The Anti-Terrorist Strategy of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasus
Abstract This article provides an overview of the terrorist phenomenon that has been shaking Russia’s North Caucasus region for approximately three decades. The aim is to understand the causes that have led to this problem and how the Russian Federation is facing the threats arising from it. To do so, the article first approaches the region by taking into account its geographical, cultural, and historical characteristics in order to understand the unique position it occupies within Russia. Subsequently, the article observes the trajectory of terrorism in the region from its emergence during the first Chechen war to its manifestation through groups affiliated with major international terrorist movements, which continues to this day. Finally, the article analyzes the strategies that the Kremlin has deployed in order to fight against terrorism, dividing them into two main types: coercive measures, based on the use of force, and non-coercive measures, political actions aimed at addressing the structural causes that serve as a breeding ground for terrorist radicalization.
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Frankel, Matthew (2010): «The abcs of hvt: Key Lessons from High Value Targeting Campaigns Against Insurgents and Terrorists», Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 34/1, pp. 17-30.
Galeotti, Mark (2013): Russian Security and Paramilitary Forces since 1991. Londres: Osprey Publishing.
Galeotti, Mark (2017): The Modern Russian Army 1992-2016. Londres: Osprey Publishing.
Grau, Lester y Charles Bartles (2016): The Russian Way of War. Madison: Mentor Military.
Hallbach, Uwe (2001): «Islam in the North Caucasus», Archives de sciences sociales des religions, 15/3, pp. 93-110.
Hedenskog, Jacob (2020): «Russia and International Cooperation on Counter-Terrorism: From the Chechen Wars to the Syria Campaign», Swedish Defence Research Agency. Tomado de: https://www.foi.se/rest-api/report/FOI-R--4916--SE [29 de mayo de 2022].
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Pokalova, Elena (2015): Chechnya’s Terrorist Network. Santa Barbara: Praeger.
Reynolds, Michael (2005): «Myths and Mysticism: A Longitudinal Perspective on Islam and Conflict in the North Caucasus», Middle Eastern Studies, 1/41, pp. 31-54.
Ruiz, Francisco José (2012): «La Rusia caucásica y la relación de la Federación con el Cáucaso Sur», en El Gran Cáucaso, Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos, Cuaderno de Estrategia 156, pp. 181-215.
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Šmíd, Tomas (2015): «‘Kadyrovtsy’: Russia’s Counterinsurgency Strategy and the Wars of Paramilitary Clans», Journal of Strategic Studies, 38/5, pp. 1-28.
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Souleimanov, Emil (2005): «Chechnya, Wahabism and the Invasion of Daguestan», Middle East Review of International Affairs, 9/4 pp. 48-71.
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Taibo, Carlos (2004): El conflicto de Chechenia. Madrid: Los Libros de la Catarata.
Tarín, Adrián (2017): La yihad en Rusia. Barcelona, Icaria.
Ten, Y. P. y V. V. Gudakov (2015): «Symbols of the regional culture of the North Caucasus», Nauchnyy al’manakh stran Prichernomor’ya, 2, pp. 39-48.
Vacas, Félix, y José Luis Calvo (2005): El conflicto de Chechenia, Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa.
Vatchagaev, Mairbek (2015): «North Caucasus Militants Split Between Caucasus Emirate and Islamic State, as Radical Islam Gains Influence in Region», Eurasian Daily Monitor, 12/19. Tomado de: https://jamestown.org/program/north-caucasus-militants-split-between-caucasus-emirate-and-islamic-state-as-radical-islam-gains-influence-in-region/ [15 de mayo de 2022].
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Wilhelmsen, Julie (2019): «Russian governance of the North Caucasus: dilemmas of force and inclusion», en Derek Averre y Kevork Oskanian (dirs.): Security, Society and the State in the Caucasus. Londres: Routledge. pp. 37-56.
Zhemukhov, Sufian (2018): «The North Caucasus: How Islam and Nationalism Shaped Stability and Conflict in the Region», en Bryan Fredericky Katya Migacheva (dirs.): Religion, Conflict and Stability in the Former Soviet Union. Santa Monica: rand, pp. 35-65.
