Fiscal Theory and Practice in Yorkist England: The Regression from a “Tax” to a “Domain” State
Resumen Este trabajo analiza la influyente idea de B. P. Wolffe de que el «experimento de ingresos de la tierra» de la dinastía York transformó las finanzas de la corona inglesa. Sus estimaciones pioneras sobre el presupuesto real bajo la dinastía de los York enfatizaron las limitadas ganancias procedentes de la reactivación de las cargas sobre tierras enajenadas. Se demuestra así que el concepto de sir John Fortescue de un rey «viviendo por su cuenta» no representaba una visión realista de cómo un gobierno del siglo xv debería administrar sus finanzas. En cambio, los escritos sobre fiscalidad de Fortescue parecen constituir un tratado ideológico para apoyar un régimen de bajos impuestos bajos en nombre de una baja nobleza local, que se había enfrentado a una carga fiscal relativamente pesada durante la recesión de mediados del siglo xv. Se demuestra así el rigor intelectual del «modelo Bonney-Ormrod de cambio fiscal», que da cuenta de los casos de regresión histórica del sistema fiscal de estados basados en «impuestos» a estados basados en «dominios», como ocurrió en la Inglaterra de York, una situación que también se detecta en otros casos de la Europa Occidental en la época moderna en los que se produjo un avance del sistema fiscal.
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Alfani, Guido and Di Tullio, Matteo. The Lion’s Share: Inequality and the Rise of the Fiscal State in Preindustrial Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
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Bonney, Richard. «Introduction». In Economic Systems and State Finance, Bonney, R. J. (ed.), 1-18. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Bonney, Richard «What’s New about the New French Fiscal History?». The Journal of Modern History 70:3 (1998): 639-67.
Bonney, Richar and Ormrod, Mark. «Introduction». In Crises, Revolutions and Self-Sustained Growth: Essays in European Fiscal History, 1130-1830, Ormrod, Mark, Bonney, Richard and Bonney, Margaret (eds.), 1-23. Stamford: Paul Watkins Publishing, 1998.
Brayson, Alex. The Fiscal Constitution of Later Medieval England: The Reign of Henry VI. York: Unpub. University of York PhD Thesis, 2013.
Brayson, Alex. «The English Parishes and Knights’ Fees Tax of 1428: A Study in Fiscal Politics and Administration». Historical Research 89 (2016): 651-72.
Brayson, Alex. «The Fiscal Policy of Richard III». Quidditas 40 (2019): 139-219.
Brayson, Alex. «Deficit Finance during the Early Majority of Henry VI of England, c. 1436- 1444: The crisis of the Medieval English tax state». Journal of European Economic History 49:1 (2020): 9-73.
Brayson, Alex. «The Parliamentary Subsidy on Knights’ Fees and Incomes of 1431: A Study on the Fiscal Administration of an Abortive English Tax Experiment». Research in Economic History 37 (2021): 41-88.
Brenner, Robert. «Agrarian class structure and economic development in pre-industrial Europe». In The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Change in Pre-Industrial Europe, Aston, Trevor H. and Philpin, C. H. E. (eds.), 10-63. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Brenner, Robert «Property and progress: where Adam Smith went wrong». In Marxist History Writing for the Twenty-First Century, Wickham, Chris (ed.), 49-111. Oxford: British Academy, 2007.
Britnell, Richard. The Commercialisation of English Society, 1000-1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Britnell, Richard. «The Economic Context». In The Wars of the Roses, Pollard, A. J. (ed.), 41-64. New York: Macmillan, 1995, 41-64.
Britnell, Richard. The Closing of the Middle Ages? England, 1471-1529. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Brown, Philip. «Early modern Japan». In Fiscal Regimes and the Political Economy of Premodern States, Monson, Andrew and Scheidel, Walter (eds.), 429-68. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Burns, James. «Fortescue and the Political Theory of Dominium». Historical Journal 28 (1985): 777-97.
Cardoso, José and Lains, Pedro. «Introduction: Paying for the liberal state». In. Paying for the Liberal State: The Rise of Public Finance in Nineteenth-Century Europe, Cardoso, José and Lains, Pedro (eds.), 1-26. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Castro-Henriques, António Castro. State Finance, War and Redistribution in Portugal (1249-1527). York: Unpub. University of York PhD Thesis, 2008.
