Revisión sobre el vértigo cervical
Resumen Introducción y objetivo: Actualmente se mantiene el debate sobre el origen cervical del mareo. En esta revisión narrativa expondremos los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que intentan explicar este síndrome, a fin de comprender sus manifestaciones clínicas y facilitar la orientación diagnóstica y terapéutica de los pacientes. Material y método: Revisión narrativa. Resultados: Consideraremos que un paciente con mareo/desequilibrio y dolor de cuello tiene un mareo cervical, si se han eliminado otras causas (neurológicas, vestibulares, psicosomáticas) y, sobre todo, si responde a la fisioterapia cervical con reducción del dolor y del mareo. En función de la historia clínica, se enfocarán las exploraciones hacia el estudio del flujo sanguíneo vertebral, la evaluación oculográfica, el control postural o la observación de la posición subjetiva de las articulaciones. Discusión: La controversia sobre el origen cervical del mareo es debido en gran parte a la falta de una prueba específica de laboratorio que nos confirme el diagnóstico. Conclusiones: Ante un paciente con sintomatología sospechosa de vértigo cervical y una vez descartadas otras causas, iniciaremos un tratamiento, aunque desconozcamos los mecanismos subyacentes.
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Barnes GR, Forbat LN. Cervical and vestibular afferent control of oculomotor response in man. Acta Otolaryngol. 1979;88(1-2):79-87. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016487909137143 / PMid:474124
Barré MJA. Sur un syndrome sympathique cervical posterieur er sa cause frequente: L'arthrite cervicale. Rev Neurol(Paris). 1926;45:1246-8.
Bartual Pastor J, Bartual-Magro J. Vértigo cervical. En: Bartual-Pastor J, Pérez-Fernández N. El sistema vestibular y sus alteraciones. Masson, S.A. 1ª Ed. 1999. Tomo II. Patología. Cap. 37; pp. 449-457.
Bianco A, Pomara F, Petrucci M, Battaglia G, Filingeri D, Bellafiore M, et al. Postural stability in subjects with whiplash injury symptoms: results of a pilot study. Acta Otolaryngol. 2014;134(9):947-51. PMID: 25012056. / https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2014.906749
Brandt T, Bronstein AM. Cervical vertigo. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;71(1):8-12. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.71.1.8 / PMid:11413255 PMCid:PMC1737478
Caplan LR, Wityk RJ, Glass TA, Tapia J, Pazdera L, Chang HM, et al. New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation registry. Ann Neurol. 2004;56(3):389-98. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20204 / PMid:15349866
Clendaniel RA, Landel R. Physical therapy management of cervicogenic dizziness. En: Herdman SJ, Clendaniel RA: Vestibular Rehabilitation. F.A. Davis Company. 4ª Ed. 2014. Cap. 31; pp. 590-609.
Cornelius JF, George B, N'dri Oka D, Spiriev T, Steiger HJ, Hänggi D. Bow-hunter's syndrome caused by dynamic vertebral artery stenosis at the cranio-cervical junction--a management algorithm based on a systematic review and a clinical series. Neurosurg Rev. 2012;35(1):127-35; discussion 135. PMID: 21789571. / https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-011-0343-4
de Jong PT, de Jong JM, Cohen B, Jongkees LB. Ataxia and nystagmus induced by injection of local anesthetics in the Neck. Ann Neurol. 1977 Mar;1(3):240-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410010307 / PMid:407834
Foster CA, Jabbour P. Barré-Lieou syndrome and the problem of the obsolete eponym. J Laryngol Otol. 2007;121(7):680-3. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002221510600346X / PMid:17052362
Grant R. Vertebral artery testing - the Australian Physiotherapy Association Protocol after 6 years. Man Ther. 1996;1(3):149-153. https://doi.org/10.1054/math.1996.0264 / PMid:11440503
Hain TC. Cervicogenic causes of vertigo. Curr Opin Neurol. 2015;28(1):69-73. PMID: 25502050. / https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000161
Hohl M. Soft tissue injuries of the neck. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1975;(109):42-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-197506000-00006 / PMid:1132204
Humphreys BK, Peterson C. Comparison of outcomes in neck pain patients with and without dizziness undergoing chiropractic treatment: a prospective cohort study with 6 month follow-up. Chiropr Man Therap. 2013. 7;21(1):3. PMID: 23295018. / https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-709X-21-3
