Perception of Chilean researchers in social sciences regarding their academic work in times of pandemic
Abstract This mixed-method research explores the way in which researchers in Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities face the challenges of adjusting to new work dynamics in a pandemic world. For this, a survey was carried out on 54 doctors, researchers in Social Sciences and then 10 academics from the north, center and south of Chile were interviewed in depth. The results show that the COVID-19 pandemic affected the scientific productivity of women, in terms of publications and awarding of research funds. The reasons for these effects would be related to the increase in management and remote teaching that they had to assume within their institutions and, in addition, the care of third parties and domestic chores that intensified with the extensive quarantines. It is concluded that traditional gender roles persist within higher education institutions, even in the areas of social sciences, and that with the pandemic they became even more evident.
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Babcock, Linda, Recalde, María P., Vesterlund, Lisa y Weingart, Laurie. (2017). Gender differences in accepting and receiving requests for tasks with low pro-motability. American Economic Review, 107(3), 714–47.
Baltar, Fabiola y Gorjup, María Tatiana (2012). Muestreo mixto online: Una aplicación en poblaciones ocultas. Intangible Capital, 8(1), 123–149.
Bartik, Alexander, Bertrand, Marianne, Cullen, Zoe, Glaeser, Edward, Luca, Michael y Stanton, Christopher (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on small business outcomes and expectations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(30), 17656–66.
Bird, Sharon. (2011). Unsettling universities’ incongruous, gendered bureaucratic structures: A case study approach. Gender, Work & Organization, 18(2), 202–30.
Bird, Sharon, Litt, Jaquelyn y Wang, Yong. (2004) Creating status of women reports: Institutional housekeeping as “women’s work.” NWSA Journal, 16(1), 194–206.
Blair-Loy, Mary. (2003). Competing Devotions: Career and Family Among Women Executives. Harvard University Press. 10.4159/9780674021594
Bonavitta, Paola y Bard Gabriela (2021). Las mujeres en aislamiento por COVID-19: Tiempos de cuidado, tareas domésticas, comunitarias y Teletrabajo. Revista Punto Género, (15), 89–113.
Britton, Danna, M. (2017). Beyond the chilly climate: The salience of gender in women’s academic careers. Gender & Society, 31(1), 5–27.
Burchielli, Rosaria, Bartram, Timothy. y Thanacoody, Rani. (2008). Work-family balance or greedy organizations? Industrial Relations, 63(1) 108–33.
Carvalho, Teresa. y Machado, María de Lurdes (2010). Gender and shifts in higher education managerial regimes. Australian Universities Review, 52(2), 33–42.
Castro, Abelardo. (2004). La universidad como institución de conocimiento. ¿Una discusión pendiente en Chile? Calidad en la Educación, 20, 19–36. 10.31619/caledu.n20.342
Cha, Youngjoo. (2010). Reinforcing separate spheres: The effect of spousal over- work on men’s and women’s employment in dual-earner households. American Sociological Review 75 (2) 303–29.
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Deem, Rosemary. (2007). Managing a meritocracy or an equitable organization? Senior managers’ and employees’ views about equal opportunities policies in UK universities. Journal of Education Policy, 22(6) 615–36.
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Dunatchik, Allison, Gerson, Kathleen., Glass, Jennifer, Jacobs, Jerry, y Spritzel, Haley. (2021). Gender, Parenting, and the Rise of Remote Work During the Pandemic. Implications for domestic inequality in the United States. Gender & Society, 35(2). 194–205.
Duxbury, Linda, Higgins Chistopher y Smart Rob. (2011). Elder care and the impact of caregiver strain on the health of employed caregivers. Work, 40(1), 29–40.
Flick, Uwe. (2004). Introducción a la investigación cualitativa. Madrid: Ediciones Morata.
García Jiménez, Leonarda, Torrado-Morales, Susana y Díaz Tomás, Juan Manuel (2022). El rol de la mujer en la ciencia y la docencia en comunicación: análisis a partir de los programas universitarios en España, Revista de comunicación, 21(2), 91–113. 10.26441/rc21.2-2022-a5
Gibbs, Graham. (2012). El análisis de datos cualitativos en investigación cualitativa. Madrid: Ediciones Morata.