Castro-Henriques, António Castro. «The Rise of a Tax State: Portugal, 1371-1401». E-Journal of Portuguese History 12 (2014): 49-66.
Chrimes, Stanley. English Constitutional Ideas in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1936.
Chrimes, Stanley (ed.). De Laudibus Legum Anglie. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1942.
Cook, David (ed.). Lancastrians and Yorkists: The Wars of the Roses. New York: Routledge, 2014.
Dimmock, Spencer. The Origin of Capitalism in England, 1400-1600. Leiden: Brill, 2014.
Dyer, Chistopher. An Age of Transition? Economy and Society in England in the Later Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Fryde, Edmund. Peasants and Landlords in Later Medieval England, c. 1380-c. 1525. Stroud : Alan Sutton, 1996.
Fryde, Edmund. «Economic Depression in England in the Second and Third Quarters of the Fifteenth Century: Effective Resistances of Tenant to Landlords as one of the Consequences: Defiances and Rent Strikes». In Violence and Medieval Society, Kaeuper, Richard (ed.), 215-26. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2000.
Gray, Howard. «The First Benevolence». In Facts and Factors of Economic History, Cole, Arthur, Dunham Arthur and Gras, Norman (eds.), 90-113. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1932.
Grummitt, David. «Henry VII, Chamber Finance and the «New Monarchy»: Some New Evidence». Historical Research 179 (1999): 229-43.
Harriss, Gerald. «Aids, Loans and Benevolences», Historical Journal 6 (1963): 8-13.
Harriss, Gerald. «Review of Wolffe». English Historical Review 58 (1973): 172.
Harriss, Gerald. King, Parliament and Public Finance in Medieval England to 1369, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975.
Harriss, Gerald. «Thomas Cromwell’s «New Principle» of Taxation». English Historical Review 93 (1978): 721-38.
Harriss, Gerald. «Marmaduke Lumley and the exchequer crisis of 1446-9». In Aspects of Late Medieval Government and Society: Essays Presented to J. R. Lander, Rowe, John G. (ed.), 143-78. Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1986.
Harriss, Gerald. «Review of Bonney». English Historical Review 116 (2001): 143-5.
Hatcher, John. «The Great Slump of the Mid-Fifteenth Century». In Progress and Problems in Medieval England, Britnell, Richard and Hatcher, John (eds.), 237-72. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Henderson, William. Studies in the Economic Policy of Frederick the Great. London: Routledge, 1963.
Henneman, John. «Nobility, Privilege and Fiscal Politics in Late Medieval France». French Historical Studies 13 (1983): 1-17.
Hilton, Rodney The Economic Development of Some Leicestershire Estates in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947.
Hilton, Rodney. «Rent and Capital Formation in Feudal Society». In The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages, Hilton, Rodney (ed.), 174-214. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975.
Hoffman, Philip. «Review of Bonney». Journal of Interdisciplinary History 32 (2001): 282-3.
Jacob, Ernest. «Sir John Fortescue and the Law of Nature». Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 18:2 (1934): 59-76.
Jurkowski, Maureen. «Parliamentary and Prerogative Taxation in the Reign of Edward IV», Parliamentary History 18 (1999): 271-90.
Jurkowski, Maureen, Smith, Carrie L. and Crook, David. Lay Taxes in England and Wales, 1188-1688. London: Public Record Office, 1998.
Kleineke, Hannes. Edward IV. London: Routledge, 2008.
Kruger, Karsten. «Public Finance and Modernisation: the change from domain state to tax state in Hesse in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: a case study». In Wealth and Taxation in Central Europe: The History and Sociology of Public Finance, Witt, Peter-Christian (ed.), 49-62. Warwickshire: Leamington Spa, 1987.
Lander, Jack. «Council, Administration and Councillors, 1461-85». In Crown and Nobility, 1450-1509, Lander, Jack (ed.), 191-219 London: Edward Arnold, 1976.
Lander, Jack. Government and Community: England, 1450-1509. London: Edward Arnold Press, 1980.
Nakabayashi, Masaki. «The Rise of a Japanese Fiscal State». In The Rise of Fiscal States: A Global History, 1500-1914, Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé and O’Brien, Patrick with Comin-Comin, Francisco (eds.), 378-409. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Neale, Larry. «Conclusion: The monetary, fiscal and political architecture of Europe, 1815-1914». In Paying for the Liberal State: The Rise of Public Finance in Nineteenth-Century Europe, Cardoso, José and Lains, Pedro (eds.), 279-302. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
O’Brien, Patrick K. and Hunt, Philip. «The Rise of a Fiscal State in England, 1485-1815». Historical Research 66 (1993): 165-9.
