Burning mouth syndrome, otorhinolaryngology approach. Systematic review
Abstract Introduction and objective: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic condition that causes burning or pain of the oral mucosa, predominantly affecting middle-aged women. It can appear as a primary box or secondary. The pathophysiology of this entity is quite unknown. There is a varied therapeutic range, but it generally requires a multidisciplinary approach. Our intention is to update the disease in order to deal with it in the otorhinolaryngology consultation. Method: Bibliographic review of the literature. Limited release date from 2012 to 2022. Results: BMS has a multifactorial etiopathogenesis. For its diagnosis it is necessary to carry out an exhaustive anamnesis and examination. There are 3 different types of BMS, type II being the most frequent and the most refractory to therapy. Adequate treatment is based on a correct diagnosis and must be multidisciplinary. Discussion: It is important to emphasize that it is a benign entity. The treatments are varied and there is none that stands out above the rest, which makes it difficult to manage these patients. Although the bibliography on this syndrome is abundant, important innovations in terms of etiology and treatment have not been produced in recent years. Conclusions: Anamnesis and laboratory studies are essential to rule out secondary causes of the disease. Therapy is varied and should include referral to mental health as part of multidisciplinary management.
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Vicencio SD, Reyes SG, Alvo VA, García CK. Síndrome de la boca ardiente: revisión de la literatura. Revista de otorrinolaringología y cirugía de cabeza y cuello. 2022 Mar;82(1):86–94.
Feller L, Fourie J, Bouckaert M, Khammissa RAG, Ballyram R, Lemmer J. Burning Mouth Syndrome: Aetiopathogenesis and Principles of Management. Pain Research and Management [Internet]. 2017;2017:1–6. Disponible en: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/prm/2017/1926269/
Currie CC, Ohrbach R, De Leeuw R, Forssell H, Imamura Y, Jääskeläinen S, et al. Renaming burning mouth syndrome: implications and use for the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Burning Mouth Syndrome. Pain. 2022 May;163(5):e691–2. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002560. PMID: 35426892.
Ritchie A, Kramer JM. Recent Advances in the Etiology and Treatment of Burning Mouth Syndrome. J Dent Res. 2018 Oct;97(11):1193-9. doi: 10.1177/0022034518782462. PMID: 29913093.
Kim JY, Kim YS, Ko I, Kim DK. Association Between Burning Mouth Syndrome and the Development of Depression, Anxiety, Dementia, and Parkinson Disease. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;146(6):561-9. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.0526. PMID: 32352482.
Rezazadeh F, Farahmand F, Hosseinpour H, Shahriarirad R, Sabet Eghlidi A. The Association between Emotional Stress, Sleep Disturbance, Depression, and Burning Mouth Syndrome. Biomed Res Int. 2021;2021:5555316. Published 2021 Mar 13;2021:5555316. doi: 10.1155/2021/5555316. PMID: 33791363.
Tu TTH, Takenoshita M, Matsuoka H, Watanabe T, Suga T, Aota Y, Abiko Y, Toyofuku A. Current management strategies for the pain of elderly patients with burning mouth syndrome: a critical review. Biopsychosoc Med. 2019 Jan 31;13:1. doi: 10.1186/s13030-019-0142-7. PMID: 30733824.
Russo M, Crafa P, Guglielmetti S, Franzoni L, Fiore W, Di Mario F. Burning Mouth Syndrome Etiology: A Narrative Review. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2022 Jun 12;31(2):223-8. doi: 10.15403/jgld-4245. PMID: 35574619.
Nasri-Heir C, Zagury JG, Thomas D, Ananthan S. Burning mouth syndrome: Current concepts. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2015 Oct-Dec;15(4):300-7. doi: 10.4103/0972-4052.171823. PMID: 26929531.
Cárcamo Fonfría A, Gómez-Vicente L, Pedraza MI, Cuadrado-Pérez ML, Guerrero Peral AL, Porta-Etessam J. Síndrome de boca ardiente: descripción clínica, planteamiento fisiopatológico y una nueva opción terapéutica. Neurología. 2017 May;32(4):219–23. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2015.10.008. PMID: 26778734.
Adamo D, Sardella A, Varoni E, Lajolo C, Biasotto M, Ottaviani G, et al. The association between burning mouth syndrome and sleep disturbance: A case-control multicentre study. Oral Dis. 2018 May;24(4):638-649. doi: 10.1111/odi.12807. PMID: 29156085.
de Souza FTA, Teixeira AL, Amaral TMP, Santos TPM dos, Abreu MHNG, Silva TA, et al. Psychiatric disorders in burning mouth syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2012 Feb;72(2):142-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.11.008. PMID: 22281456.
Scala A, Checchi L, Montevecchi M, Marini I, Giamberardino MA. Update on Burning Mouth Syndrome: Overview and Patient Management. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2003;14(4):275-91. doi: 10.1177/154411130301400405. PMID: 12907696.
