Exile, Battles, and Divided Loyalties: the Irish Military Diaspora in the Armies of France and England (1691-1700)
Abstract
The Irish military diaspora, resulting from the defeat of the Jacobite side in the War of the Two Kings (1689-1691) and the Treaty of Limerick, had its main core in the army of Louis XIV. In the context of the Nine Years’ War, in which France faced a coalition of European powers, the Sun King took advantage of the experience of the Irish veterans, who demonstrated their valor on numerous occasions between 1691 and 1697. Although military historiography has extensively explored the trajectories of the Irish regiments in terms of battles in which they participated and their officers, there are still relatively unexplored areas. Two of these, the subject of study, are the experiences of the Irish soldiers serving the French monarch on different European fronts and those who took part in initiatives supported by William III, the king-stadtholder, through various expeditions and campaigns.
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Bracken, D. (2001). Piracy and poverty: aspects of the Irish jacobite experience in France, 1691-1720. En T. O’Connor (Ed.), The Irish in Europe, 1580-1815 (pp. 127-142). Four Courts Press.
Childs, J. (2007). The Williamite wars in Ireland, 1688-1691. Hambledon Continuum Press.
Clark, G. (1970). The Nine Years War, 1688-1697. En J. Bromley (Ed.), The New Cambridge Modern History (pp. 223-253). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521075244.009
Corp, E. (2001). The Irish at the Jacobite court of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. En T. O’Connor (Ed.), The Irish in Europe, 1580-1815 (pp. 143-156). Four Courts Press.
Corp, E. (2004). A court in exile: the Stuarts in France, 1689-1718. Cambridge University Press.
Coudray, P. (2018). Mourir à la guerre, survivre à la paix: les militaires irlandais au service de la France au XVIIIe siècle, une reconstruction historique (Tesis doctoral). Université de Lille, Francia. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01997932v1
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D’Alton, J. (1855). Illustrations, historical and genealogical of King James’s Irish Army List (1689). Publicado por el autor.
De Lange, A. (2012). Les routes de l’exil des Vaudois du Piémont vers l’Allemagne (1636-1730). Diasporas. Circulations, migrations, histoire, 20, 41-57. https://doi.org/10.4000/diasporas.3030
De Mesa Gallego, E. (2015). La pervivencia de la Irlanda gaélica en el exilio (1604-1644). En L. Ruiz Molina, J. J. Ruiz Ibáñez, & B. Vincent (Coords.), El Greco y los otros: la contribución de los extranjeros a la monarquía hispánica, 1500-1700 (pp. 371-384). Universidad de Murcia.
De Quincy, C. S. (1726). Histoire militaire du regne de Louis le Grande, roi de France, ou l’on trouve un détail de toutes les batailles, sièges, combats particuliers et généralement de toutes les actions de guerre qui se sont passées pendant le cours de son regne, tant sur terre que sur mer (Vol. III). D. Mariette.
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Espino López, A. (2014). Las guerras de Cataluña: el teatro de Marte, 1652-1714. Editorial Edaf.
Esposito, G. (2021). Armies of the war of the Grand Alliance, 1688-1697. Osprey Publishing.
Garland, J. (1981). Irish officers in the Bavarian service during the War of the Spanish Succession. The Irish Sword, 14(56), 240-255.
Genet-Rouffiac, N. (2007). Le Grand Exil. Les Jacobites en France (1688-1715). Service Historique de la Défense.
Gilbert, J. (1971). A jacobite narrative of the war in Ireland, 1688-1691. Irish University Press.
Gillespie, R. (2006). New Gill History of Ireland 3. Seventeenth-Century Ireland. Making Ireland Modern. Gil & Macmillan.
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Kerney Walsh, M. (1963). Further notes on some Irish in the Imperial service. The Irish Sword, 6(22), 46-51; (23), 166-171.
Kerney Walsh, M. (1988). The last Earls of Tyrone in Spain and captain Bernardo O’Neill, illegitmate son of Eoghan Rua. Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society, 13(1), 33-58. https://doi.org/10.2307/29745298
Kerney Walsh, M. (1997). Toby Bourke, Ambassador of James III at the Court of Philip V, 1705-1713. En E. Cruickshanks & E. Corp (Eds.), The Stuart Court in exile and the Jacobites (pp. 143-154). The Hambledon Press.