Guil, Ana. (2016). Género y construcción científica del conocimiento. Revista Historia de la Educación Latinoamericana, 18(27), 263–288. 10.19053/01227238.5532
Hernández, Roberto., Fernández, Carlos, y Baptista, Pilar. (2010). Metodología de la investigación. Mexico D. F.: McGraw-Hill.
Hirata, Helena y Kergoat, Daniele (2007). Novas configurações da divisão sexual do trabalho. Cadernos de Pesquisa, 37(132) 10.1590/S0100-15742007000300005
Hirsh, C Elizabeth., Treleaven, Christina y Fuller, Sylvia. (2020). Caregivers, Gender, and The Law. An Analysis of Familiy Responsibility. Gender & Society, 34(5) 760–789
Instituto Nacional de Estadística INE (2022). Informe de Ocupación y Desocupación. Recuperado de: https://www.ine.cl/estadisticas/sociales/mercado-laboral/ocupacion-y-desocupacion
Kassova, Luba. (2020). The Missing Perspectives of Women in COVID-19 News. Recuperado el 3 marzo 2021>. https://www.iwmf.org/women-in-covid19-news
Kerfoot, Deborah. y Knights, David. (1999). Man management: Ironies of modern management in an “old” university. En S. Whitehead y R. Moodley (Comp.), Transforming managers: Gendering change in the public sector, 200–213. Oxon: Routledge.
Koskinen, Paula, Törnroos, Maria. y Kohvakka Roosa. (2018). The institutionalised undervaluation of women’s work: The case of local government sector collective agreements. Work, Employment and Society, 32(4), 07–25.
Lee-Gosselin, Hélène., Brière, Sophie. y Hawo, Ann. (2013). Resistances to gender mainstreaming in organizations: Toward a new approach. Gender in Management: An International journal, 28(8), 468–85.
Mandiola, Marcela., Rios, Nicolás. y Varas, Alejandro. (2019). Hay un tema que no hemos conversado. La cassata como organización académica generalizada en las universidades chilenas. Pensamiento Educativo. Revista de Investigación Educacional Latinoamericana, 56(1), 1–16.
Maroto-Varela, María del Carmen. (2018). Las mujeres en la ciencia y en las academias. Anales RANM, 135(02), 178–183. 10.32440/ar.2018.135.02.rev11
Martínez, Christopher. y Arellano, Juan Carlos. (2021). J.C. University presidents’ turnover and survival: the case of Chile. HighEduc. https://www.ciperchile.cl/2021/03/31/escaner-a-los-rectores-chilenos-como-limitar-su-poder/
Martínez-Alemán, Ana. (2014). Managerialism as the ‘new’ discursive masculinity in the university, Feminist Formations, 26(2), 107–134. 10.1353/f.2014.0017
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Morley, Louise. (1999). Organizing feminisms: The micro-politics of the academy. Hampshire: Palgrave McMillan.
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Pereira, Maria do Mar. (2021). Researching Gender Inequalities in Academic Labour during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Avoiding Common Problems and Asking Different Questions. Gender, Work & Organization. 10.1111/gwao.12618
Prichard, Craig. (1996). Managing universities: is it men’s work? En David. Collinson y Jeff. Hearn (Eds.), Men as managers, managers as men: Critical perspectives on men, masculinities and managements, 227–238. London: Sage.
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Ridgeway, C. L. and Correll, S. J.. (2004). Unpacking the Gender System: A Theoretical Perspective on Gender Beliefs and Social Relations. Gender & Society, 18, 510–531
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Atkinson, Rowland y Flint, John (2001). Accessing hidden and hard-to-reach populations: Snowball research strategies. Social Research Update, 33, 1–5.
Babcock, Linda, Recalde, María P., Vesterlund, Lisa y Weingart, Laurie. (2017). Gender differences in accepting and receiving requests for tasks with low pro-motability. American Economic Review, 107(3), 714–47.