Huygen PL, Verhagen WI, Nicolasen MG. Cervico-ocular reflex enhancement in labyrinthine-defective and normal subjects. Exp Brain Res. 1991;87(2):457-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00231863 / PMid:1769396
Jansen GB, Edlund C, Grane P, Hildingsson C, Karlberg M, Link H, et al.; Swedish Society of Medicine; Whiplash Commission Medical Task Force. Whiplash injuries: diagnosis and early management. The Swedish Society of Medicine and the Whiplash Commission Medical Task Force. Eur Spine J. 2008;17 Suppl 3:S355-417. PMID: 18820955. / https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-008-0767-x
Karlberg M, Magnusson M, Malmström EM, Melander A, Moritz U. Postural and symptomatic improvement after physiotherapy in patients with dizziness of suspected cervical origin. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(9):874-82. PMID: 8822677. / https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(96)90273-7
Karlberg M, Magnusson M. Asymmetric optokinetic after-nystagmus induced by active or passive sustained head rotations. Acta Otolaryngol. 1996;116(5):647-51. PMID: 8908238. / https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489609137903
Kasch H, Bach FW, Jensen TS. Handicap after acute whiplash injury: a 1-year prospective study of risk factors. Neurology. 2001. 26;56(12):1637-43. PMID: 11425927.
Kristjansson E, Treleaven J. Sensorimotor function and dizziness in neck pain: implications for assessment and management. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39(5):364-77. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2009.2834. PMID: 19411769. / https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2009.2834
Lee JD, Park MK, Lee BD, Park JY, Lee TK, Sung KB. Otolith function in patients with head trauma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;268(10):1427-30. doi: 10.1007/s00405-010-1426-5. PMID: 21328005. / https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-010-1426-5
L'Heureux-Lebeau B, Godbout A, Berbiche D, Saliba I. Evaluation of paraclinical tests in the diagnosis of cervicogenic dizziness. Otol Neurotol. 2014;35(10):1858-65. PMID: 25058834. / https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0000000000000506
Li Y, Peng B. Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Cervical Vertigo. Pain Physician. 2015;18(4):E583-95. Review. PMID: 26218949.
Lu DC, Zador Z, Mummaneni PV, Lawton MT. Rotational vertebral artery occlusion-series of 9 cases. Neurosurgery. 2010;67(4):1066-72; discussion 1072. PMID: 20881570. / https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0b013e3181ee36db
Lystad RP, Bell G, Bonnevie-Svendsen M, Carter CV. Manual therapy with and without vestibular rehabilitation for cervicogenic dizziness: a systematic review. Chiropr Man Therap. 2011. 18;19(1):21. PMID: 21923933. / https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-709X-19-21
Magnusson M, Malmström EM. The conundrum of cervicogenic dizziness. Handb Clin Neurol. 2016;137:365-9. PMID: 27638084. / https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63437-5.00026-1
Mitchell J. Vertebral Artery Blood flow Velocity Changes Associated with Cervical Spine rotation: A Meta-Analysis of the Evidence with implications for Professional Practice. J Man Manip Ther. 2009;17(1):46-57. PMID: 20046565. / https://doi.org/10.1179/106698109790818160 / PMCid:PMC2704344
Philipszoon AJ, Bos JH. Neck torsion nystagmus. Pract Otorhinolaryngol (Basel). 1963;25:339-44. PMID: 14059771. https://doi.org/10.1159/000274540
Racicki S, Gerwin S, Diclaudio S, Reinmann S, Donaldson M. Conservative physical therapy management for the treatment of cervicogenic headache: a systematic review. J Man Manip Ther. 2013;21(2):113-24. doi: 10.1179/2042618612Y.0000000025. PMID: 24421621. https://doi.org/10.1179/2042618612Y.0000000025
Reid SA, Callister R, Snodgrass SJ, Katekar MG, Rivett DA. Manual therapy for cervicogenic dizziness: Long-term outcomes of a randomised trial. Man Ther. 2015;20(1):148-56. PMID: 25220110. / https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2014.08.003
Reid SA, Rivett DA, Katekar MG, Callister R. Sustained natural apophyseal glides (SNAGs) are an effective treatment for cervicogenic dizziness. Man Ther. 2008;13(4):357-66. PMID: 17951095. / https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2007.03.006
Reid SA, Rivett DA. Manual therapy treatment of cervicogenic dizziness: a systematic review. Man Ther. 2005;10(1):4-13. Review. PMID: 15681263.