Larminie, V. (2011). Exile, integration and European perspectives: huguenots in the Pays de Vaud. En D. Trim (Ed.), The Huguenots. History and memory in trasnational context: essays in honour and memory of Walter C. Utt (pp. 241-262). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004207752.i-313.42
Lenihan, P. (2003). 1690. Battle of the Boyne. Tempus.
Lenihan, P. (2016). The ‘Irish Brigade’, 1690-1715. Eighteenth-Century Ireland/Iris an dá chultur, 31, 47-74. https://doi.org/10.3828/eci.2016.6
Lyons, M. A. (2008). ‘Digne de compassion’: female dépendants of Irish jacobite soldiers in France, c.1692 - c.1730. Eighteenth-Century Ireland, 23, 55-75. https://doi.org/10.3828/eci.2008.6
Lynn, J. (1997). The French Army, 1610 - 1715. Cambridge University Press.
Lynn, J. (1999). The Wars of Louis XIV 1667-1714. Pearson Education Limited.
Macaulay, T. B. (1953). Macaulay’s history of England from the accession of James II (Vol. III). J. M. Dent & Son LTD.
Maffi, D. (2020). Los últimos tercios. El ejército de Carlos II. Desperta Ferro.
McCullough, R. (2007). Coercion, conversion and counterinsurgency in Louis XIV’s France. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004156616.i-268
McGrath, C. I. (2015). Ireland and the Empire, 1692-1770. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315653082
McNally, M. (2008). 1691. The battle of Aughrim. The History Press.
Memoirs of the marshal duke of Berwick, written by himself. (1779). (Vol. 1). T. Cadell.
Muratori-Phillip, A. (2001). Histoire des Invalides. Éditions Perrin.
Murtagh, H., & Murtagh, D. (2024). The Irish Jacobite Army. Four Courts Press.
Ó Ciardha, É. (2002). Ireland and the Jacobite cause, 1685-1766. A fatal attachment. Four Courts Press.
Ó hAnnracháin, E. (1999). Louth Wild Geese Veterans in the Hotel Royal des Invalides. Journal of the county Louth Archaeological and Historical Society, 24(3), 380-390. https://doi.org/10.2307/27729852
Ó hAnnracháin, E. (2009). Guests of France: a description of the Invalides with an account of the Irish in that institution. En N. Genet-Rouffiac & D. Murphy (Eds.), Franco-Irish Military Connections, 1590-1945 (pp. 55-93). Four Courts Press.
Ó hAnnracháin, E. (2014). The Duke of Parma’s Company of Irish Guards, 1702-1733. The Irish Sword, 29(118), 363-385.
O’Callaghan, J. (1885). History of the Irish brigades in the service of France. Cameron and Ferguson.
O’Connor, M. (1845). Military History of the Irish Nation. Hodges and Smith.
Rowlands, G. (2001). An army in exile: Louis XIV and the Irish forces of James in France, 1691-1698. The Royal Stuart Society, LX, 1-31.
Simms, J. G. (1986). War and politics in Ireland, 1649-1730. The Hambledon Press.
Storrs, C. (2000). War, diplomacy and the rise of the state of Savoy, 1690-1720. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511496950
Symcox, G. (2009). Toleration and Ragion di Stato: Jews and Protestants in the Savoyard State, ca. 1650-1750. En P. Reill, C. Doneto, & H. Bodeker (Eds.), Discourses of tolerance and intolerance in the European Enlightenment (pp. 27-52). University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442687882-005
Talbott, S. (2014). ‘Such unjustificable practices’?: Irish trade, settlement, and society in France, 1688-1715. The Economic History Review, 67(2), 556-557. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0289.12025
Wauchope, P. (1992). Patrick Sarsfield and the Williamite War. Irish Academic Press.
Webb, A. (1878). A compendium of Irish biography. M. H. Gill & Son.
Bowen, D., & Bowen, J. (2005). Heroic option: Irishmen in the British Army. Pen and Sword Military.
Boyle, J. (1867). The battlefields of Ireland, from 1688-1691. Robert Coddington publisher.
Bracken, D. (2001). Piracy and poverty: aspects of the Irish jacobite experience in France, 1691-1720. En T. O’Connor (Ed.), The Irish in Europe, 1580-1815 (pp. 127-142). Four Courts Press.
Childs, J. (2007). The Williamite wars in Ireland, 1688-1691. Hambledon Continuum Press.
Clark, G. (1970). The Nine Years War, 1688-1697. En J. Bromley (Ed.), The New Cambridge Modern History (pp. 223-253). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521075244.009
Corp, E. (2001). The Irish at the Jacobite court of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. En T. O’Connor (Ed.), The Irish in Europe, 1580-1815 (pp. 143-156). Four Courts Press.
Corp, E. (2004). A court in exile: the Stuarts in France, 1689-1718. Cambridge University Press.
Coudray, P. (2018). Mourir à la guerre, survivre à la paix: les militaires irlandais au service de la France au XVIIIe siècle, une reconstruction historique (Tesis doctoral). Université de Lille, Francia. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01997932v1
Cullen, L. (1994). The Irish Diaspora of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. En N. Canny (Ed.), Europeans on the move. Studies on European Migration, 1500 - 1800 (pp. 113-149). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204190.003.0006
D’Alton, J. (1855). Illustrations, historical and genealogical of King James’s Irish Army List (1689). Publicado por el autor.
De Lange, A. (2012). Les routes de l’exil des Vaudois du Piémont vers l’Allemagne (1636-1730). Diasporas. Circulations, migrations, histoire, 20, 41-57. https://doi.org/10.4000/diasporas.3030
De Mesa Gallego, E. (2015). La pervivencia de la Irlanda gaélica en el exilio (1604-1644). En L. Ruiz Molina, J. J. Ruiz Ibáñez, & B. Vincent (Coords.), El Greco y los otros: la contribución de los extranjeros a la monarquía hispánica, 1500-1700 (pp. 371-384). Universidad de Murcia.
De Quincy, C. S. (1726). Histoire militaire du regne de Louis le Grande, roi de France, ou l’on trouve un détail de toutes les batailles, sièges, combats particuliers et généralement de toutes les actions de guerre qui se sont passées pendant le cours de son regne, tant sur terre que sur mer (Vol. III). D. Mariette.
Downey, D. (2014). Beneath the Harp and Burgundian Cross: Irish Regiments in the Spanish Bourbon Army, 1700-1818. En H. O’Donnell (Coord.), Presencia irlandesa en la milicia española. The Irish presence in the Spanish Military - 16th to 20th centuries (pp. 83-106). Ministerio de Defensa.
Espino López, A. (2014). Las guerras de Cataluña: el teatro de Marte, 1652-1714. Editorial Edaf.
Esposito, G. (2021). Armies of the war of the Grand Alliance, 1688-1697. Osprey Publishing.
Garland, J. (1981). Irish officers in the Bavarian service during the War of the Spanish Succession. The Irish Sword, 14(56), 240-255.
Genet-Rouffiac, N. (2007). Le Grand Exil. Les Jacobites en France (1688-1715). Service Historique de la Défense.
Gilbert, J. (1971). A jacobite narrative of the war in Ireland, 1688-1691. Irish University Press.
Gillespie, R. (2006). New Gill History of Ireland 3. Seventeenth-Century Ireland. Making Ireland Modern. Gil & Macmillan.
Hennessy, M. (1973). The Wild geese: the Irish soldier in exile. The Devin-Adair company.
Hogan, J. (1934). Negociations de monsieur le comte d’Avaux en Irlande, 1689 - 1690. Stationery Office.
Kerney Walsh, M. (1963). Further notes on some Irish in the Imperial service. The Irish Sword, 6(22), 46-51; (23), 166-171.
Kerney Walsh, M. (1988). The last Earls of Tyrone in Spain and captain Bernardo O’Neill, illegitmate son of Eoghan Rua. Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society, 13(1), 33-58. https://doi.org/10.2307/29745298
Kerney Walsh, M. (1997). Toby Bourke, Ambassador of James III at the Court of Philip V, 1705-1713. En E. Cruickshanks & E. Corp (Eds.), The Stuart Court in exile and the Jacobites (pp. 143-154). The Hambledon Press.