Aggarwal A, Panat SR. Burning mouth syndrome: A diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. J Clin Exp Dent. 2012;e180–5.
Coculescu EC, Radu A, Coculescu BI. Burning mouth syndrome: a review on diagnosis and treatment. J Med Life. 2014;7(4):512–5. PMID: 25713611.
Jääskeläinen SK, Woda A. Burning mouth syndrome. Cephalalgia. 2017 Mar 15;37(7):627–47. doi: 10.1177/0333102417694883. PMID: 28569120.
Cui Y, Xu H, Chen F, Liu J, Jiang L, Zhou Y, et al. Efficacy evaluation of clonazepam for symptom remission in burning mouth syndrome: a meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2016 Sep;22(6):503-11. doi: 10.1111/odi.12422. PMID: 26680638.
de Castro LA, Ribeiro-Rotta RF. The effect of clonazepam mouthwash on the symptomatology of burning mouth syndrome: an open pilot study. Pain Med. 2014 Dec;15(12):2164-5. doi: 10.1111/pme.12552. PMID: 25287613.
Heckmann SM, Kirchner E, Grushka M, Wichmann MG, Hummel T. A double-blind study on clonazepam in patients with burning mouth syndrome. Laryngoscope. 2012 Apr;122(4):813-6. doi: 10.1002/lary.22490. PMID: 22344742.
Tan HL, Smith JG, Hoffmann J, Renton T. A systematic review of treatment for patients with burning mouth syndrome. Cephalalgia. 2022 Feb;42(2):128-161. doi: 10.1177/03331024211036152. PMID: 34404247.
Camerlingo C. The efficiency of alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of burning mouth syndrome: a systematic review [Internet]. European Review. 2021. Disponible en: https://www.europeanreview.org/article/27101
Lopez-Jornet P, Castillo Felipe C, Pardo-Marin L, Ceron JJ, Pons-Fuster E, Tvarijonaviciute A. Salivary Biomarkers and Their Correlation with Pain and Stress in Patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome. J Clin Med. 2020 Mar 28;9(4):929. doi: 10.3390/jcm9040929. PMID: 32231113.
Aitken-Saavedra J, Tarquinio S, da Rosa WO, Gomes A, da Silva A, Fernandez MS, et al. Salivary characteristics may be associated with burning mouth syndrome? J Clin Exp Dent. 2021 Jun 1;13(6):e542-e548. doi: 10.4317/jced.58033. PMID: 34188758.
Lim J-A, Choi S-H, Lee WJ, Jang JH, Moon JY, Kim YC, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with chronic pain. Implications of gender differences in empathy. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Jun;97(23):e10867. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000010867. PMID: 29879022.
Vellappally S. Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Review of the Etiopathologic Factors and Management. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2016 Feb 1;17(2):171-6. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1822. PMID: 27207008.
Kim Y, Yoo T, Han P, Liu Y, Inman J. A pragmatic evidence-based clinical management algorithm for burning mouth syndrome. J Clin Exp Dent. 2018 Apr 1;10(4):e321-e326. doi: 10.4317/jced.54247. PMID: 29750091.
Feller L, Fourie J, Bouckaert M, Khammissa RAG, Ballyram R, Lemmer J. Burning Mouth Syndrome: Aetiopathogenesis and Principles of Management. Pain Research and Management [Internet]. 2017;2017:1–6. Disponible en: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/prm/2017/1926269/
Currie CC, Ohrbach R, De Leeuw R, Forssell H, Imamura Y, Jääskeläinen S, et al. Renaming burning mouth syndrome: implications and use for the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Burning Mouth Syndrome. Pain. 2022 May;163(5):e691–2. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002560. PMID: 35426892.
Ritchie A, Kramer JM. Recent Advances in the Etiology and Treatment of Burning Mouth Syndrome. J Dent Res. 2018 Oct;97(11):1193-9. doi: 10.1177/0022034518782462. PMID: 29913093.
Kim JY, Kim YS, Ko I, Kim DK. Association Between Burning Mouth Syndrome and the Development of Depression, Anxiety, Dementia, and Parkinson Disease. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;146(6):561-9. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.0526. PMID: 32352482.
Rezazadeh F, Farahmand F, Hosseinpour H, Shahriarirad R, Sabet Eghlidi A. The Association between Emotional Stress, Sleep Disturbance, Depression, and Burning Mouth Syndrome. Biomed Res Int. 2021;2021:5555316. Published 2021 Mar 13;2021:5555316. doi: 10.1155/2021/5555316. PMID: 33791363.
Tu TTH, Takenoshita M, Matsuoka H, Watanabe T, Suga T, Aota Y, Abiko Y, Toyofuku A. Current management strategies for the pain of elderly patients with burning mouth syndrome: a critical review. Biopsychosoc Med. 2019 Jan 31;13:1. doi: 10.1186/s13030-019-0142-7. PMID: 30733824.
Russo M, Crafa P, Guglielmetti S, Franzoni L, Fiore W, Di Mario F. Burning Mouth Syndrome Etiology: A Narrative Review. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2022 Jun 12;31(2):223-8. doi: 10.15403/jgld-4245. PMID: 35574619.
