Rituals, Rights and Relationships: Some Gifts and their Interpretation in the Fulda Cartulary, c. 827
Abstract This article analyses a cluster of legal documents concerning newly cleared woodland between the river Fulda and its minor tributary the Haune, copied into the earliest Fulda cartulary which was completed in 828. It elucidates the complex interactions between local landholders of varying status, the monks of Fulda and their claims to spiritual patronage and tenurial right, and the public world of legal ritual and county meetings which were central to the exercise of power in the Carolingian world. It argues that the legal rituals recorded in charters were simultaneously attempts to define and regulate the relationships between different social actors (individuals, groups and institutions) as well as to transfer rights over property. Historians need to pay particular care to the mechanisms of transmission, as the archival record wa s carefully constructed to meet immediate needs, and it may obscure the extent to which relationships and the rights embedded in them were matters of interpretation. As well as raising epistemological and methodological questions about the nature of the charter evidence, this discussion also sheds light on the nature of land claims and clearances, and the relationship between internal colonisation and the crystallisation of ecclesiastical and political structures under Carolingian rule, topics which parallel the concerns of much recent work on early medieval Iberia. Finally, it is argued that if charter sare read not of passive records of abstract rights but as active attempts to interpret social relations, they can shed some light on the identities and interests of landowners of relatively modest means, and place them at historiographial centre stage.
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BROWN, W.; COSTAMBEYS, M.; KOSTO, A. and INNES, M. (eds.). Documentary Culture and the Laity in the Early Middle Ages. Cambridge, 2012.
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DAVIES, W. and FOURACRE, P. (eds.). The Settlement of Disputes in Early Medieval Europe. Cambridge, 1986.
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INNES, M. State and Society in the Early Middle Ages. The middle Rhine valley 400-1000. Cambridge, 2000.
JARRETT, J. «Settling the King’s Land: aprisio in Catalonia in perspective». Early Medieval Europe, 2010, vol. 18, pp. 320-242.
KOZIOL, G. The Politics of Memory and Identity in Carolingian Royal Diplomas. The West Frankish Kingdom (840-987). Leiden, 2012.
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NOTKER, Gesta Karoli Magni, in HAEFELE, H. (ed.). Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi. Hanover, 1959.
PALSSON, H. and EDWARDS, P. The Book of Settlements: Landnámabók. Manitoba, 1972.
RAAIJEMAKERS, J. The Making of the Monastic Community of Fulda, c. 744 to c. 900. Cambridge, 2012.
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SCHMID, K. (ed.). Die Klostergemeinschaft von Fulda imfrüheren Mittelalter. Munich, 1978, 3 vols.
SMAIL, D. L. Imaginary Cartographies. Possession and Identity in Late Medieval Marseille. Ithaca, 1999.
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SMAIL, D. L. The Consumption of Justice. Emotions, Publicity and Legal Culture in Marseille, 1264-1423. Ithaca, 2003.
STAAB, F. Untersuchungen zur Gesellschaft am Mittelrhein in der Karolingerzeit. Wiesbaden, 1975.
STENGEL, E. E. Abhandlungen und Untersuchungenzur Hesische Geschichte. Marburg, 1960.
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WEIDINGER, U. Untersuchungen zur Wirtschaftsstruktur des Kloster Fulda in der Karolingerzeit. Munich, 1991.
WHITE, S. D. «Inheritance and Legal Arguments in western France, 1050-1150». Traditio, 1987, vol. 43, pp. 55-103.
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WICKHAM, Ch. Framing the Early Middle Ages. Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800. Oxford, 2005.
WICKHAM, Ch. Land and Power. Studies in Italian and European Social History, 400-1200. London, 1994.
WOOD, I. «Before and After Mission. Social Relations across the middle and lower Rhine in the seventh and eighth century». In WICKHAM, Ch. and HANSEN, I. L. (eds.). The Long Eighth Century. Production, Distribution and Demand. Leiden, 1998.
BOSL, K. Franken um 800. Struktur analyse einer fränkischer Königsprovinz. Munich, 1969.
BOWMAN, J. Shifting Landmarks. Property, Proof and Dispute in Catalonia around the Year 1000. Ithaca, 2003.
BROWN, W. «Charters as Weapons. On the role played by early medieval dispute records in the disputes they record». Journal of Medieval History, 2002, vol. 28, pp. 227-248.
