«Outbreak»: A review a Ebola hemorrhagic fever
Abstract Using the movie Outbreak (1995) by Wolfgang Peterson, the Ebola hemorrhagic fever is reviewed in this article, given its strong resemblance to the fictional disease created in this film caused by the virus Motaba. A review of history, virus characteristics, viral transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, mortality, treatment and prevention, are presented and are contrasted with the film. Finally, the biosafety levels for handling infectious agents are shown.
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Breman JG, Johnson KM, van der Groen G, Brian RC, Szczeniowski MV, Ruti K, et al. A search for Ebola virus in animals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Cameroon: Ecologic, virologic, and serologic surveys, 1979-1980. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S139-S147.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514278
Bwaka MA, Bonnet MJ, Calain P, Colebunders R, de Roo A, Guimard Y, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Clinical observations in 103 patients. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S1-S7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514308
Casillas AM, Nyamathi AM, Sosa A, Wolder CL, Sands H. A current review of Ebola virus: Pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and diagnostic assessment. Biol Res Nurs 2003; 4:268-75.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800403252603
Chosewood LC, Wilson DE (Editors). Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories. 5th ed. Bethesda (Maryland): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, & National Institutes of Health; 2009. Disponible en: http://www.cdc.gov/biosafety/publications/bmbl5/BMBL.pdf
Dowell SF, Mukunu R, Ksiazek TG, Khan AS, Rollin PE, Peters CJ, et al. Transmission of Ebola hemorrhagic fever: A study of risk factors in family members, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S87-S91.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514284
Estallido (1995) Disponible en: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0114069/? ref_=sr_1
Feldmann H. Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Lancet 2011; 377:849-62.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60667-8
Formenty P, Boesch C, Wyers M, Steiner C, Donati F, Dind F, et al. Ebola virus outbreak among wild chimpanzees living in a rain forest of Côte d´Ivoire. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S120-S126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514296
Irving WL. Ebola virus transmission. Int J Exp Path 1995; 76: 225-6.
Khan AS, Tshioko K, Heymann DL, Guenno BL, Nabeth P, Kerstiëns B, et al. The reemergence of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S76-S86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514306
Kudoyarova-Zubavichene N, Sergeyev NN, Chepurnov AA, Netesov SV. Preparation and use of hyperimmune serum for prophylaxis and therapy of Ebola virus infections. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S218-S223.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514294
Ledermann W. Ébola: Corta y reciente historia de un joven virus. Rev Chil 2003; Ed Aniversario:113-4. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/rci/v20snotashist/art41.pdf
Leirs H, Mills JN, Krebs JW, Childs JE, Akaibe D, Woollen N, et al. Search for the Ebola reservoir in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Reflections on a vertebrate collection. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S155-S163.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514299
Monath TP. Ecology of Marburg and Ebola viruses: Speculations and directions for future research. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S127–S138.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514281
Mupapa K, Massamba M, Kibadi K, Kuvula K, Bwaka A, Kipasa M, et al. Treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever with blood transfusions from convalescent patients. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S18-S23.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514298
Peters CJ, LeDuc JW. An introduction to Ebola: The virus and the disease. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Supll 1):ix-xvi.
Reiter P, Turell M, Coleman R, Miller B, Maupin G, Liz J, et al. Field investigations of an outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995: Arthropod studies. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S148-S154.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514304
Sadek RF, Khan AS, Stevens G, Peters CJ, Ksiazek TG. Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995: Determinants of survival. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S24-S27.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514311
Sullivan N, Yang ZY, Nabel GJ. Ebola virus pathogenesis: Implications for vaccines and therapies. J Virol 2003; 77:9733-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.77.18.9733-9737.2003
Suresh V. The enigmatic haemorrhagic fevers. J R Soc Med 1997; 90:622-4.