Larminie, V. (2011). Exile, integration and European perspectives: huguenots in the Pays de Vaud. En D. Trim (Ed.), The Huguenots. History and memory in trasnational context: essays in honour and memory of Walter C. Utt (pp. 241-262). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004207752.i-313.42
Lenihan, P. (2003). 1690. Battle of the Boyne. Tempus.
Lenihan, P. (2016). The ‘Irish Brigade’, 1690-1715. Eighteenth-Century Ireland/Iris an dá chultur, 31, 47-74. https://doi.org/10.3828/eci.2016.6
Lyons, M. A. (2008). ‘Digne de compassion’: female dépendants of Irish jacobite soldiers in France, c.1692 - c.1730. Eighteenth-Century Ireland, 23, 55-75. https://doi.org/10.3828/eci.2008.6
Lynn, J. (1997). The French Army, 1610 - 1715. Cambridge University Press.
Lynn, J. (1999). The Wars of Louis XIV 1667-1714. Pearson Education Limited.
Macaulay, T. B. (1953). Macaulay’s history of England from the accession of James II (Vol. III). J. M. Dent & Son LTD.
Maffi, D. (2020). Los últimos tercios. El ejército de Carlos II. Desperta Ferro.
McCullough, R. (2007). Coercion, conversion and counterinsurgency in Louis XIV’s France. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004156616.i-268
McGrath, C. I. (2015). Ireland and the Empire, 1692-1770. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315653082
McNally, M. (2008). 1691. The battle of Aughrim. The History Press.
Memoirs of the marshal duke of Berwick, written by himself. (1779). (Vol. 1). T. Cadell.
Muratori-Phillip, A. (2001). Histoire des Invalides. Éditions Perrin.
Murtagh, H., & Murtagh, D. (2024). The Irish Jacobite Army. Four Courts Press.
Ó Ciardha, É. (2002). Ireland and the Jacobite cause, 1685-1766. A fatal attachment. Four Courts Press.
Ó hAnnracháin, E. (1999). Louth Wild Geese Veterans in the Hotel Royal des Invalides. Journal of the county Louth Archaeological and Historical Society, 24(3), 380-390. https://doi.org/10.2307/27729852
Ó hAnnracháin, E. (2009). Guests of France: a description of the Invalides with an account of the Irish in that institution. En N. Genet-Rouffiac & D. Murphy (Eds.), Franco-Irish Military Connections, 1590-1945 (pp. 55-93). Four Courts Press.
Ó hAnnracháin, E. (2014). The Duke of Parma’s Company of Irish Guards, 1702-1733. The Irish Sword, 29(118), 363-385.
O’Callaghan, J. (1885). History of the Irish brigades in the service of France. Cameron and Ferguson.
O’Connor, M. (1845). Military History of the Irish Nation. Hodges and Smith.
Rowlands, G. (2001). An army in exile: Louis XIV and the Irish forces of James in France, 1691-1698. The Royal Stuart Society, LX, 1-31.
Simms, J. G. (1986). War and politics in Ireland, 1649-1730. The Hambledon Press.
Storrs, C. (2000). War, diplomacy and the rise of the state of Savoy, 1690-1720. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511496950
Symcox, G. (2009). Toleration and Ragion di Stato: Jews and Protestants in the Savoyard State, ca. 1650-1750. En P. Reill, C. Doneto, & H. Bodeker (Eds.), Discourses of tolerance and intolerance in the European Enlightenment (pp. 27-52). University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442687882-005
Talbott, S. (2014). ‘Such unjustificable practices’?: Irish trade, settlement, and society in France, 1688-1715. The Economic History Review, 67(2), 556-557. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0289.12025
Wauchope, P. (1992). Patrick Sarsfield and the Williamite War. Irish Academic Press.
Webb, A. (1878). A compendium of Irish biography. M. H. Gill & Son.
Exile, Battles, and Divided Loyalties: the Irish Military Diaspora in the Armies of France and England (1691-1700). (2026). Studia Historica: Historia Moderna, 47(2), 379-410. https://doi.org/10.14201/shhmo2025472379410
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