Revel M, Minguet M, Gregoy P, Vaillant J, Manuel JL. Changes in cervicocephalic kinesthesia after a proprioceptive rehabilitation program in patients with neck pain: a randomized controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75(8):895-9. PMID: 8053797. / https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9993(94)90115-5
Ryan GM, Cope S. Cervical vertigo. Lancet. 1955.31;269(6905):1355-8. PMID: 13279136.
Savitz SI, Caplan LR. Vertebrobasilar disease. N Engl J Med. 2005. 23;352(25):2618-26. Review. PMID: 15972868.
Schievink WI. Spontaneous dissection of the carotid and vertebral arteries. N Engl J Med. 2001. 22;344(12):898-906. Review. PMID: 11259724.
Sorensen BF. Bow hunter's stroke. Neurosurgery. 1978;2(3):259-61. https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-197805000-00013 / PMid:732978
Sterling M. A proposed new classification system for whiplash associated disorders--implications for assessment and management. Man Ther. 2004;9(2):60-70. Review. PMID: 15040964.
Tjell C, Rosenhall U. Smooth pursuit neck torsion test: a specific test for cervical dizziness. Am J Otol. 1998;19(1):76-81. PMID: 9455954.
Treleaven J, Jull G, LowChoy N. Smooth pursuit neck torsion test in whiplash-associated disorders: relationship to self-reports of neck pain and disability, dizziness and anxiety. J Rehabil Med. 2005;37(4):219-23. PMID: 16024477.
Treleaven J, Jull G, Lowchoy N. Standing balance in persistent whiplash: a comparison between subjects with and without dizziness. J Rehabil Med. 2005;37(4):224-9. PMID: 16024478. / https://doi.org/10.1080/16501970510027989
Weintraub MI. Beauty parlor stroke syndrome: report of five cases. JAMA. 1993. 28;269(16):2085-6. PMID: 8468755.
Williams D, Wilson TG. The diagnosis of the major and minor syndromes of basilar insufficiency. Brain. 1962;85:741-74. PMID: 14000840. / https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/85.4.741
Wrisley DM, Sparto PJ, Whitney SL, Furman JM. Cervicogenic dizziness: a review of diagnosis and treatment. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2000;30(12):755-66. Review. PMID: 11153554.
Yacovino DA, Hain TC. Clinical characteristics of cervicogenic-related dizziness and vertigo. Semin Neurol. 2013;33(3):244-55. PMID: 24057828. / https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1354592
Yacovino DA. Cervical vertigo: Myths, facts, and scientific evidence. Neurologia 2012; 13:211-3. PMID: 22981375. / https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2012.06.013
Barré MJA. Sur un syndrome sympathique cervical posterieur er sa cause frequente: L'arthrite cervicale. Rev Neurol(Paris). 1926;45:1246-8.
Bartual Pastor J, Bartual-Magro J. Vértigo cervical. En: Bartual-Pastor J, Pérez-Fernández N. El sistema vestibular y sus alteraciones. Masson, S.A. 1ª Ed. 1999. Tomo II. Patología. Cap. 37; pp. 449-457.
Bianco A, Pomara F, Petrucci M, Battaglia G, Filingeri D, Bellafiore M, et al. Postural stability in subjects with whiplash injury symptoms: results of a pilot study. Acta Otolaryngol. 2014;134(9):947-51. PMID: 25012056. / https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2014.906749
Brandt T, Bronstein AM. Cervical vertigo. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;71(1):8-12. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.71.1.8 / PMid:11413255 PMCid:PMC1737478
Caplan LR, Wityk RJ, Glass TA, Tapia J, Pazdera L, Chang HM, et al. New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation registry. Ann Neurol. 2004;56(3):389-98. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20204 / PMid:15349866
Clendaniel RA, Landel R. Physical therapy management of cervicogenic dizziness. En: Herdman SJ, Clendaniel RA: Vestibular Rehabilitation. F.A. Davis Company. 4ª Ed. 2014. Cap. 31; pp. 590-609.