Ormrod, Mark. «State-Building and State Finance under Edward I». In England in the Thirteenth Century, Proceedings of the 1989 Harlaxton Symposium, Ormrod, Mark (ed.), 15-35. Stamford: Shaun Tyas, 1991.
Ormrod, Mark. «The West European Monarchies in the Later Middle Ages». In Economic Systems and State Finance, Bonney, Richard (ed.), 123-60. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Ormrod, Mark. «England in the Middle Ages». In The Rise of the Fiscal State c. 1200-1815., Bonney, Richard (eds.), 101-22. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Ormrod, Mark. «Finance and Trade under Richard II». In Richard II. The Art of Kingship, Goodman, Anthony and Gillespie, James L. (eds.), 155-86. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Ormrod, Mark. «The Origins of Tunnage and Poundage. Parliament and the Estate of Merchants in the Fourteenth Century». Parliamentary History 28 (2009): 209-27.
Plummer, Charles (ed.). The Governance of England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1885.
Pugh, Thomas B. «The Estates, Finances and Regal Aspirations of Richard Plantagenet (1411-60)». In Revolution and Consumption in Late Medieval England, Hicks, Michael (ed.), 71-88. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2001.
Roesenthal, Joel. «The Estates and Finances of Richard, Duke of York (1411-1460)». Studies in Medieval and Renaissance England 2 (1965): 115-204.
Ross, Charles. Edward IV. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1974.
Schremmer, Eckart. «Taxation and Public Finance: Britain, France, and Germany». In Cambridge Economic History of Europe, vol. 8, 315-494. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Schumpeter, Joseph. «The Crisis of the Tax State» (1908). In The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism, Swedberg, Richard (ed.), 99-140. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.
Spoerer, Mark. «Political Economy of Taxation in Nineteenth-Century Germany». In Taxation, State and the Civil Society in Germany and the United States, 1750-1950, Nützenadel, Alexander and Strupp, Christoph. (eds.), 51-65. Wiesbaden: Nomos, 2007.
Spoerer, Mark. «The Revenue Structures of Brandenburg-Prussia, Saxony and Bavaria (Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries): Are they Compatible with the Bonney-Ormrod Model?». In Fiscal Systems in the European Economy from the 13th to the 18th Centuries, Part 2, Cavaciocchi, Simonetta (ed.), 781-91. Firenze: Firenze University Press, 2008.
Spoerer, Mark. «The Evolution of Public Finances in Nineteenth-Century Germany». In Paying for the Liberal State: The Rise of Public Finance in Nineteenth-Century Europe, Cardoso, José and Lains, Pedro (eds.), 102-31. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Virgoe, Roger. «The Benevolence of 1481». English Historical Review 104 (1989): 25-45.
Watts, John. «A New Ffundacion of is Crowne: Monarchy in the Age of Henry VII». In The Reign of Henry VII: Proceedings of the 1993 Harlaxton Symposium, Thompson, Benjamin (ed.), 31-53. Harlaxton: Paul Watkins, 1995.
Watts, John. «Polemic and Politics in the 1450s». In The Politics of Fifteenth-Century England: John Vale’s Book, Kekewich, Margaret, Richmond, Colin, Sutton, Anne, Visser–Fuchs, Livia and Watts, John (eds.), 3-42. Stroud: Boydell and Brewer, 1995.
Willard, James. Parliamentary Taxes on Personal Property, 1290-1348. A Study in Medieval English Financial Administration. Cambridge MA: Medieval Academy of America, 1934.
Wolffe, Bertram. The Crown Lands and the Parliamentary Acts of Resumption, 1399-1495. Oxford: Unpub. University of Oxford D.Phil. Thesis, 1954.
Wolffe, Bertram. «Henry VII’s Land Revenues and Chamber Finance». English Historical Review 79 (1964): 225-54.
Wolffe, Bertram. The Crown Lands, 1461-1536: An Aspect of Yorkist and Early Tudor Government. London: Allen and Unwin, 1970.
