El contexto político importa: El legado democrático como condicionante de los efectos de la educación sobre el compromiso democrático de los latinoamericanos
Resumen La escolaridad es considerada como uno de los principales factores para explicar el comportamiento político. En los estudios sobre legitimidad democrática la escolaridad es un fuerte determinante del apoyo a la democracia: cuanto mayor sea la educación, mayor será el apoyo a la democracia. Esta relación, sin embargo, ¿ocurre en todos y cada uno de los contextos? En este artículo argumentamos que el efecto de la escolaridad en el compromiso con la democracia varía según el legado democrático de los países de la región. Utilizando datos del Barómetro de las Américas, observamos que, en general, la escolaridad aumenta la probabilidad de que un latinoamericano adopte una actitud de compromiso con la democracia. Sin embargo, este efecto es mayor en países con legados democráticos más sólidos y duraderos. El artículo analiza las implicaciones de estos resultados para la consolidación de las democracias latinoamericanas.
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Putnam, Robert. Making democracy work: civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7s8r7
Putnam, Robert. Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital. Journal of Democracy, 1995, vol. 6 (1): 65-78. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1995.0002
Raudenbush, Stephen y Bryk, Anthony. Hierarchical linear models: applications and data analysis methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 2002.
Recabarren-Silva, Lorena. Logics of rejection in Latin America. Tesis de doctorado. Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014.
Rose, Richard. Medidas de democracia em surveys. Opinião Pública, 2002, vol. 8 (1): 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-62762002000100001
Shin, Doh Chull. Mass politics and culture in democratizing Korea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Torcal, Mariano. El origen y la evolución del apoyo a la democracia en España. La construcción del apoyo incondicional en las nuevas democracias. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 2008, vol. 18 (1): 26-65.
Weil, F. L. The variable effects of education on liberal attitudes: A comparative-historical analysis of antisemitism using public opinion data. American Sociological Review, 1985, vol. 50 (1): 458-474. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095433
Barro, Robert. Determinants of economic growth: a cross-country empirical study. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1997. https://doi.org/10.3386/w5698
Bobo, Lawrence y Licari, Frederick. Education and political tolerance: testing the effects of cognitive sophistication and target group affect. Public Opinion Quarterly, 1989, vol. 53 (3): 285-308. https://doi.org/10.1086/269154
Booth, John y Seligson, Mitchell. The legitimacy puzzle: democracy and political support in eight Latin American nations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511818431
Bratton, Michael y Mattes, Robert. Support for democracy in Africa: intrinsic or instrumental? British Journal of Political Science, 2001, vol. 31 (3): 447-474. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123401000175
Bratton, Michael; Mattes, Robert. B. y Gyimah-Boadi, E. Public opinion, democracy, and market reform in Africa. Cambridge, UK, y New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511617324
Campbell, David. Voice in the classroom: how an open classroom climate fosters political engagement among adolescents. Political Behavior, 2008, vol. 30 (1): 437-454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-008-9063-z
Converse, Philip. Change in the American electorate. En Campbell, Angus y Converse, Philip E. (eds.). The human meaning of social change. New York: Russel Sage Foundantion, 1972.
Córdova, Abby. Methodological Note: Measuring Relative Wealth using Household Asset Indicators. Nashville: Vanderbilt University, 2009: en línea: https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/insights/I0806en_v2.pdf.
