Bajo observación: inteligencia artificial, reconocimiento facial y sesgos
Resumen En este trabajo nos concentramos en la tecnología de reconocimiento facial y hacemos hincapié en que en las últimas décadas se instaló en el discurso público la idea de que este tipo de tecnología es “objetiva” y carente de los errores y sesgos humanos, adjudicándole cualquier responsabilidad al “buen o mal uso” que se haga de ella. Frente a esta retórica, argumentamos que a la hora de hablar de artefactos tecnológicos la neutralidad es imposible, aun en la instancia misma del diseño. A tal efecto, a partir de las ideas del pragmatismo norteamericano analizamos un caso real, para mostrar que no es posible sostener una dicotomía entre hechos y valores y que es necesario reconocer que no existe una distinción tajante entre el diseño de la tecnología y el uso que hacemos de ella.
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Kafka, Franz (1925). Der Process. Berlin: Verlag Die Schmiede.
Latour, Bruno y Woolgar, Steve (1979). Laboratory life. The social construction of scientific facts. Beverly Hills, California, Sage Publications.
Li, Stan Z. y Jain, Anil K. (eds.) (2004). Introduction. En Handbook of Face Recognition (pp. 1-18). London: Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-932-1_1
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Nait-ali, Amine (ed.) (2020). Hidden Biometrics. When Biometrics Security Meets Biomedical Engineering, Singapur: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0956-4
Newell Sue y Marabelli, Marco (2015). Strategic opportunities (and challenges) of algorithmic decision-making: A call for action on the long-term societal effects of ‘datification’. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 24, 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2015.02.001
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O’Malley, Pat (1992). Risk, Power and Crime Prevention. Economy and Society, 21(3), 252-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085149200000013
Orwell, George (1949). 1984. Londres: Secker.
Petersen, Julie K (2001). Understanding Survilleance Technologies: Spy Devices, their origins & applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
PNUD (1995). Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 1994. Washington: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.
Putnam, Hilary (2002). The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy and Other Essays. New York: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/978142003881
Ramli, Dzati A., Hooi, Man Y. y Chee, Kai J. (2016). Development of Heartbeat Detection Kit for Biometric Authentication System. Procedia Computer Science, 96, 305-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.08.143
Rhodes, Henry T. F. (1956). Alphonse Bertillon: Father of Scientific Detection. New York: Abelard-Schuman.
Rodríguez, Alejandra (2019). Facial recognition: A two-sided story. https://www.belatrixsf.com/blog/facial-recognition
Vaidhyanathan, Siva (2011). The Googlization of Everything —and Why We Should Worry. Berkeley: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520948693
Vucetich, Juan (1904). Dactiloscopía comparada, el nuevo sistema argentino: trabajo hecho expresamente para el 2do. Congreso Médico Latino-americano, Buenos Aires, 3-10 de abril de 1904. Buenos Aires: Peuser.
Baratta, Alessandro (2003). Principios de derecho penal mínimo. En Alessandro Baratta, Criminología y Sistema Penal (compilación in memoriam) (pp. 299-333). Buenos Aires: B de F.
Bentham, Jeremy (1791). Panopticon, or the Inspection House. London: T. Payne.
Binder, Alberto (2009). El control de la criminalidad en una sociedad democrática. En Gabriel Kessler (comp.), Seguridad y Ciudadanía. Nuevos paradigmas, reforma policial y políticas innovadoras (pp. 25-54). Buenos Aires: Edhasa.
Caplow, Theodore, Bahr, Howard M., Modell, John y Chadwick, Bruce A. (1994). Recent Social Trends in the United States 1960-1990. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Cognitec (2020). Cognitec supports fighting crime and curtailing human bias with face recognition technologies. https://www.cognitec.com/news-reader/fighting-crime-and-curtailing-human-bias-with-face-recognition.html
Debord, Guy (1967). La société du spectacle. Paris: Buchet.
Deleuze, Gilles (1992). Postscript on the Societies of Control. October, 59, 3-7.
Eubanks, Virginia (2018). Automating inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police and Punish the Poor. New York: St. Martin’s Press. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2018.1511671
Feenberg, Andrew (2002). Transforming technology. A critical theory revisited. USA: Oxford University Press.
Feinstein, Dianne (2001). Biometrics Identifiers and the Modern Face of Terror: New Technologies in the Global War on Terrorism — Open Statement, 14 de noviembre de 2001. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-107shrg81678/html/CHRG-107shrg81678.htm
Friedman, Batya y Nissenbaum, Helen (1996). Bias in computer systems. ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), 14(3), 330-347. https://doi.org/10.1145/230538.230561
Fossi, Connie y Prazan Phil (2020). Miami Police Used Facial Recognition Technology in Protester’s Arrest. https://www.nbcmiami.com/investigations/miami-police-used-facial-recognition-technology-in-protesters-arrest/2278848/
Foucault, Michel (2013). La société punitive: Cours au Collège de France, 1972-1973, ed. Bernard E. Harcourt. Paris: Gallimard - Le Seuil.
Gates, Kelly A. (2011). Our Biometric Future: Facial Recognition Technology and the Culture of Surveillance. New York: NYU Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/9780814733035
GIFT (2020). Caja de herramientas humanísticas. https://grupo.gift
Haggerty, Kevin D. y Ericson, Richard V. (2000). The Surveillant Assemblage. British Journal of Sociology, 51(4), 605-622. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071310020015280
Han, Byung-Chul (2015). The Transparent Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Haraway, Donna (1991). A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century. En Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (pp. 149-181). New York: Routledge.
Harcourt, Bernard E. (2007). Against Prediction. Profiling, Policing, and Punishing in an Actuarial Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226315997.001.0001
Harcourt, Bernard E. (2011): The Illusion of Free Markets. Punishment and the Myth of the Natural Order. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. https://10.2307/j.ctvjhzpv2
Harcourt, Bernard E. (2015): Exposed. Desire and Disobedience in the Digital Age. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674915077
Hua, Gang (2015). Probabilistic Elastic Part Model for Real-World Face Recognition. En Ji, Qiang et ál (eds.), Face and Facial Expression Recognition from Real World Videos. FFER 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 8912, 3-10. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13737-7_1
Israel, Steve A. e Irvine, John (2012). Heartbeat biometrics: a sensing system perspective. Int. J. Cognitive Biometrics, 1(1), 39-65. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCB.2012.046514
Johnson, Jeffrey A. (2006). Technology and pragmatism: From value neutrality to value criticality. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2154654
Kafka, Franz (1925). Der Process. Berlin: Verlag Die Schmiede.
Latour, Bruno y Woolgar, Steve (1979). Laboratory life. The social construction of scientific facts. Beverly Hills, California, Sage Publications.
Li, Stan Z. y Jain, Anil K. (eds.) (2004). Introduction. En Handbook of Face Recognition (pp. 1-18). London: Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-932-1_1
Medina, R., III, et al. (2019). Authentication based on heartbeat detection and facial recognition in video data. United States Patent 10,268,916 B1. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/a8/12/73/ca411b4b82e4e4/US10268910.pdf
Nait-ali, Amine (ed.) (2020). Hidden Biometrics. When Biometrics Security Meets Biomedical Engineering, Singapur: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0956-4
Newell Sue y Marabelli, Marco (2015). Strategic opportunities (and challenges) of algorithmic decision-making: A call for action on the long-term societal effects of ‘datification’. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 24, 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2015.02.001
Online Etymology Dictionary (2020). Entrada “mug”. https://www.etymonline.com/word/mug
O’Malley, Pat (1992). Risk, Power and Crime Prevention. Economy and Society, 21(3), 252-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085149200000013
Orwell, George (1949). 1984. Londres: Secker.
Petersen, Julie K (2001). Understanding Survilleance Technologies: Spy Devices, their origins & applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
PNUD (1995). Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 1994. Washington: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.
Putnam, Hilary (2002). The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy and Other Essays. New York: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/978142003881
Ramli, Dzati A., Hooi, Man Y. y Chee, Kai J. (2016). Development of Heartbeat Detection Kit for Biometric Authentication System. Procedia Computer Science, 96, 305-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.08.143
Rhodes, Henry T. F. (1956). Alphonse Bertillon: Father of Scientific Detection. New York: Abelard-Schuman.
Rodríguez, Alejandra (2019). Facial recognition: A two-sided story. https://www.belatrixsf.com/blog/facial-recognition
Vaidhyanathan, Siva (2011). The Googlization of Everything —and Why We Should Worry. Berkeley: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520948693
Vucetich, Juan (1904). Dactiloscopía comparada, el nuevo sistema argentino: trabajo hecho expresamente para el 2do. Congreso Médico Latino-americano, Buenos Aires, 3-10 de abril de 1904. Buenos Aires: Peuser.
Balmaceda, T., Schleider, T., & Pedace, K. (2021). Bajo observación: inteligencia artificial, reconocimiento facial y sesgos. ArtefaCToS. Revista De Estudios Sobre La Ciencia Y La tecnología, 10(2), 21–43. https://doi.org/10.14201/art20211022143
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