Wolffe, B. P. The Royal Demesne in English History: The Crown Estates in the Governance of the Realm from the Conquest to 1509. London: Allen and Unwin, 1971.
Wolffe, Bertram. Henry VI. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1981.
Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé. «Introduction: The rise of the fiscal state in Eurasia from a global, comparative and transnational perspective». In The Rise of Fiscal States: A Global History, 1500-1914, Yun-Casalilla Bartolomé and O’Brien, Patrick with Comín Comín, Francisco (eds.), 1-35. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Alfani, Guido and Di Tullio, Matteo. The Lion’s Share: Inequality and the Rise of the Fiscal State in Preindustrial Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
Bean, John «The Financial Position of Richard, Duke of York». In War and Government in the Middle Ages: Essays in Honour of J. O. Prestwich, Gillingham, J. and Holt, J. C. (eds.). 182-98. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Bonney, Richard. «Introduction». In Economic Systems and State Finance, Bonney, R. J. (ed.), 1-18. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Bonney, Richard «What’s New about the New French Fiscal History?». The Journal of Modern History 70:3 (1998): 639-67.
Bonney, Richar and Ormrod, Mark. «Introduction». In Crises, Revolutions and Self-Sustained Growth: Essays in European Fiscal History, 1130-1830, Ormrod, Mark, Bonney, Richard and Bonney, Margaret (eds.), 1-23. Stamford: Paul Watkins Publishing, 1998.
Brayson, Alex. The Fiscal Constitution of Later Medieval England: The Reign of Henry VI. York: Unpub. University of York PhD Thesis, 2013.
Brayson, Alex. «The English Parishes and Knights’ Fees Tax of 1428: A Study in Fiscal Politics and Administration». Historical Research 89 (2016): 651-72.
Brayson, Alex. «The Fiscal Policy of Richard III». Quidditas 40 (2019): 139-219.
Brayson, Alex. «Deficit Finance during the Early Majority of Henry VI of England, c. 1436- 1444: The crisis of the Medieval English tax state». Journal of European Economic History 49:1 (2020): 9-73.
Brayson, Alex. «The Parliamentary Subsidy on Knights’ Fees and Incomes of 1431: A Study on the Fiscal Administration of an Abortive English Tax Experiment». Research in Economic History 37 (2021): 41-88.
Brenner, Robert. «Agrarian class structure and economic development in pre-industrial Europe». In The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Change in Pre-Industrial Europe, Aston, Trevor H. and Philpin, C. H. E. (eds.), 10-63. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Brenner, Robert «Property and progress: where Adam Smith went wrong». In Marxist History Writing for the Twenty-First Century, Wickham, Chris (ed.), 49-111. Oxford: British Academy, 2007.
Britnell, Richard. The Commercialisation of English Society, 1000-1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Britnell, Richard. «The Economic Context». In The Wars of the Roses, Pollard, A. J. (ed.), 41-64. New York: Macmillan, 1995, 41-64.
Britnell, Richard. The Closing of the Middle Ages? England, 1471-1529. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Brown, Philip. «Early modern Japan». In Fiscal Regimes and the Political Economy of Premodern States, Monson, Andrew and Scheidel, Walter (eds.), 429-68. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Burns, James. «Fortescue and the Political Theory of Dominium». Historical Journal 28 (1985): 777-97.
Cardoso, José and Lains, Pedro. «Introduction: Paying for the liberal state». In. Paying for the Liberal State: The Rise of Public Finance in Nineteenth-Century Europe, Cardoso, José and Lains, Pedro (eds.), 1-26. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Castro-Henriques, António Castro. State Finance, War and Redistribution in Portugal (1249-1527). York: Unpub. University of York PhD Thesis, 2008.
Castro-Henriques, António Castro. «The Rise of a Tax State: Portugal, 1371-1401». E-Journal of Portuguese History 12 (2014): 49-66.
Chrimes, Stanley. English Constitutional Ideas in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1936.
Chrimes, Stanley (ed.). De Laudibus Legum Anglie. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1942.
Cook, David (ed.). Lancastrians and Yorkists: The Wars of the Roses. New York: Routledge, 2014.
Dimmock, Spencer. The Origin of Capitalism in England, 1400-1600. Leiden: Brill, 2014.
Dyer, Chistopher. An Age of Transition? Economy and Society in England in the Later Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Fryde, Edmund. Peasants and Landlords in Later Medieval England, c. 1380-c. 1525. Stroud : Alan Sutton, 1996.
