitativa.pdf
Ventura, S. (2021). La gestione della crisi e il meaning-making. Narrazione e manipolazione nelle conferenze stampa di Giuseppe Conte durante la pandemia del coronavirus. Comunicazione Politica, 22(1), 19-46. https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.3270/100309
Verloo, M. y Lombardo, E. (2007). Contested Gender Equality and Policy Variety in Europe: Introducing a Critical Frame Analysis Approach. En M. Verloo (Ed.), Multiple Meanings of Gender Equality: A Critical Frame Analysis of Gender Policies in Europe (pp. 21-51). Central European University Press.
Verón, E. (1987). La palabra adversativa. Observaciones sobre la enunciación política. En E. Verón, L. Arufch, y M. Chirico (Eds.), El discurso político. Lenguajes y acontecimientos (pp. 11-26). Hachette.
Vink, M. J., Boezeman, D., Dewulf, A. y Termeer, C. J. (2013). Changing climate, changing frames: Dutch water policy frame developments in the context of a rise and fall of attention to climate change. Environmental Science & Policy, 30, 90-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.10.010
Zaller, J. R. (2014). La naturaleza y los orígenes de la opinión pública. Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.
Benoit, W. L. y Henson, J. R. (2009). President Bush’s image repair discourse on Hurricane Katrina. Public Relations Review, 35(1), 40-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2008.09.022
Benziman, Y. (2020). «Winning» the «Battle» and «Beating» the COVID-19 «Enemy»: Leaders’ Use of War Frames to Define the Pandemic. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 26(3), 247-256. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/pac0000494
Birn, A. (2020). How to have narrative?flipping history in a pandemic: Views of/from Latin America. Centaurus, 62(2), 354-369. https://doi.org/10.1111/1600-0498.12310
Blondel, J. (1987). Political Leadership: Towards a General Analysis. SAGE.
Boin, A., Hart, P. y McConnell, A. (2009). Crisis exploitation: political and policy impacts of framing contests. Journal of European Public Policy, 16(1), 81-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760802453221
Bol, D., Giani, M., Blais, A. y Loewen, P. J. (2021). The effect of COVID?19 lockdowns on political support: Some good news for democracy? European Journal of Political Research, 60(2), 497-505. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12401
Bucchi, M. y Trench, B. (Eds.). (2008). Handbook of Public Communication of Science and Technology. Routledge.
Carney, T. y Bennett, B. (2014). Framing pandemic management: New governance, science or culture? Health Sociology Review, 23(2), 136-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/14461242.2014.11081968
Chong, D. y Druckman, J. N. (2007). Framing theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 10, 103-126. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.103054
Daviter, F. (2007). Policy framing in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy, 14(4), 654-666. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760701314474
Edelman, D. (2020). 2020 Edelman Trust Barometer Spring Update: Trust and the Coronavirus. Daniel J. Edelman Holdings, Inc. Disponible en: https://www.edelman.com/research/trust-2020-spring-update. Acceso el 17 de mayo de 2021.
Eising, R., Rasch, D. y Rozbicka, P. (2015). Institutions, policies, and arguments: context and strategy in EU policy framing. Journal of European Public Policy, 22(4), 516-533. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2015.1008552
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Harvard University Press.
Gollust, S. E., Nagler, R. H. y Fowler, E. F. (2020). The emergence of COVID-19 in the US: A Public Health and Political Communication Crisis. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 45(6), 967-981. https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-8641506
Hay, C. (1996). Narrating crisis: The Discursive Construction of the Winter of Discontent. Sociology, 30(2), 253-277. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0038038596030002004
Lewis, H. (2020, mayo 6). The Pandemic Has Revealed the Weakness of Strongmen. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/05/new-zealand-germany-women-leadership-
strongmen-coronavirus/611161/
Jaworska, S. (2021). Competence and collectivity: The discourse of Angela Merkel’s media communications during the first wave of the pandemic. Discourse, Context & Media, 42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2021.100506
Johnston, H. (1996). Social Movements and Culture. Routledge.
Johnston, H. (2002). Verification and Proof in Frame and Discourse Analysis. En B. Klandermans y S. Staggenborg (Eds.), Methods of Social Movement Research (pp. 62-91). University of Minnesota Press.