BROWN, W. «The Use of Norms in Disputes in Early Medieval Bavaria». Viator, 1999, vol. 30, pp. 15-40.
BROWN, W. and GORECKI, P. «What Conflict Means. The Making of Medieval Conflict Studies on the United States, 1970-2000». In BROWN, W. and GORECKI, P. (eds.). Conflict in Medieval Europe. Changing Perspectives on Culture and Society. Aldershot, 2003, pp. 1-36.
BROWN, W.; COSTAMBEYS, M.; KOSTO, A. and INNES, M. (eds.). Documentary Culture and the Laity in the Early Middle Ages. Cambridge, 2012.
CALLOW, C. «Putting women in their place? Gender, landscape and the construction of Landnámabók». Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, 2011, vol. 7, pp. 7-28.
CHANDLER, C. J., «Review Essay. Regnum and Regna. Studies of Regions within the Carolingian Empire». The Heroic Age, 2009, vol. 12 [http://www.heroicage.org/issues/12/chandler.php].
COSTAMBEYS, M. «Disputes and Courts in Lombard and Carolingian central Italy». Early Medieval Europe, 2007, vol. 15, pp. 265-289.
COSTAMBEYS, M.; INNES, M. and MACLEAN, S. The Carolingian World. Cambridge, 2011.
DAVIES, W. Small Worlds. The Village Community in Early Medieval Brittany. London, 1988.
DAVIES, W. and FOURACRE, P. (eds.). The Settlement of Disputes in Early Medieval Europe. Cambridge, 1986.
DAVIS, J. A. Land and Family in Pisticci. London, 1973.
DRONKE, E. F. J. Codex diplomaticus Fuldensis. Kassel, 1850.
DRONKE, E. F. J. Traditiones et antiquitates Fuldensis. Fulda, 1844.
DUTTON, P. Charlemagne’s Courtier: The Complete Einhard. Peterborough, Ont, 1998.
ESCALONA, J. and REYNOLDS, A. (eds.). Scale and Scale Change in the Early Middle Ages: Exploring Landscape, Local Society and the World Beyond. Leiden, 2011.
FOURACRE, P. «The use of the term beneficium in Frankish sources: a society based on favours?». In DAVIES, W. and FOURACRE, P. (eds.). The Languages of Gift in the Early Middle Ages. Cambridge, 2010, pp. 62-88.
FREEDMAN, P. The Origins of Peasant Servitude in Medieval Catalonia. Cambridge, 1989.
FRIESE, E. «Studien zur Einzugsbereich der Kloster von Fulda». In SCHMID, K. (ed.). Die Klostergemeinschaft von Fulda imfrüheren Mittelalter. Munich, 1978, pp. 1003-1269.
GEARY, P. «Land, Language and Memory in Europe, 700-1100». Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 1999, vol. 9, pp. 169-184.
GEARY, P. «Monastic Memory and the Mutation of the Year 1000». In FARMER, S. and ROSENWEIN, B. Monks and Nuns, Outcasts and Heretics. Essays in honour of Lester K Little. Ithaca, 2000, pp. 19-36.
GOCKEL, M. «Die Träger von Rodung und Siedlung in Hünfelder Raum in der Karolingerzeit». Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte, 1976, vol. 26, pp. 1-26.
GOCKEL, M. «ZurVerwandtschaft der Abtiss in Emhilt von Milz». In BEUMANN, H. (ed.). Festschrift für Walter Schlesinger. Marburg, 1974, vol II pp. 1-70.
HAHN, H. «Eihloha. Sturm und das Kloster Fulda». Fuldischer Geschichtsblätter, 1980, vol. 56, pp. 50-82.
HUDSON, J. «Court Cases and Legal Argument in England, 1066-1166». Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 2000, vol. 10, pp. 91-115.
HUMMER, H. «The production and preservation of documents: the evidence of cartularies». In BROWN, W.; COSTAMBEYS, M.; KOSTO, A. and INNES, M. (eds.). Documentary Culture and the Laity in the Early Middle Ages. Cambridge, 2012, pp. 189-230.
INNES, M. «A place of discipline. Aristocratic Youth and Carolingian Courts». In CUBITT, K. (ed.). Court Culture in the Early Middle Ages. Leiden, 2003.
INNES, M. «Charlemagne, Justice and Written Law». In RIO, A. (ed.). Law, Custom and Justice in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. London, 2011, pp. 155-200.