Zhukov, Yuri (2012). «Counterinsurgency in a non-democratic state: the Russian example», en Paul Rich e Isabelle Duvyesteyn (dirs.): The Routledge handbook of insurgency and counter-insurgency. Londres: Routledge, pp. 286-301.
Bale, Jeffrey (2004): «The Chechen Resistance and Radiological Terrorism», Nuclear Threat Initiative. Tomado de: https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/chechen-resistance-radiological-terror/ [2 de mayo de 2022].
Bhat, Javid Ahmad (2021): «National Liberation Movement of North Caucasus (1820-1860): A Study of Muridist Movement», Islam and Muslim Societies: A Social Science Journal, 14/1, pp.37-44.
Bifolchi, Giuliano (2019): «Democracy, Russian governance and inter-ethnic conflict in the North Caucasus», The 2019 Serbian Political Science Association Annual Conference Proceedings, pp. 141-153. Tomado de: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340006294_Democracy_Russian_governance_and_inter-ethnic_conflict_in_the_North_Caucasus_ConflictStabilityDemocracySukoby_Stabilnost_DemokratijaThe_2019_Serbian_Political_Science_Association_Annual_Conference_Pro [5 de junio de 2022].
Boyle, Michael J. (2020): «The Military Aprroach to Counterterrorism», en Andrew Silke (dir.): Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism. Londres: Routledge, pp. 384-394.
Broxup, Marie (1996): North Caucasus Barrier: Russian Advance Towards the Muslim World. Londres: C Hurst & Co Publishers.
Civic Assistance Commitee (2009): «Russian Society Under Control: Abuses in the fight against extremism and terrorism», fidh. Tomado de: https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/Russian_society_under_control.pdf [10 de junio de 2022].
Cooling, Norman Lee (2001): «Russia’s 1994-96 Campaign for Chechnya: A Failure in Shaping the Battlespace», Marine Corps Gazette, 85/9.
Crelisten, Ronald (2020): «Conceptualizing counterterrorism», en Andrew Silke (dir.): Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism. Londres: Routledge, pp. 363-374.
Dzutsati, Valery (2020): «Murders of Chechen Refugees in Europe Become Increasingly Frequent», Eurasian Daily Monitor, 12/99. Tomado de: https://jamestown.org/program/murders-of-chechen-refugees-in-europe-become-increasingly-frequent/ [3 de mayo de 2023].
Fradkin, Rebecca (2020): «The Co-optation of Islam in Russia», Hudson Institute. Tomado de: https://www.hudson.org/research/15699-the-co-optation-of-islam-in-russia [17 de junio de 2022].
Frankel, Matthew (2010): «The abcs of hvt: Key Lessons from High Value Targeting Campaigns Against Insurgents and Terrorists», Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 34/1, pp. 17-30.
Galeotti, Mark (2013): Russian Security and Paramilitary Forces since 1991. Londres: Osprey Publishing.
Galeotti, Mark (2017): The Modern Russian Army 1992-2016. Londres: Osprey Publishing.
Grau, Lester y Charles Bartles (2016): The Russian Way of War. Madison: Mentor Military.
Hallbach, Uwe (2001): «Islam in the North Caucasus», Archives de sciences sociales des religions, 15/3, pp. 93-110.
Hedenskog, Jacob (2020): «Russia and International Cooperation on Counter-Terrorism: From the Chechen Wars to the Syria Campaign», Swedish Defence Research Agency. Tomado de: https://www.foi.se/rest-api/report/FOI-R--4916--SE [29 de mayo de 2022].
Holland, Edward C. (2015): «Economic Development and Subsidies in the North Caucasus», Problems of Post-Communism, 63, pp. 50-61.
International Crisis Group (2012): «The North Caucasus: The Challenges of Integration (i), Ethnicity and Conflict», Europe Report, 220. Tomado de: https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/220-the-north-caucasus-the-challenges-of-integration-i-ethnicity-and-conflict.pdf [20 de mayo de 2022].
