Internet in Its Scientific Branch: Prediction and Prescription in the Face of Complexity
Abstract Among the three main branches of the Internet - scientific, technological, and social - the scientific area has received little attention. This paper makes a philosophico-methodological analysis of this branch of the network of networks. The approach is made from the angle of the sciences of the artificial, which is not usually considered in philosophy of science. Furthermore, it takes into account the relevance of the sciences of the Internet - and the disciplines that that use this network to enlarge their field of action or to create novelties in a strict sense - as applied sciences. Thus, the paper pays an explicit attention to prediction and prescription, which are keys in dealing with the structural complexity of the Internet - epistemological and ontological - and the dynamic complexity, which is furrowed by historicity, rather than being a mere evolution.
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Ata, Nabil Abu el y Perks, Maurice J. (2014). Solving the Dynamic Complexity Dilemma. Predictive and Prescriptive Business Management: Answering the Need for a New Paradigm. Berlín: Springer.
Berners-Lee, Timothy (1999). Weaving the Web. Londres: Texere Publishing.
Cao, Longbing (2017a). Data Science: A Comprehensive Overview. En ACM Computing Surveys, 50(3), Art. 43, 1-42. - https://doi.org/10.1145/3076253
Cao, Longbing (2017b). Data Science: Challenges and Directions. En Communications of ACM, 60(8), 59-68. - https://doi.org/10.1145/3015456
Dutton, William H. (2013). Internet Studies: The Foundation of a Transformative Field. En Dutton, William H. (Ed), The Oxford Handbook of Internet Studies (1-27). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Floridi, Luciano (2013). The Ethics of Information. Oxford: Oxford University Press. - https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641321.001.0001
Floridi, Luciano (2014). The Fourth Revolution - How the Infosphere is Reshaping Human Reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Floridi, Luciano (2016). Hiperhistoria, el surgimiento de sistemas de multiagentes (SMAs) y el dise-o de la infraética. Ponencia en las Jornadas sobre Inteligencia Artificial y Sociedad contemporánea: El cometido de la información, celebradas en la Universidad de A Coru-a, Campus de Ferrol, presentada el 10 de marzo de 2016.
González, Wenceslao J. (1998a). Racionalidad científica y racionalidad tecnológica: La mediación de la racionalidad económica. Ágora, 17(2), 95-115.
González, Wenceslao J. (1998b). Prediction and Prescription in Economics: A Philosophical and Methodological Approach. Theoria, 13(32), 321-345.
González, Wenceslao J. (1999). Valores económicos en la configuración de la Tecnología. Argumentos de Razón Técnica, 2, 69-96.
González, Wenceslao J. (2005). The Philosophical Approach to Science, Technology and Society. En González, Wenceslao J. (Ed.). Science, Technology and Society: A Philosophical Perspective (pp. 3-49). A Coru-a: Netbiblo.
González, Wenceslao J (2007a). Análisis de las Ciencias de Dise-o desde la racionalidad limitada, la predicción y la prescripción. En González, Wenceslao J. (Ed.), Las Ciencias de Dise-o: Racionalidad limitada, predicción y prescripción (pp. 3-38). A Coru-a: Netbiblo.
González, Wenceslao J (2007b). Configuración de las Ciencias de Dise-o como Ciencias de lo Artificial: Papel de la Inteligencia Artificial y de la racionalidad limitada. En González, Wenceslao J. (ed), Las Ciencias de Dise-o: Racionalidad limitada, predicción y prescripción (pp.41-69). A Coru-a: Netbiblo.
González, Wenceslao J. (2008a). La televisión interactiva y las Ciencias de lo Artificial. En Arrojo, María José, La configuración de la televisión interactiva: De las plataformas digitales a la TDT (pp. Xi-xvii). A Coru-a: Netbiblo.
González, Wenceslao J. (2008b). Rationality and Prediction in the Sciences of the Artificial: Economics as a Design Science. En Galavotti, Maria Carta, Scazzieri, Roberto y Suppes, Patrick. (Eds), Reasoning, Rationality, and Probability ç8pp. 165-186). Stanford: CSLI Publications.
González, Wenceslao J. (2010). La predicción científica: Concepciones filosófico-metodológicas desde H. Reichenbach a N. Rescher. Barcelona: Montesinos.
González, Wenceslao J. (2011). Conceptual Changes and Scientific Diversity: The Role of Historicity. En González, Wenceslao J. (Ed.). Conceptual Revolutions: From Cognitive Science to Medicine (pp. 39-62). A Coru-a: Netbiblo.
González, Wenceslao J. (2013a). The Roles of Scientific Creativity and Technological Innovation in the Context of Complexity of Science. En González, Wenceslao J. (Ed.), Creativity, Innovation, and Complexity in Science (pp. 11-40). A Coru-a: Netbiblo.