Cornelius JF, George B, N'dri Oka D, Spiriev T, Steiger HJ, Hänggi D. Bow-hunter's syndrome caused by dynamic vertebral artery stenosis at the cranio-cervical junction--a management algorithm based on a systematic review and a clinical series. Neurosurg Rev. 2012;35(1):127-35; discussion 135. PMID: 21789571. / https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-011-0343-4
de Jong PT, de Jong JM, Cohen B, Jongkees LB. Ataxia and nystagmus induced by injection of local anesthetics in the Neck. Ann Neurol. 1977 Mar;1(3):240-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410010307 / PMid:407834
Foster CA, Jabbour P. Barré-Lieou syndrome and the problem of the obsolete eponym. J Laryngol Otol. 2007;121(7):680-3. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002221510600346X / PMid:17052362
Grant R. Vertebral artery testing - the Australian Physiotherapy Association Protocol after 6 years. Man Ther. 1996;1(3):149-153. https://doi.org/10.1054/math.1996.0264 / PMid:11440503
Hain TC. Cervicogenic causes of vertigo. Curr Opin Neurol. 2015;28(1):69-73. PMID: 25502050. / https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000161
Hohl M. Soft tissue injuries of the neck. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1975;(109):42-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-197506000-00006 / PMid:1132204
Humphreys BK, Peterson C. Comparison of outcomes in neck pain patients with and without dizziness undergoing chiropractic treatment: a prospective cohort study with 6 month follow-up. Chiropr Man Therap. 2013. 7;21(1):3. PMID: 23295018. / https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-709X-21-3
Huygen PL, Verhagen WI, Nicolasen MG. Cervico-ocular reflex enhancement in labyrinthine-defective and normal subjects. Exp Brain Res. 1991;87(2):457-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00231863 / PMid:1769396
Jansen GB, Edlund C, Grane P, Hildingsson C, Karlberg M, Link H, et al.; Swedish Society of Medicine; Whiplash Commission Medical Task Force. Whiplash injuries: diagnosis and early management. The Swedish Society of Medicine and the Whiplash Commission Medical Task Force. Eur Spine J. 2008;17 Suppl 3:S355-417. PMID: 18820955. / https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-008-0767-x
Karlberg M, Magnusson M, Malmström EM, Melander A, Moritz U. Postural and symptomatic improvement after physiotherapy in patients with dizziness of suspected cervical origin. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(9):874-82. PMID: 8822677. / https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(96)90273-7
Karlberg M, Magnusson M. Asymmetric optokinetic after-nystagmus induced by active or passive sustained head rotations. Acta Otolaryngol. 1996;116(5):647-51. PMID: 8908238. / https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489609137903
Kasch H, Bach FW, Jensen TS. Handicap after acute whiplash injury: a 1-year prospective study of risk factors. Neurology. 2001. 26;56(12):1637-43. PMID: 11425927.
Kristjansson E, Treleaven J. Sensorimotor function and dizziness in neck pain: implications for assessment and management. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39(5):364-77. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2009.2834. PMID: 19411769. / https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2009.2834
Lee JD, Park MK, Lee BD, Park JY, Lee TK, Sung KB. Otolith function in patients with head trauma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;268(10):1427-30. doi: 10.1007/s00405-010-1426-5. PMID: 21328005. / https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-010-1426-5
L'Heureux-Lebeau B, Godbout A, Berbiche D, Saliba I. Evaluation of paraclinical tests in the diagnosis of cervicogenic dizziness. Otol Neurotol. 2014;35(10):1858-65. PMID: 25058834. / https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0000000000000506
Li Y, Peng B. Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Cervical Vertigo. Pain Physician. 2015;18(4):E583-95. Review. PMID: 26218949.
