Political context matters: Democratic legacy as a condition of the effects of education on democratic commitment of Latin Americans
Abstract Education is considered the main factor in explaining political behavior. In studies of legitimacy, education is a strong predictor of support for democracy: the more education, the more democratic the attitudes. However, is this relationship the same everywhere? In this article, using data from Americas Barometer, we show that the effects of education on democratic commitment vary according to the democratic legacy of Latin American countries. Education always has a positive effect on democratic commitment, but in countries with the highest democratic legacy, the effect is even stronger. This article also discusses the implications of these findings for the debate on political legitimacy and democratic consolidation in Latin America.
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Nie, Norman; Junn, Jane y Stehlik-Barry, Kenneth. Education and democratic citizenship in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
Norris, Pippa. Critical Citizens: global support for democratic government. Cambridge: Oxford University Press, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1093/0198295685.001.0001
Norris, Pippa. Democratic Deficit - Critical Citizens Revisited. Cambridge, NY, 2011.
Putnam, Robert. Making democracy work: civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7s8r7
Putnam, Robert. Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital. Journal of Democracy, 1995, vol. 6 (1): 65-78. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1995.0002
Raudenbush, Stephen y Bryk, Anthony. Hierarchical linear models: applications and data analysis methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 2002.
Recabarren-Silva, Lorena. Logics of rejection in Latin America. Tesis de doctorado. Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014.
Rose, Richard. Medidas de democracia em surveys. Opinião Pública, 2002, vol. 8 (1): 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-62762002000100001
Shin, Doh Chull. Mass politics and culture in democratizing Korea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Torcal, Mariano. El origen y la evolución del apoyo a la democracia en España. La construcción del apoyo incondicional en las nuevas democracias. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 2008, vol. 18 (1): 26-65.
Weil, F. L. The variable effects of education on liberal attitudes: A comparative-historical analysis of antisemitism using public opinion data. American Sociological Review, 1985, vol. 50 (1): 458-474. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095433
Barro, Robert. Determinants of economic growth: a cross-country empirical study. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1997. https://doi.org/10.3386/w5698
Bobo, Lawrence y Licari, Frederick. Education and political tolerance: testing the effects of cognitive sophistication and target group affect. Public Opinion Quarterly, 1989, vol. 53 (3): 285-308. https://doi.org/10.1086/269154
Booth, John y Seligson, Mitchell. The legitimacy puzzle: democracy and political support in eight Latin American nations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511818431
Bratton, Michael y Mattes, Robert. Support for democracy in Africa: intrinsic or instrumental? British Journal of Political Science, 2001, vol. 31 (3): 447-474. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123401000175
Bratton, Michael; Mattes, Robert. B. y Gyimah-Boadi, E. Public opinion, democracy, and market reform in Africa. Cambridge, UK, y New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511617324
Campbell, David. Voice in the classroom: how an open classroom climate fosters political engagement among adolescents. Political Behavior, 2008, vol. 30 (1): 437-454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-008-9063-z
Converse, Philip. Change in the American electorate. En Campbell, Angus y Converse, Philip E. (eds.). The human meaning of social change. New York: Russel Sage Foundantion, 1972.
Córdova, Abby. Methodological Note: Measuring Relative Wealth using Household Asset Indicators. Nashville: Vanderbilt University, 2009: en línea: https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/insights/I0806en_v2.pdf.