Fryde, Edmund. «Economic Depression in England in the Second and Third Quarters of the Fifteenth Century: Effective Resistances of Tenant to Landlords as one of the Consequences: Defiances and Rent Strikes». In Violence and Medieval Society, Kaeuper, Richard (ed.), 215-26. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2000.
Gray, Howard. «The First Benevolence». In Facts and Factors of Economic History, Cole, Arthur, Dunham Arthur and Gras, Norman (eds.), 90-113. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1932.
Grummitt, David. «Henry VII, Chamber Finance and the «New Monarchy»: Some New Evidence». Historical Research 179 (1999): 229-43.
Harriss, Gerald. «Aids, Loans and Benevolences», Historical Journal 6 (1963): 8-13.
Harriss, Gerald. «Review of Wolffe». English Historical Review 58 (1973): 172.
Harriss, Gerald. King, Parliament and Public Finance in Medieval England to 1369, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975.
Harriss, Gerald. «Thomas Cromwell’s «New Principle» of Taxation». English Historical Review 93 (1978): 721-38.
Harriss, Gerald. «Marmaduke Lumley and the exchequer crisis of 1446-9». In Aspects of Late Medieval Government and Society: Essays Presented to J. R. Lander, Rowe, John G. (ed.), 143-78. Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1986.
Harriss, Gerald. «Review of Bonney». English Historical Review 116 (2001): 143-5.
Hatcher, John. «The Great Slump of the Mid-Fifteenth Century». In Progress and Problems in Medieval England, Britnell, Richard and Hatcher, John (eds.), 237-72. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Henderson, William. Studies in the Economic Policy of Frederick the Great. London: Routledge, 1963.
Henneman, John. «Nobility, Privilege and Fiscal Politics in Late Medieval France». French Historical Studies 13 (1983): 1-17.
Hilton, Rodney The Economic Development of Some Leicestershire Estates in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947.
Hilton, Rodney. «Rent and Capital Formation in Feudal Society». In The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages, Hilton, Rodney (ed.), 174-214. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975.
Hoffman, Philip. «Review of Bonney». Journal of Interdisciplinary History 32 (2001): 282-3.
Jacob, Ernest. «Sir John Fortescue and the Law of Nature». Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 18:2 (1934): 59-76.
Jurkowski, Maureen. «Parliamentary and Prerogative Taxation in the Reign of Edward IV», Parliamentary History 18 (1999): 271-90.
Jurkowski, Maureen, Smith, Carrie L. and Crook, David. Lay Taxes in England and Wales, 1188-1688. London: Public Record Office, 1998.
Kleineke, Hannes. Edward IV. London: Routledge, 2008.
Kruger, Karsten. «Public Finance and Modernisation: the change from domain state to tax state in Hesse in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: a case study». In Wealth and Taxation in Central Europe: The History and Sociology of Public Finance, Witt, Peter-Christian (ed.), 49-62. Warwickshire: Leamington Spa, 1987.
Lander, Jack. «Council, Administration and Councillors, 1461-85». In Crown and Nobility, 1450-1509, Lander, Jack (ed.), 191-219 London: Edward Arnold, 1976.
Lander, Jack. Government and Community: England, 1450-1509. London: Edward Arnold Press, 1980.
Nakabayashi, Masaki. «The Rise of a Japanese Fiscal State». In The Rise of Fiscal States: A Global History, 1500-1914, Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé and O’Brien, Patrick with Comin-Comin, Francisco (eds.), 378-409. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Neale, Larry. «Conclusion: The monetary, fiscal and political architecture of Europe, 1815-1914». In Paying for the Liberal State: The Rise of Public Finance in Nineteenth-Century Europe, Cardoso, José and Lains, Pedro (eds.), 279-302. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
O’Brien, Patrick K. and Hunt, Philip. «The Rise of a Fiscal State in England, 1485-1815». Historical Research 66 (1993): 165-9.
Ormrod, Mark. «State-Building and State Finance under Edward I». In England in the Thirteenth Century, Proceedings of the 1989 Harlaxton Symposium, Ormrod, Mark (ed.), 15-35. Stamford: Shaun Tyas, 1991.