International Crisis Group (2012): «The North Caucasus: The Challenges of Integration (ii), Islam, the Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency», Europe Report, 221. Tomado de: https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/221-the-north-caucasus-the-challenges-of-integration-ii-islam-the-insurgency-and-counter-insurgency.pdf [2 de junio de 2022].
Kolosov, Vladimir et al. (2017): «Economic and social reforms in the North Caucasus: Goals, limitations, problems, and results», Regional Research of Russia, 7/3, pp. 259-270.
Korobeev, Alexander I. et al. (2018): «Fighting terrorism and extremism in the Russian Federation and worldwide: common issues», Revista de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, 87/2, pp. 1-10.
Kreindler, Isabelle (1986): «The soviet deported nationalities: A summary and an update», Soviet Studies, 38/36, pp. 387-405.
Lang, Jozef y Maciej Falkowski (2015): «The Caucasus Emirate and its Significance for Security in the Caucasus», coi Unit, Office for Foreigners.
Laruelle, Marlène (2023): «Russia at War and the Islamic World», Russie.nei. Visions, ifri, n.º 127. Tomado de: https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/rnv127_laruelle_ukraine_muslims.pdf [28 de abril de 2023].
Matveeva, Anna (2012): «North Caucasus: views from within», Saferworld. Tomado de: https://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/publications/636-north-caucasus-views-from-within [20 de junio de 2022].
Perovic, Jeronim (2018): From Conquest to Deportation: The North Caucasus under Russian Rule. Londres: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers.
Pokalova, Elena (2015): Chechnya’s Terrorist Network. Santa Barbara: Praeger.
Reynolds, Michael (2005): «Myths and Mysticism: A Longitudinal Perspective on Islam and Conflict in the North Caucasus», Middle Eastern Studies, 1/41, pp. 31-54.
Ruiz, Francisco José (2012): «La Rusia caucásica y la relación de la Federación con el Cáucaso Sur», en El Gran Cáucaso, Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos, Cuaderno de Estrategia 156, pp. 181-215.
Sliwa, Zdzislaw (2018): «The Russian National Guard: A Warning or a Message», Working Paper 01/18, National Defence Academy of Latvia.
Šmíd, Tomas (2015): «‘Kadyrovtsy’: Russia’s Counterinsurgency Strategy and the Wars of Paramilitary Clans», Journal of Strategic Studies, 38/5, pp. 1-28.
Smith, Duane (2001): «Chechnya: War as a continuation of policy», National War College, National Defense University. Tomado de: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA442412.pdf [14 de junio de 2022].
Souleimanov, Emil (2005): «Chechnya, Wahabism and the Invasion of Daguestan», Middle East Review of International Affairs, 9/4 pp. 48-71.
Sukhov, Ivan (2008): «The Power Vertical and the Nation’s Self-Consciousness», Russia in Global Affairs, 2. Tomado de: https://eng.globalaffairs.ru/articles/the-power-vertical-and-the-nations-self-consciousness/ [3 de junio de 2022].
Taibo, Carlos (2004): El conflicto de Chechenia. Madrid: Los Libros de la Catarata.
Tarín, Adrián (2017): La yihad en Rusia. Barcelona, Icaria.
Ten, Y. P. y V. V. Gudakov (2015): «Symbols of the regional culture of the North Caucasus», Nauchnyy al’manakh stran Prichernomor’ya, 2, pp. 39-48.
Vacas, Félix, y José Luis Calvo (2005): El conflicto de Chechenia, Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa.
Vatchagaev, Mairbek (2015): «North Caucasus Militants Split Between Caucasus Emirate and Islamic State, as Radical Islam Gains Influence in Region», Eurasian Daily Monitor, 12/19. Tomado de: https://jamestown.org/program/north-caucasus-militants-split-between-caucasus-emirate-and-islamic-state-as-radical-islam-gains-influence-in-region/ [15 de mayo de 2022].
Vidino, Lorenzo (2006): «The Arab Foreign Fighters and the Sacralization of the Chechen Conflict», Al Nakhlah. Tomado de: https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/aln/aln_spring06/aln_spring06e.pdf [1 de junio de 2022].
Wilhelmsen, