Etiología de la hipoacusia infantil.
Resumen Introducción y objetivo: La hipoacusia neonatal es una de las discapacidades más frecuentes, con importantes consecuencias para el niño y su familia durante toda la vida. El desarrollo del cribado auditivo universal y el avance de la medicina molecular, de la genética y de la neurociencia han perfeccionado el diagnóstico precoz de la hipoacusia infantil y consecuentemente su intervención. Con este trabajo queremos mostrar los aspectos audiológicos y las causas de las hipoacusias permanentes diagnosticadas durante estos últimos 20 años. Método: Revisamos retrospectivamente los registros de los niños diagnosticados con menos de 3 años de edad de hipoacusia permanente, durante el periodo 1994-2015, en un centro de tercer nivel. Evaluamos el momento de inicio, lateralidad, tipo y grado de hipoacusia. En función de los antecedentes, pruebas genéticas y otras exploraciones complementarias, presentamos los resultados de nuestro estudio diagnóstico. Resultados: En la población estudiada (n = 183) un 71% de las hipoacusias permanentes >30 dB HL se diagnosticaron al nacimiento (congénitas). Sus principales características son la bilateralidad (81%), el predominio neurosensorial (85%) y el grado profundo (42%) o moderado (30%), más prevalente en las formas unilaterales. En cuanto al diagnóstico etiológico, un 47% son de origen genético (29% de los cuales son sindrómicas), un 25% de causa adquirida y un 28% desconocida. Discusión: Nuestros resultados concuerdan con la distribución de causas generalmente aceptada, pero en la literatura existen discrepancias. A pesar de las diferentes pruebas utilizadas, tuvimos que deducir la etiología en un 62% de niños con hipoacusia, siendo finalmente desconocida en un 28%. Conclusiones: Consideramos fundamental el seguimiento de un protocolo de consenso estandarizado que oriente en el proceso diagnóstico de la hipoacusia infantil.
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Benito-Orejas JI, Poncela-Blanco M, García-Vicario F, Benito-González F, Martín-Sigüenza G, San Román-Carbajo J. ¿Es fácil encargarse de coordinar un "Programa de Hipoacusia Infantil"?. Rev ORL. 2016;7(2):77-90. - https://doi.org/10.14201/orl201672.14237
Benito-Orejas JI, Ramírez B, Morais D, Almaraz A, Fernández-Calvo JL. Comparison of two-step transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) and automated auditory brainstem response (AABR) for universal newborn hearing screening programs. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;72(8):1193-201. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.04.011 - PMid:18550180
Beswick R, Driscoll C, Kei J, Khan A, Glennon S. Which risk factors predict postnatal hearing loss in children? J Am Acad Audiol. 2013;24(3):205-13. - https://doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.24.3.6 - PMid:23506665
Beswick R, Driscoll C, Kei J. Monitoring for postnatal hearing loss using risk factors: a systematic literature review. Ear Hear. 2012;33(6):745-56. - https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e31825b1cd9 - PMid:22955247
Botet F, Figueras-Aloy J, Álvarez E, de Alba C, Dorronsolo I, Echaniz-Urcelay I, et al. Cribado universal de infección por citomegalovirus en prematuros de menos de 1.500 g. An Pediatr (Barc). 2014;81(4):256.e1-256.e4. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2014.01.011 - PMid:24560731
Boudewyns A, Declau F, van den Ende J, Hofkens A, Dirckx S, Van de Heyning P. Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) in referrals from neonatal hearing screening at a well-baby clinic. Eur J Pediatr. 2016;175(7):993-1000. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-016-2735-5 - PMid:27220871
Cabanillas Farpón R, Cadi-anos Ba-ales J. Hipoacusias hereditarias: asesoramiento genético. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2012;63(3):218-29. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otoeng.2011.02.005 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otorri.2011.02.006 - PMid:21514544
CODEPEH. Nú-ez F, Jáudenes C, Sequí JM, Vivanco A, Zubicaray J, Cabanillas R. Diagnóstico etiológico de la sordera infantil: recomendaciones CODEPEH 2015. Separata. FIAPAS;155:I-XVII.
Cryns K, Van Camp G. Deafness genes and their diagnostic applications. Audiol Neurootol. 2004;9(1):2-22. - https://doi.org/10.1159/000074183 - PMid:14676470
De Leenheer EM, Janssens S, Padalko E, Loose D, Leroy BP, Dhooge IJ. Etiological diagnosis in the hearing impaired newborn: proposal of a flow chart. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;75(1):27-32. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2010.05.040 - PMid:21047691
De Marcantonio M, Choo DI. Radiographic Evaluation of Children with Hearing Loss. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2015;48(6):913-32. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2015.07.003 - PMid:26409820
Declau F, Boudewyns A, Van den Ende J, Peeters A, van den Heyning P. Etiologic and audiologic evaluations after universal neonatal hearing screening: analysis of 170 referred neonates. Pediatrics. 2008;121(6):1119-26. - https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1479 - PMid:18519481
Deklerck AN, Acke FR, Janssens S, De Leenheer EM. Etiological approach in patients with unidentified hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;79(2):216-22. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.12.012 - PMid:25555640
Del Castillo I, Moreno-Pelayo MA, Moreno-Herrero F. Bases genéticas de las hipoacusias. En: Suárez C, Gil-Carcedo LM, Marco J, Medina JE, Ortega P, Trinidad J. Tratado de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello. Panamericana, 2ª Ed. 2007. Tomo II. Otología. Cap. 117; pp. 1719-1741.
Deltenre P, Van Maldergem L. Hearing loss and deafness in the pediatric population: causes, diagnosis, and rehabilitation. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;113:1527-38. - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59565-2.00023-X - PMid:23622376
Estivill X, Fortina P, Surrey S, Rabionet R, Melchionda S, D'Agruma L, et al. Connexin-26 mutations in sporadic and inherited sensorineural deafness. Lancet. 1998 7;351(9100):394-8.
Fitzpatrick EM, Durieux-Smith A, Whittingham J. Clinical practice for children with mild bilateral and unilateral hearing loss. Ear Hear. 2010;31(3):392-400. - https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3181cdb2b9 - PMid:20054278
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