Dalton, R. Democratic challenges, democratic choices: the erosion of political support in advanced industrial democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199268436.001.0001
Gibson, James; Duch, Raymond y Tedin, Kent. Democratic values and the transformation of the Soviet Union. The Journal of Politics, 1992, vol. 54 (2): 329-371. https://doi.org/10.2307/2132030
Glaeser, Edward; Ponzetto, Giacomo y Shleifer, Andrei. Why does democracy need education? Journal of Economic Growth, 2007, vol. 12 (1): 77-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-007-9015-1
Glaeser, Edward; Porta, Rafael; López-de-Silanes, Florencio y Shleifer, Andrei. Do institutions cause growth? Journal of Economic Growth, 2004, vol. 9: 271-303. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEG.0000038933.16398.ed
Hillygus, Sunshine. The missing link: exploring the relationship between higher education and political behavior. Political Behavior, 2005, vol. 27 (1): 25-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-005-3075-8
Huang, Min-hua; Chang, Yu-tzung y Chu, Yun-han. Identifying sources of democratic legitimacy: a multilevel analysis. Electoral Studies, 2008, vol. 27 (1): 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2007.11.002
Inglehart, Ronald. How solid is mass support for democracy and how can we measure it? Political Science and Politics, 2003, vol. 36 (1): 51-57. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096503001689
Kiewiet De Jonge, Chad. Political learning and democratic commitment in new democracies. Tesis de doctorado. University of Notre Dame, 2013.
Kotzian, Peter. Public support for liberal democracy. International Political Science Review, 2011, vol. 32 (1): 23-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512110375938
Linz, Juan y Stepan, Alfred. Problems of democratic transition and consolidation. Baltimore: John Hopkins Press, 1996.
Lipset, Seymour. Some social requisites of democracy: economic development and political legitimacy. The American Political Science Review, 1959, vol. 53 (1): 69-105. https://doi.org/10.2307/1951731
Mainwaring, Scott y Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal. Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, Survival and Fall. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139047845
Mattes, Robert y Luescher-Mamashela, T. The roles of higher education in the democratization of politics in Africa: Survey reports from HERANA. Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 2012, vol. 10 (1): 139-170.
Mattes, Robert y Mughogho, Dangalira. The Limited Impacts of Formal Education on Democratic Citizenship in Africa. Paper presentado en Higher Education Research and Advocacy Network in Africa, 2010.
Mishler, William y Rose, Richard. Political support for incomplete democracies: realist vs. idealist theories and measures. International Political Science Review, 2001, vol. 22 (1): 303-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512101022004002
Moisés, José Álvaro y Carneiro, Gabriela. Democracia, desconfiança política e insatisfação com o regime - o caso do Brasil. Opinião Pública, 2008, vol. 14 (1): 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-62762008000100001
Moreno, Alejandro y Lagos, Marta. Latin America: The Modest Dividend of Growing Up Democratic. En Denemark, David; Mattes, Robert y Niemi, Richard G. (orgs.). Growing Up Democratic: Does It Make a Difference? Boulder: Lynne Rienner: 26-63.
Nie, Norman; Junn, Jane y Stehlik-Barry, Kenneth. Education and democratic citizenship in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
Norris, Pippa. Critical Citizens: global support for democratic government. Cambridge: Oxford University Press, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1093/0198295685.001.0001
Norris, Pippa. Democratic Deficit - Critical Citizens Revisited. Cambridge, NY, 2011.
Putnam, Robert. Making democracy work: civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7s8r7
Putnam, Robert. Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital. Journal of Democracy, 1995, vol. 6 (1): 65-78. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1995.0002
Raudenbush, Stephen y Bryk, Anthony. Hierarchical linear models: applications and data analysis methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 2002.
Recabarren-Silva, Lorena. Logics of rejection in Latin America. Tesis de doctorado. Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014.
Rose, Richard. Medidas de democracia em surveys. Opinião Pública, 2002, vol. 8 (1): 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-62762002000100001
Shin, Doh Chull. Mass politics and culture in democratizing Korea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Torcal, Mariano. El origen y la evolución del apoyo a la democracia en España. La construcción del apoyo incondicional en las nuevas democracias. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 2008, vol. 18 (1): 26-65.
Weil, F. L. The variable effects of education on liberal attitudes: A comparative-historical analysis of antisemitism using public opinion data. American Sociological Review, 1985, vol. 50 (1): 458-474. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095433
Fuks, M., & Avila Casalecchi, G. (2019). El contexto político importa: El legado democrático como condicionante de los efectos de la educación sobre el compromiso democrático de los latinoamericanos. América Latina Hoy, 83, 117–131. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh201983117131
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