Baltar, Fabiola y Gorjup, María Tatiana (2012). Muestreo mixto online: Una aplicación en poblaciones ocultas. Intangible Capital, 8(1), 123–149.
Bartik, Alexander, Bertrand, Marianne, Cullen, Zoe, Glaeser, Edward, Luca, Michael y Stanton, Christopher (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on small business outcomes and expectations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(30), 17656–66.
Bird, Sharon. (2011). Unsettling universities’ incongruous, gendered bureaucratic structures: A case study approach. Gender, Work & Organization, 18(2), 202–30.
Bird, Sharon, Litt, Jaquelyn y Wang, Yong. (2004) Creating status of women reports: Institutional housekeeping as “women’s work.” NWSA Journal, 16(1), 194–206.
Blair-Loy, Mary. (2003). Competing Devotions: Career and Family Among Women Executives. Harvard University Press. 10.4159/9780674021594
Bonavitta, Paola y Bard Gabriela (2021). Las mujeres en aislamiento por COVID-19: Tiempos de cuidado, tareas domésticas, comunitarias y Teletrabajo. Revista Punto Género, (15), 89–113.
Britton, Danna, M. (2017). Beyond the chilly climate: The salience of gender in women’s academic careers. Gender & Society, 31(1), 5–27.
Burchielli, Rosaria, Bartram, Timothy. y Thanacoody, Rani. (2008). Work-family balance or greedy organizations? Industrial Relations, 63(1) 108–33.
Carvalho, Teresa. y Machado, María de Lurdes (2010). Gender and shifts in higher education managerial regimes. Australian Universities Review, 52(2), 33–42.
Castro, Abelardo. (2004). La universidad como institución de conocimiento. ¿Una discusión pendiente en Chile? Calidad en la Educación, 20, 19–36. 10.31619/caledu.n20.342
Cha, Youngjoo. (2010). Reinforcing separate spheres: The effect of spousal over- work on men’s and women’s employment in dual-earner households. American Sociological Review 75 (2) 303–29.
Cha, Youngjoo. y Weeden, Kim. (2014). Overwork and the slow convergence in the gender gap in wages. American Sociological Review, 79(3) 457–84.
Consejo Nacional de Educación CNED (2023). Informe de Índice de Matrículas Recuperado en: https://www.cned.cl/informes-en-es
Correll, Shelley, Benard, Stephen, y Paik, In. (2007). Getting a job: Is there a motherhood penalty? American Journal of Sociology, 112(5), 1297–1338. 10.1086/511799
Cortés, Guido, y Forsythe, Eliza. (2020). Impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic and the Cares Act on earnings and inequality. IZA Discussion paper no. 13643. http://bit.ly/3sJwKEP
Coser, Lewis. (1974). Greedy Institutions: Patterns of Undivided Commitment. Free Press.
Creswell, John. (2005). Educational research: planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education.
Cuddy, Amy, Fiske, Susan, y Glick, Peter. (2004). When Professionals Become Mothers, Warmth Doesn't Cut the Ice. Journal of Social Issues, 60(4), 701–718. 10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00381.x
De Arquer, María Isabel. (1995). Fiabilidad Humana: métodos de cuantificación, juicio de expertos Madrid: Ministerio del Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales.
Deem, Rosemary. (2003). Gender, organizational cultures and the practices of manager-academics in UK universities. Gender, Work & Organization, 10(2), 239–59.
Deem, Rosemary. (2007). Managing a meritocracy or an equitable organization? Senior managers’ and employees’ views about equal opportunities policies in UK universities. Journal of Education Policy, 22(6) 615–36.
Del Pino Arriagada, Sara, Vallejos Cartes, Rosana, Améstica Rivas, Luís y Cornejo-Saavedra, Edison (2018). Presencia de las mujeres en la alta gestión universitaria. Las universidades públicas en Chile. Páginas De Educación, 11(2), 176–198.