Nasri-Heir C, Zagury JG, Thomas D, Ananthan S. Burning mouth syndrome: Current concepts. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2015 Oct-Dec;15(4):300-7. doi: 10.4103/0972-4052.171823. PMID: 26929531.
Cárcamo Fonfría A, Gómez-Vicente L, Pedraza MI, Cuadrado-Pérez ML, Guerrero Peral AL, Porta-Etessam J. Síndrome de boca ardiente: descripción clínica, planteamiento fisiopatológico y una nueva opción terapéutica. Neurología. 2017 May;32(4):219–23. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2015.10.008. PMID: 26778734.
Adamo D, Sardella A, Varoni E, Lajolo C, Biasotto M, Ottaviani G, et al. The association between burning mouth syndrome and sleep disturbance: A case-control multicentre study. Oral Dis. 2018 May;24(4):638-649. doi: 10.1111/odi.12807. PMID: 29156085.
de Souza FTA, Teixeira AL, Amaral TMP, Santos TPM dos, Abreu MHNG, Silva TA, et al. Psychiatric disorders in burning mouth syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2012 Feb;72(2):142-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.11.008. PMID: 22281456.
Scala A, Checchi L, Montevecchi M, Marini I, Giamberardino MA. Update on Burning Mouth Syndrome: Overview and Patient Management. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2003;14(4):275-91. doi: 10.1177/154411130301400405. PMID: 12907696.
Aggarwal A, Panat SR. Burning mouth syndrome: A diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. J Clin Exp Dent. 2012;e180–5.
Coculescu EC, Radu A, Coculescu BI. Burning mouth syndrome: a review on diagnosis and treatment. J Med Life. 2014;7(4):512–5. PMID: 25713611.
Jääskeläinen SK, Woda A. Burning mouth syndrome. Cephalalgia. 2017 Mar 15;37(7):627–47. doi: 10.1177/0333102417694883. PMID: 28569120.
Cui Y, Xu H, Chen F, Liu J, Jiang L, Zhou Y, et al. Efficacy evaluation of clonazepam for symptom remission in burning mouth syndrome: a meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2016 Sep;22(6):503-11. doi: 10.1111/odi.12422. PMID: 26680638.
de Castro LA, Ribeiro-Rotta RF. The effect of clonazepam mouthwash on the symptomatology of burning mouth syndrome: an open pilot study. Pain Med. 2014 Dec;15(12):2164-5. doi: 10.1111/pme.12552. PMID: 25287613.
Heckmann SM, Kirchner E, Grushka M, Wichmann MG, Hummel T. A double-blind study on clonazepam in patients with burning mouth syndrome. Laryngoscope. 2012 Apr;122(4):813-6. doi: 10.1002/lary.22490. PMID: 22344742.
Tan HL, Smith JG, Hoffmann J, Renton T. A systematic review of treatment for patients with burning mouth syndrome. Cephalalgia. 2022 Feb;42(2):128-161. doi: 10.1177/03331024211036152. PMID: 34404247.
Camerlingo C. The efficiency of alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of burning mouth syndrome: a systematic review [Internet]. European Review. 2021. Disponible en: https://www.europeanreview.org/article/27101
Lopez-Jornet P, Castillo Felipe C, Pardo-Marin L, Ceron JJ, Pons-Fuster E, Tvarijonaviciute A. Salivary Biomarkers and Their Correlation with Pain and Stress in Patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome. J Clin Med. 2020 Mar 28;9(4):929. doi: 10.3390/jcm9040929. PMID: 32231113.
Aitken-Saavedra J, Tarquinio S, da Rosa WO, Gomes A, da Silva A, Fernandez MS, et al. Salivary characteristics may be associated with burning mouth syndrome? J Clin Exp Dent. 2021 Jun 1;13(6):e542-e548. doi: 10.4317/jced.58033. PMID: 34188758.
Lim J-A, Choi S-H, Lee WJ, Jang JH, Moon JY, Kim YC, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with chronic pain. Implications of gender differences in empathy. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Jun;97(23):e10867. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000010867. PMID: 29879022.
Vellappally S. Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Review of the Etiopathologic Factors and Management. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2016 Feb 1;17(2):171-6. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1822. PMID: 27207008.
Kim Y, Yoo T, Han P, Liu Y, Inman J. A pragmatic evidence-based clinical management algorithm for burning mouth syndrome. J Clin Exp Dent. 2018 Apr 1;10(4):e321-e326. doi: 10.4317/jced.54247. PMID: 29750091.
San Millán-González, M., Benito-Orejas, J. I., Duque-Holguera, V., Álvarez-Álvarez, M., Losada-Campa, J., & Saboya-Romero, D. M. (2022). Burning mouth syndrome, otorhinolaryngology approach. Systematic review. Revista ORL, 14(2), e30097. https://doi.org/10.14201/orl.30097
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