Tomori O, Bertolli J, Rollin PE, Fleerackers Y, Guimard Y, De Roo A, et al. Serologic survey among hospital and health center workers during the Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S98-S101.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514307
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIAID biodefense research agenda for CDC category B and C priority pathogens. January 2003. Disponible en: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/BiodefenseRelated/Biodefense/Documents/cat egorybandc.pdf
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514278
Bwaka MA, Bonnet MJ, Calain P, Colebunders R, de Roo A, Guimard Y, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Clinical observations in 103 patients. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S1-S7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514308
Casillas AM, Nyamathi AM, Sosa A, Wolder CL, Sands H. A current review of Ebola virus: Pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and diagnostic assessment. Biol Res Nurs 2003; 4:268-75.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800403252603
Chosewood LC, Wilson DE (Editors). Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories. 5th ed. Bethesda (Maryland): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, & National Institutes of Health; 2009. Disponible en: http://www.cdc.gov/biosafety/publications/bmbl5/BMBL.pdf
Dowell SF, Mukunu R, Ksiazek TG, Khan AS, Rollin PE, Peters CJ, et al. Transmission of Ebola hemorrhagic fever: A study of risk factors in family members, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S87-S91.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514284
Estallido (1995) Disponible en: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0114069/? ref_=sr_1
Feldmann H. Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Lancet 2011; 377:849-62.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60667-8
Formenty P, Boesch C, Wyers M, Steiner C, Donati F, Dind F, et al. Ebola virus outbreak among wild chimpanzees living in a rain forest of Côte d´Ivoire. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S120-S126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514296
Irving WL. Ebola virus transmission. Int J Exp Path 1995; 76: 225-6.
Khan AS, Tshioko K, Heymann DL, Guenno BL, Nabeth P, Kerstiëns B, et al. The reemergence of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S76-S86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514306
Kudoyarova-Zubavichene N, Sergeyev NN, Chepurnov AA, Netesov SV. Preparation and use of hyperimmune serum for prophylaxis and therapy of Ebola virus infections. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S218-S223.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514294
Ledermann W. Ébola: Corta y reciente historia de un joven virus. Rev Chil 2003; Ed Aniversario:113-4. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/rci/v20snotashist/art41.pdf
Leirs H, Mills JN, Krebs JW, Childs JE, Akaibe D, Woollen N, et al. Search for the Ebola reservoir in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Reflections on a vertebrate collection. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S155-S163.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514299
Monath TP. Ecology of Marburg and Ebola viruses: Speculations and directions for future research. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S127–S138.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514281
Mupapa K, Massamba M, Kibadi K, Kuvula K, Bwaka A, Kipasa M, et al. Treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever with blood transfusions from convalescent patients. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S18-S23.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514298
Peters CJ, LeDuc JW. An introduction to Ebola: The virus and the disease. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Supll 1):ix-xvi.
Reiter P, Turell M, Coleman R, Miller B, Maupin G, Liz J, et al. Field investigations of an outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995: Arthropod studies. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S148-S154.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514304
Sadek RF, Khan AS, Stevens G, Peters CJ, Ksiazek TG. Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995: Determinants of survival. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S24-S27.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514311
Sullivan N, Yang ZY, Nabel GJ. Ebola virus pathogenesis: Implications for vaccines and therapies. J Virol 2003; 77:9733-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.77.18.9733-9737.2003
Suresh V. The enigmatic haemorrhagic fevers. J R Soc Med 1997; 90:622-4.
Tomori O, Bertolli J, Rollin PE, Fleerackers Y, Guimard Y, De Roo A, et al. Serologic survey among hospital and health center workers during the Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1):S98-S101.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514307
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIAID biodefense research agenda for CDC category B and C priority pathogens. January 2003. Disponible en: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/BiodefenseRelated/Biodefense/Documents/cat egorybandc.pdf
Camacho Aguilera, J. F. (2013). «Outbreak»: A review a Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Journal of Medicine and Movies, 9(2), 70–81. Retrieved from https://revistas.usal.es/cinco/index.php/medicina_y_cine/article/view/13666
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