González, Wenceslao J. (2013b). The Sciences of Design as Sciences of Complexity: The Dynamic Trait. En Andersen, Hanne, Dieks, Dennis, González, Wenceslao J., Uebel, Thomas y Wheeler, Gregory (Eds.), New Challenges to Philosophy of Science (pp. 299-311). Dordrecht: Springer. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5845-2_24
González, Wenceslao J. (2015a). Philosophico-Methodological Analysis of Prediction and its Role in Economics. Dordrecht: Springer. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08885-3
González, Wenceslao J. (2015b). On the Role of Values in the Configuration of Technology: From Axiology to Ethics. En González, Wenceslao J. (Ed.), New Perspectives on Technology, Values, and Ethics: Theoretical and Practical, Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science (pp. 3-27). Dordrecht: Springer. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21870-0_1
González, Wenceslao J. (2017a). From Intelligence to Rationality of Minds and Machines in Contemporary Society: The Sciences of Design and the Role of Information. Minds and Machines, 27(3), 397-424. DOI: 10.1007/s11023-017-9439-0. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-017-9439-0
González, Wenceslao J. (2017b). Cambio conceptual y diversidad científica: El papel de la historicidad en la dinámica de la Ciencia. Factótum. Revista de Filosofía, 18, en prensa.
Graham, Gordon (1999). The Internet: A Philosophical Inquiry. Londres: Routledge.
Halldórsson, Magnus M. (ed) (2014). Structural Information and Communication Complexity: 21st International Colloquium, SIROCCO 2014. Dordrecht: Springer.
Lanier, Jaron (2017). Dawn of the New Everything: A Journey Through Virtual Reality. Londres: Bodley Head.
Lewis-Kraus, Gideon (2016, 14 de diciembre). The Great A.I. Awakening. The New York Times Magazine, pp. 7-18. Disponible en:
Kang, C. (2017). F.C.C. Repeals Net Neutrality Rules. Disponible en: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/14/technology/net-neutrality-repeal-vote.html (acceso 15. 12. 2017). Publicado en la edición en papel del diario: Kang, C., "F.C.C. Reverses Rules Requiring Net Neutrality", New York Times, 15.12.2017, page A1.
Khoury, Joud S. y Abdallah, Chaouki T. (2013). Internet Naming and Discovery: Architecture and Economics. Londres: Springer. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4552-3
Nicolis, Gregoire y Nicolis, Catherine (2012). Foundations of Complex Systems: Emergence, Information and Prediction. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific. - https://doi.org/10.1142/8260
Niiniluoto, Ilkka (1990). Should Technological Imperatives Be Obeyed? International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 4, 181-187. - https://doi.org/10.1080/02698599008573357
Niiniluoto, Ilkka (1993). The Aim and Structure of Applied Research. Erkenntnis, 38, 1-21. - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01129020
Niiniluoto, Ilkka (1997). Límites de la Tecnología. Arbor, 57(620), 391-410. - https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.1997.i620.1823
Rescher, Nicholas (1999). Razón y valores en la Era científico-tecnológica. Barcelona: Paidós.
Sen, Amartya (1986). Prediction and Economic Theory. En Mason, John, Mathias, P. y Westcott, J. H. (eds), Predictability in Science and Society (pp. 3-23). Londres: The Royal Society and The British Academy.
Simon, Herbert A. (1990). Prediction and Prescription in Systems Modeling. Operations Research, 38, 7-14. Compilado en Simon, Herbert A. Models of Bounded Rationality. Vol. 3: Empirically Grounded Economic Reason. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1997, pp. 115-128.
Simon, Herbert A. (1996). The Sciences of the Artificial, 3ª ed. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Simon, Herbert A. (2002). Forecasting the future or shaping it? Industrial and Corporate Change, 1(3), 601-605. - https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/11.3.601
Tiropanis, Thanassis, Hall, Wendy, Crowcroft, Jon, Contractor, Noshir y Tassiulas, Leandros (2015). Network Science, Web Science, and Internet Science. Communications of ACM, 58(8), 76-82. - https://doi.org/10.1145/2699416
Winter, Jenifer y Ono, Ryota (eds.) (2015a). The Future Internet: Alternative Visions. Dordrecht: Springer. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22994-2
Winter, Jenifer y Ono, Ryota (2015b). Introduction to the Future of Internet: Alternative Visions. En Winter, Jenifer y Ono, Ryota (Eds), The Future Internet: Alternative Visions (pp. 1-16). Dordrecht: Springer. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22994-2_1
Winter, Jenifer y Ono, Ryota (2015c). Conclusion: Three Stages of the Future Internet. En Winter, Jenifer y Ono, Ryota (Eds), The Future Internet: Alternative Visions (pp. 217-224). Dordrecht, Springer. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22994-2
Yoo, Christopher S. (2012). The Dynamic Internet: How Technology, Users, and Businesses are Changing the Network. Washington: AEI Press.
