PCA-Chain: A Novel Medical Image Retrieval Blockchain
Abstract For decades data security has remained a challenging task for researchers. The unrivaled immutability of blockchain data and the decentralized nature of its ledger have been put forward as potential solutions to the issue. Blockchain has been proven to be effective in securely storing textual data, however, it is unable to store image files. Researchers are now focusing on implementing blockchain for storing and securing image data as images contain a large amount of sensitive data and are prone to data tampering attacks. The proposed PCA-Chain is a novel approach to providing a secure image- based blockchain using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to compress digital leukemia images and propagate them on blockchain via simple hash functions and retrieve them back to their original size without major compression losses. Performance evaluation was conducted using MSE, PSNR and SSIMs performance parameters. PCA-Chain provides lossless compression and can be used for the storage of medical images.
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Caldarelli, G. (2020). Understanding the Blockchain Oracle Problem: A Call for Action. Information, 11(11), 509. https://doi.org/10.3390/info11110509
Chouhan, A. S., Qaseem, M. S., Basheer, Q. M. A., & Mehdia, A. (2023). Blockchain based EHR system architecture and the need of blockchain inhealthcare. Materials Today: Proceedings, 80, 2064–2070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.114
Deshpande, R. G., Ragha, L., & Sharma, S. K. (2018). Video Quality Assessment through PSNR Estimation for Different Compression Standards. Indonesian Journal Of Electrical Engineering And Computer Science, 11(3), 918. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v11.i3.pp918-924
Dosselmann, R., & Yang, X. (2011). A comprehensive assessment of the structural similarity index. Signal, Image And Video Processing, 5(1), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11760-009-0144-1
Dwivedi, A., Tolambiya A., Kandula, P., Bose, N. S. C., Kumar, A., & Kalra, P. K. (2006). Color image compression using 2-Dimensional Principal Component Analysis (2DPCA). Proc. of ASID, pp. 488–491.
Erol, İ., Öztel, A., Searcy, C., & Medeni, İ. T. (2023). Selecting the most suitable blockchain platform: A case study on the healthcare industry using a novel rough MCDM framework. Technological Forecasting And Social Change, 186, 122132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122132
Gürsoy, G., Brannon, C. M., Ni, E., (2022). Storing and analyzing a genome on a blockchain. Genome Biol, 23, 134. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-022-02699-7.
Koptyra, K., & Ogiela, M. R. (2020). Imagechain—application of blockchain technology for images. Sensors, 21(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010082
Labati, R. D., Piuri, V., Scotti, F. (2011). ALL-IDB: the acute lymphoblastic leukemia image database for image processing. Proc. of the 2011 IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing (ICIP 2011), Brussels, Belgium, pp. 2045–2048. ISBN: 9781-4577-1302-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIP.2011.6115881
Mahendiran, N., & Deepa, C. (2021). A Comprehensive Analysis on Image Encryption and Compression Techniques with the Assessment of Performance Evaluation Metrics. SN Computer Science, 2(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-020-00397-4
Mofarreh, M. B., & Mostafa, M. B. (2012). A new technique for image compression using PCA, Int. J. Comput. Sci. Comm. Network, 2, 111–116.
Mukherjee, S., Baral, M. M., Lavanya, B. L., Nagariya, R., Patel, B., & Chittipaka, V. (2023). Intentions to adopt the blockchain: investigation of the retail supply chain. Management Decision, 61(5), 1320–1351. https://doi.org/10.1108/md-03-2022-0369
Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf/
Nguyen, Q. K., & Dang, Q. V. (2018). Blockchain Technology for the Advancement of the Future. 2018 4th international conference on green technology and sustainable development (GTSD), pp. 483–486. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/GTSD.2018.8595577
Ozercan, H. I., İleri, A. M., Ayday, E., & Alkan, C. (2018). Realizing the potential of blockchain technologies in genomics. Genome Research, 28(9), 1255–1263. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.207464.116
Peres, R., Schreier, M., Schweidel, D. A., & Sorescu, A. (2023). Blockchain meets marketing: Opportunities, threats, and avenues for future research. International Journal Of Research In Marketing, 40(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2022.08.001
Richardson, M. (2009). Principal Component Analysis, Special topic essay, M.Sc. Mathematical Modelling and Scientific Computing, University of Oxford.
Santo, R. D. E. (2012). Principal Component Analysis applied to digital image compression. Einstein (São Paulo), 10(2), 135–139. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082012000200004
Sharma, P., Namasudra, S., Crespo, R. G., Parra-Fuente, J., & Trivedi, M. C. (2023). EHDHE: Enhancing security of healthcare documents in IoT-enabled digital healthcare ecosystems using blockchain. Information Sciences, 629, 703–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2023.01.148
Stolevski, S. (2010). Hybrid PCA algorithm for image compression. 18th Telecommunication forum TELFOR 2010, pp. 685–687.
Swan, M. (2015). Blockchain Thinking : The Brain as a Decentralized Autonomous Corporation [Commentary]. IEEE Technology And Society Magazine, 34(4), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1109/mts.2015.2494358
Taur, J. S., & Tao, C. W. (1996). Medical image compression using Principal Component Analysis. IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 2, 903–906. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIP.1996.561051
Tian, Z., Li, M., Qiu, M., Sun, Y., & Su, S. (2019). Block-DEF: A secure digital evidence framework using blockchain. Information Sciences, 491, 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2019.04.011
Vora, J., Nayyar, A., Tanwar, S., Tyagi, S., Kumar, N., Obaidat, M. S., & Rodrigues, J. J. P. C. (2018). BHEEM: A Blockchain Based Framework for Securing Electronic Health Records. 2018 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps). Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, IEEE, pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOCOMW.2018.8644088
Wang, S., Ouyang, L., Yuan, Y., Ni, X., Han, X., & Wang, F. (2019). Blockchain-Enabled Smart Contracts: Architecture, Applications, and Future Trends. IEEE Transactions On Systems, Man, And Cybernetics, 49(11), 2266–2277. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2019.2895123
Wenhua, Z., Qamar, F., Abdali, T. N., Hassan, R., Jafri, S. T. A., & Nguyễn, Q. N. (2023). Blockchain Technology: Security Issues, Healthcare Applications, Challenges and Future Trends. Electronics, 12(3), 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030546
Xiao, Y., Xu, B., Jiang, W., & Wu, Y. (2021). The HealthChain Blockchain for Electronic Health Records: Development Study. Journal Of Medical Internet Research, 23(1), e13556. https://doi.org/10.2196/13556
Xu, J., Wang, C., & Jia, X. (2023). A Survey of Blockchain Consensus Protocols. ACM Computing Surveys, 55(13s), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1145/3579845
Yadav, A. K., & Vishwakarma, V. P. (2022). Adoptation of Blockchain of Things (BCOT): Oppurtunities & Challenges. 2022 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Distributed Systems Security (ICBDS) (pp. 1–5). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBDS53701.2022.9935985
Zheng, B.-K., Zhu, L.-H., Shen, M., Gao, F., Zhang, C., Li, Y.-D., & Yang, J. (2018). Scalable and privacy preserving data sharing based on blockchain. J. Computer. Science. Technology, 33(3), 557–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11390-018-1840-5
Yadav, A. K., & Vishwakarma, V. P. (2023). PCA-Chain: A Novel Medical Image Retrieval Blockchain. ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal, 12(1), e29575. https://doi.org/10.14201/adcaij.29575
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