Dalton, R. Democratic challenges, democratic choices: the erosion of political support in advanced industrial democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199268436.001.0001
Gibson, James; Duch, Raymond y Tedin, Kent. Democratic values and the transformation of the Soviet Union. The Journal of Politics, 1992, vol. 54 (2): 329-371. https://doi.org/10.2307/2132030
Glaeser, Edward; Ponzetto, Giacomo y Shleifer, Andrei. Why does democracy need education? Journal of Economic Growth, 2007, vol. 12 (1): 77-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-007-9015-1
Glaeser, Edward; Porta, Rafael; López-de-Silanes, Florencio y Shleifer, Andrei. Do institutions cause growth? Journal of Economic Growth, 2004, vol. 9: 271-303. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEG.0000038933.16398.ed
Hillygus, Sunshine. The missing link: exploring the relationship between higher education and political behavior. Political Behavior, 2005, vol. 27 (1): 25-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-005-3075-8
Huang, Min-hua; Chang, Yu-tzung y Chu, Yun-han. Identifying sources of democratic legitimacy: a multilevel analysis. Electoral Studies, 2008, vol. 27 (1): 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2007.11.002
Inglehart, Ronald. How solid is mass support for democracy and how can we measure it? Political Science and Politics, 2003, vol. 36 (1): 51-57. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096503001689
Kiewiet De Jonge, Chad. Political learning and democratic commitment in new democracies. Tesis de doctorado. University of Notre Dame, 2013.
Kotzian, Peter. Public support for liberal democracy. International Political Science Review, 2011, vol. 32 (1): 23-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512110375938
Linz, Juan y Stepan, Alfred. Problems of democratic transition and consolidation. Baltimore: John Hopkins Press, 1996.
Lipset, Seymour. Some social requisites of democracy: economic development and political legitimacy. The American Political Science Review, 1959, vol. 53 (1): 69-105. https://doi.org/10.2307/1951731
Mainwaring, Scott y Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal. Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, Survival and Fall. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139047845
Mattes, Robert y Luescher-Mamashela, T. The roles of higher education in the democratization of politics in Africa: Survey reports from HERANA. Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 2012, vol. 10 (1): 139-170.
Mattes, Robert y Mughogho, Dangalira. The Limited Impacts of Formal Education on Democratic Citizenship in Africa. Paper presentado en Higher Education Research and Advocacy Network in Africa, 2010.
Mishler, William y Rose, Richard. Political support for incomplete democracies: realist vs. idealist theories and measures. International Political Science Review, 2001, vol. 22 (1): 303-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512101022004002
Moisés, José Álvaro y Carneiro, Gabriela. Democracia, desconfiança política e insatisfação com o regime - o caso do Brasil. Opinião Pública, 2008, vol. 14 (1): 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-62762008000100001
Moreno, Alejandro y Lagos, Marta. Latin America: The Modest Dividend of Growing Up Democratic. En Denemark, David; Mattes, Robert y Niemi, Richard G. (orgs.). Growing Up Democratic: Does It Make a Difference? Boulder: Lynne Rienner: 26-63.
Nie, Norman; Junn, Jane y Stehlik-Barry, Kenneth. Education and democratic citizenship in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
Norris, Pippa. Critical Citizens: global support for democratic government. Cambridge: Oxford University Press, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1093/0198295685.001.0001
Norris, Pippa. Democratic Deficit - Critical Citizens Revisited. Cambridge, NY, 2011.
Putnam, Robert. Making democracy work: civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7s8r7
Putnam, Robert. Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital. Journal of Democracy, 1995, vol. 6 (1): 65-78. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1995.0002
Raudenbush, Stephen y Bryk, Anthony. Hierarchical linear models: applications and data analysis methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 2002.
Recabarren-Silva, Lorena. Logics of rejection in Latin America. Tesis de doctorado. Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014.
Rose, Richard. Medidas de democracia em surveys. Opinião Pública, 2002, vol. 8 (1): 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-62762002000100001
Shin, Doh Chull. Mass politics and culture in democratizing Korea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Torcal, Mariano. El origen y la evolución del apoyo a la democracia en España. La construcción del apoyo incondicional en las nuevas democracias. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 2008, vol. 18 (1): 26-65.
Weil, F. L. The variable effects of education on liberal attitudes: A comparative-historical analysis of antisemitism using public opinion data. American Sociological Review, 1985, vol. 50 (1): 458-474. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095433
Fuks, M., & Avila Casalecchi, G. (2019). Political context matters: Democratic legacy as a condition of the effects of education on democratic commitment of Latin Americans. América Latina Hoy, 83, 117–131. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh201983117131
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