Yuan, Ruixi y Gong, Weibo (2011). On the Complexity and Manageability of Internet Infrastructure. Frontiers of Electrical and Electronic Engineering in China, 6(3), 424-428. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11460-011-0165-8
Berners-Lee, Timothy (1999). Weaving the Web. Londres: Texere Publishing.
Cao, Longbing (2017a). Data Science: A Comprehensive Overview. En ACM Computing Surveys, 50(3), Art. 43, 1-42. - https://doi.org/10.1145/3076253
Cao, Longbing (2017b). Data Science: Challenges and Directions. En Communications of ACM, 60(8), 59-68. - https://doi.org/10.1145/3015456
Dutton, William H. (2013). Internet Studies: The Foundation of a Transformative Field. En Dutton, William H. (Ed), The Oxford Handbook of Internet Studies (1-27). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Floridi, Luciano (2013). The Ethics of Information. Oxford: Oxford University Press. - https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641321.001.0001
Floridi, Luciano (2014). The Fourth Revolution - How the Infosphere is Reshaping Human Reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Floridi, Luciano (2016). Hiperhistoria, el surgimiento de sistemas de multiagentes (SMAs) y el dise-o de la infraética. Ponencia en las Jornadas sobre Inteligencia Artificial y Sociedad contemporánea: El cometido de la información, celebradas en la Universidad de A Coru-a, Campus de Ferrol, presentada el 10 de marzo de 2016.
González, Wenceslao J. (1998a). Racionalidad científica y racionalidad tecnológica: La mediación de la racionalidad económica. Ágora, 17(2), 95-115.
González, Wenceslao J. (1998b). Prediction and Prescription in Economics: A Philosophical and Methodological Approach. Theoria, 13(32), 321-345.
González, Wenceslao J. (1999). Valores económicos en la configuración de la Tecnología. Argumentos de Razón Técnica, 2, 69-96.
González, Wenceslao J. (2005). The Philosophical Approach to Science, Technology and Society. En González, Wenceslao J. (Ed.). Science, Technology and Society: A Philosophical Perspective (pp. 3-49). A Coru-a: Netbiblo.
González, Wenceslao J (2007a). Análisis de las Ciencias de Dise-o desde la racionalidad limitada, la predicción y la prescripción. En González, Wenceslao J. (Ed.), Las Ciencias de Dise-o: Racionalidad limitada, predicción y prescripción (pp. 3-38). A Coru-a: Netbiblo.
González, Wenceslao J (2007b). Configuración de las Ciencias de Dise-o como Ciencias de lo Artificial: Papel de la Inteligencia Artificial y de la racionalidad limitada. En González, Wenceslao J. (ed), Las Ciencias de Dise-o: Racionalidad limitada, predicción y prescripción (pp.41-69). A Coru-a: Netbiblo.
González, Wenceslao J. (2008a). La televisión interactiva y las Ciencias de lo Artificial. En Arrojo, María José, La configuración de la televisión interactiva: De las plataformas digitales a la TDT (pp. Xi-xvii). A Coru-a: Netbiblo.
González, Wenceslao J. (2008b). Rationality and Prediction in the Sciences of the Artificial: Economics as a Design Science. En Galavotti, Maria Carta, Scazzieri, Roberto y Suppes, Patrick. (Eds), Reasoning, Rationality, and Probability ç8pp. 165-186). Stanford: CSLI Publications.
González, Wenceslao J. (2010). La predicción científica: Concepciones filosófico-metodológicas desde H. Reichenbach a N. Rescher. Barcelona: Montesinos.
González, Wenceslao J. (2011). Conceptual Changes and Scientific Diversity: The Role of Historicity. En González, Wenceslao J. (Ed.). Conceptual Revolutions: From Cognitive Science to Medicine (pp. 39-62). A Coru-a: Netbiblo.
González, Wenceslao J. (2013a). The Roles of Scientific Creativity and Technological Innovation in the Context of Complexity of Science. En González, Wenceslao J. (Ed.), Creativity, Innovation, and Complexity in Science (pp. 11-40). A Coru-a: Netbiblo.