Lu DC, Zador Z, Mummaneni PV, Lawton MT. Rotational vertebral artery occlusion-series of 9 cases. Neurosurgery. 2010;67(4):1066-72; discussion 1072. PMID: 20881570. / https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0b013e3181ee36db
Lystad RP, Bell G, Bonnevie-Svendsen M, Carter CV. Manual therapy with and without vestibular rehabilitation for cervicogenic dizziness: a systematic review. Chiropr Man Therap. 2011. 18;19(1):21. PMID: 21923933. / https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-709X-19-21
Magnusson M, Malmström EM. The conundrum of cervicogenic dizziness. Handb Clin Neurol. 2016;137:365-9. PMID: 27638084. / https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63437-5.00026-1
Mitchell J. Vertebral Artery Blood flow Velocity Changes Associated with Cervical Spine rotation: A Meta-Analysis of the Evidence with implications for Professional Practice. J Man Manip Ther. 2009;17(1):46-57. PMID: 20046565. / https://doi.org/10.1179/106698109790818160 / PMCid:PMC2704344
Philipszoon AJ, Bos JH. Neck torsion nystagmus. Pract Otorhinolaryngol (Basel). 1963;25:339-44. PMID: 14059771. https://doi.org/10.1159/000274540
Racicki S, Gerwin S, Diclaudio S, Reinmann S, Donaldson M. Conservative physical therapy management for the treatment of cervicogenic headache: a systematic review. J Man Manip Ther. 2013;21(2):113-24. doi: 10.1179/2042618612Y.0000000025. PMID: 24421621. https://doi.org/10.1179/2042618612Y.0000000025
Reid SA, Callister R, Snodgrass SJ, Katekar MG, Rivett DA. Manual therapy for cervicogenic dizziness: Long-term outcomes of a randomised trial. Man Ther. 2015;20(1):148-56. PMID: 25220110. / https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2014.08.003
Reid SA, Rivett DA, Katekar MG, Callister R. Sustained natural apophyseal glides (SNAGs) are an effective treatment for cervicogenic dizziness. Man Ther. 2008;13(4):357-66. PMID: 17951095. / https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2007.03.006
Reid SA, Rivett DA. Manual therapy treatment of cervicogenic dizziness: a systematic review. Man Ther. 2005;10(1):4-13. Review. PMID: 15681263.
Revel M, Minguet M, Gregoy P, Vaillant J, Manuel JL. Changes in cervicocephalic kinesthesia after a proprioceptive rehabilitation program in patients with neck pain: a randomized controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75(8):895-9. PMID: 8053797. / https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9993(94)90115-5
Ryan GM, Cope S. Cervical vertigo. Lancet. 1955.31;269(6905):1355-8. PMID: 13279136.
Savitz SI, Caplan LR. Vertebrobasilar disease. N Engl J Med. 2005. 23;352(25):2618-26. Review. PMID: 15972868.
Schievink WI. Spontaneous dissection of the carotid and vertebral arteries. N Engl J Med. 2001. 22;344(12):898-906. Review. PMID: 11259724.
Sorensen BF. Bow hunter's stroke. Neurosurgery. 1978;2(3):259-61. https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-197805000-00013 / PMid:732978
Sterling M. A proposed new classification system for whiplash associated disorders--implications for assessment and management. Man Ther. 2004;9(2):60-70. Review. PMID: 15040964.
Tjell C, Rosenhall U. Smooth pursuit neck torsion test: a specific test for cervical dizziness. Am J Otol. 1998;19(1):76-81. PMID: 9455954.
Treleaven J, Jull G, LowChoy N. Smooth pursuit neck torsion test in whiplash-associated disorders: relationship to self-reports of neck pain and disability, dizziness and anxiety. J Rehabil Med. 2005;37(4):219-23. PMID: 16024477.
Treleaven J, Jull G, Lowchoy N. Standing balance in persistent whiplash: a comparison between subjects with and without dizziness. J Rehabil Med. 2005;37(4):224-9. PMID: 16024478. / https://doi.org/10.1080/16501970510027989
Weintraub MI. Beauty parlor stroke syndrome: report of five cases. JAMA. 1993. 28;269(16):2085-6. PMID: 8468755.
Williams D, Wilson TG. The diagnosis of the major and minor syndromes of basilar insufficiency. Brain. 1962;85:741-74. PMID: 14000840. / https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/85.4.741
Wrisley DM, Sparto PJ, Whitney SL, Furman JM. Cervicogenic dizziness: a review of diagnosis and treatment. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2000;30(12):755-66. Review. PMID: 11153554.
Yacovino DA, Hain TC. Clinical characteristics of cervicogenic-related dizziness and vertigo. Semin Neurol. 2013;33(3):244-55. PMID: 24057828. / https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1354592
Yacovino DA. Cervical vertigo: Myths, facts, and scientific evidence. Neurologia 2012; 13:211-3. PMID: 22981375. / https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2012.06.013
Valda-Rodrigo, J., Benito-Orejas, J. I., & Alonso-vielba-varea, J. (2017). Revisión sobre el vértigo cervical. Revista ORL, 9(2), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.14201/orl.17191
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