Dunatchik, Allison, Gerson, Kathleen., Glass, Jennifer, Jacobs, Jerry, y Spritzel, Haley. (2021). Gender, Parenting, and the Rise of Remote Work During the Pandemic. Implications for domestic inequality in the United States. Gender & Society, 35(2). 194–205.
Duxbury, Linda, Higgins Chistopher y Smart Rob. (2011). Elder care and the impact of caregiver strain on the health of employed caregivers. Work, 40(1), 29–40.
Flick, Uwe. (2004). Introducción a la investigación cualitativa. Madrid: Ediciones Morata.
García Jiménez, Leonarda, Torrado-Morales, Susana y Díaz Tomás, Juan Manuel (2022). El rol de la mujer en la ciencia y la docencia en comunicación: análisis a partir de los programas universitarios en España, Revista de comunicación, 21(2), 91–113. 10.26441/rc21.2-2022-a5
Gibbs, Graham. (2012). El análisis de datos cualitativos en investigación cualitativa. Madrid: Ediciones Morata.
Guil, Ana. (2016). Género y construcción científica del conocimiento. Revista Historia de la Educación Latinoamericana, 18(27), 263–288. 10.19053/01227238.5532
Hernández, Roberto., Fernández, Carlos, y Baptista, Pilar. (2010). Metodología de la investigación. Mexico D. F.: McGraw-Hill.
Hirata, Helena y Kergoat, Daniele (2007). Novas configurações da divisão sexual do trabalho. Cadernos de Pesquisa, 37(132) 10.1590/S0100-15742007000300005
Hirsh, C Elizabeth., Treleaven, Christina y Fuller, Sylvia. (2020). Caregivers, Gender, and The Law. An Analysis of Familiy Responsibility. Gender & Society, 34(5) 760–789
Instituto Nacional de Estadística INE (2022). Informe de Ocupación y Desocupación. Recuperado de: https://www.ine.cl/estadisticas/sociales/mercado-laboral/ocupacion-y-desocupacion
Kassova, Luba. (2020). The Missing Perspectives of Women in COVID-19 News. Recuperado el 3 marzo 2021>. https://www.iwmf.org/women-in-covid19-news
Kerfoot, Deborah. y Knights, David. (1999). Man management: Ironies of modern management in an “old” university. En S. Whitehead y R. Moodley (Comp.), Transforming managers: Gendering change in the public sector, 200–213. Oxon: Routledge.
Koskinen, Paula, Törnroos, Maria. y Kohvakka Roosa. (2018). The institutionalised undervaluation of women’s work: The case of local government sector collective agreements. Work, Employment and Society, 32(4), 07–25.
Lee-Gosselin, Hélène., Brière, Sophie. y Hawo, Ann. (2013). Resistances to gender mainstreaming in organizations: Toward a new approach. Gender in Management: An International journal, 28(8), 468–85.
Mandiola, Marcela., Rios, Nicolás. y Varas, Alejandro. (2019). Hay un tema que no hemos conversado. La cassata como organización académica generalizada en las universidades chilenas. Pensamiento Educativo. Revista de Investigación Educacional Latinoamericana, 56(1), 1–16.
Maroto-Varela, María del Carmen. (2018). Las mujeres en la ciencia y en las academias. Anales RANM, 135(02), 178–183. 10.32440/ar.2018.135.02.rev11
Martínez, Christopher. y Arellano, Juan Carlos. (2021). J.C. University presidents’ turnover and survival: the case of Chile. HighEduc. https://www.ciperchile.cl/2021/03/31/escaner-a-los-rectores-chilenos-como-limitar-su-poder/
Martínez-Alemán, Ana. (2014). Managerialism as the ‘new’ discursive masculinity in the university, Feminist Formations, 26(2), 107–134. 10.1353/f.2014.0017
Miles, Matthew y Huberman, Michael. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, Estados Unidos: Sage.
Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolgía, Conocimiento e Innovación (2020). Radiografía de género en ciencia, tecnología conocimiento e innovación. Recuperado el 1 de agosto 2022. bit.ly/48fN7td
Mooi-Reci, Irma, Risma, Barbara. (2021). The Gendered Impacts of COVID-19 Lessons and Reflections. Gender & Society, 35(2), 161–167.
Morley, Louise. (1999). Organizing feminisms: The micro-politics of the academy. Hampshire: Palgrave McMillan.
O’Meara, KerryAnn., Kuvaeva, Alexandra, Nyunt, Gudrun, Waugaman, Chelsea. y Jackson. Rose. (2017). Asked more often: Gender differences in faculty workload in research universities and the work interactions that shape them. American Educational Research Journal, 54(6), 1154–86.
Onwuegbuzie, Anthony y Johnson, R. Burk (2006). The validity issue in mixed research. Research in the Schools, 13(1), 48–63. Retrieved from http://www.msera.org/docs/rits-v13n1-complete.pdf#page=55
Pereira, Maria do Mar. (2021). Researching Gender Inequalities in Academic Labour during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Avoiding Common Problems and Asking Different Questions. Gender, Work & Organization. 10.1111/gwao.12618
Prichard, Craig. (1996). Managing universities: is it men’s work? En David. Collinson y Jeff. Hearn (Eds.), Men as managers, managers as men: Critical perspectives on men, masculinities and managements, 227–238. London: Sage.
Radović-Marković, Mirjana, Radulović, Dejan, Đukanović, Borislav, Kyaruzi, Imani. (2021). Flexibility and adaptation: the new post-Covid era. Silver and Smith Publishers, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Raymond, Emilie. (2005). Grounded Theory como método de investigación en ciencias sociales: en la encrucijada de dos paradigmas. Cinta de Moebio. Revista de epistemología de ciencias sociales, (23). https://revistaestudiosarabes.uchile.cl/index.php/CDM/article/view/26082
Reuben, Ernesto, Sapienza, Paola y Zingales, Luigi. (2014). How stereotypes impair women’s careers in science. PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(12), 4403–8.
Ridgeway, C. L. and Correll, S. J.. (2004). Unpacking the Gender System: A Theoretical Perspective on Gender Beliefs and Social Relations. Gender & Society, 18, 510–531
Rindfleish Jennifer y Sheridan, Alison. (2003). No change from within: senior women managers’ response to gendered organizational structures. Women in Management Review, 18(6), 299–310
Rogers, Gayla. y Bouey, Elaine. (2005). Participant Observation. En Richard, Grinnell y Yvonne Unrau (Eds.), Social work: research and evaluation. Quantitative and qualitative approaches 231–244. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rossiter, Margaret. (1993). The Matthew Matilda effect in science. Social Studies of Science, 23(2), 325–41.
Ruiz, J. L. (2007). Metodología de la investigación cualitativa. Bilbao: Universidad de Deusto.
Salinas, Paulina. y Cárdenas, Manuel. (2008). Métodos de investigación social. Una aproximación desde las estrategias cuantitativas y cualitativas. Antofagasta: Ediciones Universidad Católica del Norte.
Saul, Jennifer. (2013). Implicit bias, stereotype threat, and women in philosophy. En Women in philosophy: What needs to change?, editado por Hutchison, K. y Jenkins, F. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Seierstad, Cathrine. y Healy Geraldine. (2012). Women’s equality in the Scandinavian academy: A distant dream? Work, Employment and Society, 26(2), 296–313.
Staniscuaski, Fernanda, Livia, Kmetzsch, Eugenia, Zandonà, Fernanda, Reichert, Rossana, Soletti, Zelia, Ludwig, Eliade, Lima, Adriana Neumann, Ida, Schwartz, Pamela, Mello-Carpes, Alessandra, Tamajusuku, Fernanda, Werneck, Felipe, Ricachenevsky, Camila, Infanger, Adriana, Seixas, Charley, Staats, Leticia de Oliveira. (2020). Gender, race and parenthood impact academic productivity during the COVID-19 pandemic: from survey to action. bioRxiv Preprint. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187583v1.full.pdf+html
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