González, Wenceslao J. (2013b). The Sciences of Design as Sciences of Complexity: The Dynamic Trait. En Andersen, Hanne, Dieks, Dennis, González, Wenceslao J., Uebel, Thomas y Wheeler, Gregory (Eds.), New Challenges to Philosophy of Science (pp. 299-311). Dordrecht: Springer. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5845-2_24
González, Wenceslao J. (2015a). Philosophico-Methodological Analysis of Prediction and its Role in Economics. Dordrecht: Springer. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08885-3
González, Wenceslao J. (2015b). On the Role of Values in the Configuration of Technology: From Axiology to Ethics. En González, Wenceslao J. (Ed.), New Perspectives on Technology, Values, and Ethics: Theoretical and Practical, Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science (pp. 3-27). Dordrecht: Springer. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21870-0_1
González, Wenceslao J. (2017a). From Intelligence to Rationality of Minds and Machines in Contemporary Society: The Sciences of Design and the Role of Information. Minds and Machines, 27(3), 397-424. DOI: 10.1007/s11023-017-9439-0. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-017-9439-0
González, Wenceslao J. (2017b). Cambio conceptual y diversidad científica: El papel de la historicidad en la dinámica de la Ciencia. Factótum. Revista de Filosofía, 18, en prensa.
Graham, Gordon (1999). The Internet: A Philosophical Inquiry. Londres: Routledge.
Halldórsson, Magnus M. (ed) (2014). Structural Information and Communication Complexity: 21st International Colloquium, SIROCCO 2014. Dordrecht: Springer.
Lanier, Jaron (2017). Dawn of the New Everything: A Journey Through Virtual Reality. Londres: Bodley Head.
Lewis-Kraus, Gideon (2016, 14 de diciembre). The Great A.I. Awakening. The New York Times Magazine, pp. 7-18. Disponible en:
Kang, C. (2017). F.C.C. Repeals Net Neutrality Rules. Disponible en: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/14/technology/net-neutrality-repeal-vote.html (acceso 15. 12. 2017). Publicado en la edición en papel del diario: Kang, C., "F.C.C. Reverses Rules Requiring Net Neutrality", New York Times, 15.12.2017, page A1.
Khoury, Joud S. y Abdallah, Chaouki T. (2013). Internet Naming and Discovery: Architecture and Economics. Londres: Springer. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4552-3
Nicolis, Gregoire y Nicolis, Catherine (2012). Foundations of Complex Systems: Emergence, Information and Prediction. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific. - https://doi.org/10.1142/8260
Niiniluoto, Ilkka (1990). Should Technological Imperatives Be Obeyed? International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 4, 181-187. - https://doi.org/10.1080/02698599008573357
Niiniluoto, Ilkka (1993). The Aim and Structure of Applied Research. Erkenntnis, 38, 1-21. - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01129020
Niiniluoto, Ilkka (1997). Límites de la Tecnología. Arbor, 57(620), 391-410. - https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.1997.i620.1823
Rescher, Nicholas (1999). Razón y valores en la Era científico-tecnológica. Barcelona: Paidós.
Sen, Amartya (1986). Prediction and Economic Theory. En Mason, John, Mathias, P. y Westcott, J. H. (eds), Predictability in Science and Society (pp. 3-23). Londres: The Royal Society and The British Academy.
Simon, Herbert A. (1990). Prediction and Prescription in Systems Modeling. Operations Research, 38, 7-14. Compilado en Simon, Herbert A. Models of Bounded Rationality. Vol. 3: Empirically Grounded Economic Reason. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1997, pp. 115-128.
Simon, Herbert A. (1996). The Sciences of the Artificial, 3ª ed. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Simon, Herbert A. (2002). Forecasting the future or shaping it? Industrial and Corporate Change, 1(3), 601-605. - https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/11.3.601
Tiropanis, Thanassis, Hall, Wendy, Crowcroft, Jon, Contractor, Noshir y Tassiulas, Leandros (2015). Network Science, Web Science, and Internet Science. Communications of ACM, 58(8), 76-82. - https://doi.org/10.1145/2699416
Winter, Jenifer y Ono, Ryota (eds.) (2015a). The Future Internet: Alternative Visions. Dordrecht: Springer. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22994-2
Winter, Jenifer y Ono, Ryota (2015b). Introduction to the Future of Internet: Alternative Visions. En Winter, Jenifer y Ono, Ryota (Eds), The Future Internet: Alternative Visions (pp. 1-16). Dordrecht: Springer. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22994-2_1
Winter, Jenifer y Ono, Ryota (2015c). Conclusion: Three Stages of the Future Internet. En Winter, Jenifer y Ono, Ryota (Eds), The Future Internet: Alternative Visions (pp. 217-224). Dordrecht, Springer. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22994-2
Yoo, Christopher S. (2012). The Dynamic Internet: How Technology, Users, and Businesses are Changing the Network. Washington: AEI Press.
Yuan, Ruixi y Gong, Weibo (2011). On the Complexity and Manageability of Internet Infrastructure. Frontiers of Electrical and Electronic Engineering in China, 6(3), 424-428. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11460-011-0165-8
González, W. J. (2018). Internet in Its Scientific Branch: Prediction and Prescription in the Face of Complexity. ArtefaCToS. Revista De Estudios Sobre La Ciencia Y La tecnología, 7(1), 75–97. https://doi.org/10.14201/art2018717597
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