Kamradt-Scott, A. y McInnes, C. (2012). The securitisation of pandemic influenza: Framing, security and public policy. Global Public Health, 7(sup2), S95-S110. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2012.725752
Kornprobst, M. (2017). Framing, resonance and war: Foregrounds and backgrounds of cultural congruence. European Journal of International Relations, 25(1), 61-85. https://doi.org/10.1177%
2F1354066117741675
Laffan, B. (2014). Framing the crisis, defining the problems: Decoding the Euro Area Crisis. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 15(3), 266-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/15705854.2014.912395
Martin?Howard, S. y Farmbry, K. (2020). Framing a Needed Discourse on Health Disparities and Social Inequities: Drawing Lessons from a Pandemic. Public Administration Review, 80(5), 839-844. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13265
McAllister, I. (2007). The Personalization of Politics. En R. J. Dalton y H. D. Klingemann (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior (pp. 571-588). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.003.0030
Natanson, J. (2020). Argentina, el virus y el presidente. Nueva Sociedad, 287, 60-67. https://nuso.org/articulo/argentina-el-virus-y-el-presidente/
Olvera, A. J. (2020). De la elección plebiscitaria al populismo nostálgico. López Obrador y la «Cuarta Transformación» en México. En Y. Murakami y E. Perzotti (Eds.), Populismo, Democracia y Resistencias en América Latina. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
Page, B. I., Shapiro, R. Y. y Dempsey, G. R. (1987). What moves public opinion? The American Political Science Review, 81(1), 23-43. https://doi.org/10.2307/1960777
Pérez, J. M., Marín, C. y Cervi, L. (2021). Pandemia y guerra: narrativas de crisis y liderazgo. Análisis de las estrategias discursivas presidenciales en el inicio de la pandemia del COVID-19. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 79, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2021-1500
Quiroga, M. M. (2020). Estallido social en Chile 2019: participación, representación, confianza institucional y escándalos públicos. Análisis Político, 33(98), 3-25. https://doi.org/10.15446/anpol.v33n98.89407
Resina, J. y Lendo, T. (2016). Communicating public security crisis in Mexico: A comparison between Felipe Calderón and Enrique Peña Nieto. En Ó. Luengo (Ed.), Political Communication in Times of Crisis (pp. 269-284). Logos Verlag.
Sanahuja, J. A. y López, C. (2020). Las derechas neopatriotas en América Latina: contestación al orden liberal internacional. Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, (126), 41-64. https://doi.org/10.24241/rcai.2020.126.3.41
Snow, D. A. (2004). Framing Processes, Ideology, and Discursive Fields. En D. A., Snow, S. A. Soule y H. Kriesi, The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, (pp. 380-412). Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470999103.ch17
Snow, D. A. y Benford, R. D. (1988). Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization. International Social Movement Research, 1, 197-217. https://ssc.wisc.edu/~oliver/SOC924/Articles/SnowBenfordIdeologyframeresonanceandparticipantmobilization.pdf
Strauss, A. y Corbin, J. (2016). Bases de la investigación cualitativa: técnicas y procedimientos para desarrollar la teoría fundamentada. Universidad de Antioquia. https://diversidadlocal.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/bases-investigacion-cualitativa.pdf
Ventura, S. (2021). La gestione della crisi e il meaning-making. Narrazione e manipolazione nelle conferenze stampa di Giuseppe Conte durante la pandemia del coronavirus. Comunicazione Politica, 22(1), 19-46. https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.3270/100309
Verloo, M. y Lombardo, E. (2007). Contested Gender Equality and Policy Variety in Europe: Introducing a Critical Frame Analysis Approach. En M. Verloo (Ed.), Multiple Meanings of Gender Equality: A Critical Frame Analysis of Gender Policies in Europe (pp. 21-51). Central European University Press.
Verón, E. (1987). La palabra adversativa. Observaciones sobre la enunciación política. En E. Verón, L. Arufch, y M. Chirico (Eds.), El discurso político. Lenguajes y acontecimientos (pp. 11-26). Hachette.
Vink, M. J., Boezeman, D., Dewulf, A. y Termeer, C. J. (2013). Changing climate, changing frames: Dutch water policy frame developments in the context of a rise and fall of attention to climate change. Environmental Science & Policy, 30, 90-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.10.010
Zaller, J. R. (2014). La naturaleza y los orígenes de la opinión pública. Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.
Resina, J. (2021). COVID-19 in Latin America: comparing discursive strategies in presidential systems. América Latina Hoy, 89, 105–125. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh.26419
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