Ormrod, Mark. «The West European Monarchies in the Later Middle Ages». In Economic Systems and State Finance, Bonney, Richard (ed.), 123-60. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Ormrod, Mark. «England in the Middle Ages». In The Rise of the Fiscal State c. 1200-1815., Bonney, Richard (eds.), 101-22. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Ormrod, Mark. «Finance and Trade under Richard II». In Richard II. The Art of Kingship, Goodman, Anthony and Gillespie, James L. (eds.), 155-86. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Ormrod, Mark. «The Origins of Tunnage and Poundage. Parliament and the Estate of Merchants in the Fourteenth Century». Parliamentary History 28 (2009): 209-27.
Plummer, Charles (ed.). The Governance of England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1885.
Pugh, Thomas B. «The Estates, Finances and Regal Aspirations of Richard Plantagenet (1411-60)». In Revolution and Consumption in Late Medieval England, Hicks, Michael (ed.), 71-88. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2001.
Roesenthal, Joel. «The Estates and Finances of Richard, Duke of York (1411-1460)». Studies in Medieval and Renaissance England 2 (1965): 115-204.
Ross, Charles. Edward IV. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1974.
Schremmer, Eckart. «Taxation and Public Finance: Britain, France, and Germany». In Cambridge Economic History of Europe, vol. 8, 315-494. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Schumpeter, Joseph. «The Crisis of the Tax State» (1908). In The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism, Swedberg, Richard (ed.), 99-140. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.
Spoerer, Mark. «Political Economy of Taxation in Nineteenth-Century Germany». In Taxation, State and the Civil Society in Germany and the United States, 1750-1950, Nützenadel, Alexander and Strupp, Christoph. (eds.), 51-65. Wiesbaden: Nomos, 2007.
Spoerer, Mark. «The Revenue Structures of Brandenburg-Prussia, Saxony and Bavaria (Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries): Are they Compatible with the Bonney-Ormrod Model?». In Fiscal Systems in the European Economy from the 13th to the 18th Centuries, Part 2, Cavaciocchi, Simonetta (ed.), 781-91. Firenze: Firenze University Press, 2008.
Spoerer, Mark. «The Evolution of Public Finances in Nineteenth-Century Germany». In Paying for the Liberal State: The Rise of Public Finance in Nineteenth-Century Europe, Cardoso, José and Lains, Pedro (eds.), 102-31. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Virgoe, Roger. «The Benevolence of 1481». English Historical Review 104 (1989): 25-45.
Watts, John. «A New Ffundacion of is Crowne: Monarchy in the Age of Henry VII». In The Reign of Henry VII: Proceedings of the 1993 Harlaxton Symposium, Thompson, Benjamin (ed.), 31-53. Harlaxton: Paul Watkins, 1995.
Watts, John. «Polemic and Politics in the 1450s». In The Politics of Fifteenth-Century England: John Vale’s Book, Kekewich, Margaret, Richmond, Colin, Sutton, Anne, Visser–Fuchs, Livia and Watts, John (eds.), 3-42. Stroud: Boydell and Brewer, 1995.
Willard, James. Parliamentary Taxes on Personal Property, 1290-1348. A Study in Medieval English Financial Administration. Cambridge MA: Medieval Academy of America, 1934.
Wolffe, Bertram. The Crown Lands and the Parliamentary Acts of Resumption, 1399-1495. Oxford: Unpub. University of Oxford D.Phil. Thesis, 1954.
Wolffe, Bertram. «Henry VII’s Land Revenues and Chamber Finance». English Historical Review 79 (1964): 225-54.
Wolffe, Bertram. The Crown Lands, 1461-1536: An Aspect of Yorkist and Early Tudor Government. London: Allen and Unwin, 1970.
Wolffe, B. P. The Royal Demesne in English History: The Crown Estates in the Governance of the Realm from the Conquest to 1509. London: Allen and Unwin, 1971.
Wolffe, Bertram. Henry VI. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1981.
Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé. «Introduction: The rise of the fiscal state in Eurasia from a global, comparative and transnational perspective». In The Rise of Fiscal States: A Global History, 1500-1914, Yun-Casalilla Bartolomé and O’Brien, Patrick with Comín Comín, Francisco (eds.), 1-35. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Brayson, A. (2022). Fiscal Theory and Practice in Yorkist England: The Regression from a “Tax” to a “Domain” State. Studia Historica. Historia Medieval, 40(2), 11–34. https://doi.org/10.14201/shhme20224021134
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