INNES, M. «Practices of Property in the Carolingian Empire». In DAVIES, J. and MCCORMICK, M. (eds.). The Long Morning of Medieval Europe. New Directions in Early Medieval Studies. London, 2008, pp. 227-246.
INNES, M. State and Society in the Early Middle Ages. The middle Rhine valley 400-1000. Cambridge, 2000.
JARRETT, J. «Settling the King’s Land: aprisio in Catalonia in perspective». Early Medieval Europe, 2010, vol. 18, pp. 320-242.
KOZIOL, G. The Politics of Memory and Identity in Carolingian Royal Diplomas. The West Frankish Kingdom (840-987). Leiden, 2012.
MANZANO MORENO, E. «The Creation of a Medieval Frontier. Islam and Christianity in the Iberian Peninsula, eighth to eleventh centuries». In POWER, D. and STANDEN, N. (eds.). Frontiers in Question. Eurasian Borderlands 700-1700. London, 1998.
NITZ, H.-J. «The Church as Colonist: the Abbey of Lorsch and Planned Waldhufen Colonisation in the Odenwald». Journal of Historical Geography, 1983, vol. 9, pp. 105-126.
NOTKER, Gesta Karoli Magni, in HAEFELE, H. (ed.). Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi. Hanover, 1959.
PALSSON, H. and EDWARDS, P. The Book of Settlements: Landnámabók. Manitoba, 1972.
RAAIJEMAKERS, J. The Making of the Monastic Community of Fulda, c. 744 to c. 900. Cambridge, 2012.
ROSENWEIN, B. H. To Be a Neighbor of St Peter. The Social Meaning of Cluny’s Property, 909-1049. Ithaca, 1989.
SCHLESINGER, W. Die Entstehung des Landesherrschaft. Darmstadt, 19692 [1941], and BOSL, K. Franken um 800. Strukturanalyse einer fränkischer Königsprovinz. Munich, 1969.
SCHMID, K. (ed.). Die Klostergemeinschaft von Fulda imfrüheren Mittelalter. Munich, 1978, 3 vols.
SMAIL, D. L. Imaginary Cartographies. Possession and Identity in Late Medieval Marseille. Ithaca, 1999.
SMAIL, D. L. On Deep History and the Brain. Berkeley, 2008.
SMAIL, D. L. The Consumption of Justice. Emotions, Publicity and Legal Culture in Marseille, 1264-1423. Ithaca, 2003.
STAAB, F. Untersuchungen zur Gesellschaft am Mittelrhein in der Karolingerzeit. Wiesbaden, 1975.
STENGEL, E. E. Abhandlungen und Untersuchungenzur Hesische Geschichte. Marburg, 1960.
STENGEL, E. E. Urkundenbuch der Kloster Fulda. Marburg, 1913-1958, 2 vols.
WEIDINGER, U. «Untersuchungen zur Grundherrschaft des Kloster Fulda in der Karolingerzeit». In ROSENER, W. (ed.). Strukturen der Grundherrschaftimfrühen Mittelalter. Göttingen, 1989, pp. 247-265.
WEIDINGER, U. Untersuchungen zur Wirtschaftsstruktur des Kloster Fulda in der Karolingerzeit. Munich, 1991.
WHITE, S. D. «Inheritance and Legal Arguments in western France, 1050-1150». Traditio, 1987, vol. 43, pp. 55-103.
WICKHAM, Ch. «European Forest in the Early Middle Ages: Landscape and Land Clearance». In Settimane di Studio dell Centro Italiano di Studi sull’Alto Medioevo, 1989, pp. 479-548.
WICKHAM, Ch. Framing the Early Middle Ages. Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800. Oxford, 2005.
WICKHAM, Ch. Land and Power. Studies in Italian and European Social History, 400-1200. London, 1994.
WOOD, I. «Before and After Mission. Social Relations across the middle and lower Rhine in the seventh and eighth century». In WICKHAM, Ch. and HANSEN, I. L. (eds.). The Long Eighth Century. Production, Distribution and Demand. Leiden, 1998.
Innes, M. (2014). Rituals, Rights and Relationships: Some Gifts and their Interpretation in the Fulda Cartulary, c. 827. Studia Historica. Historia Medieval, 31, 25–50. Retrieved from https://revistas.usal.es/uno/index.php/Studia_H_Historia_Medieval/article/view/11730
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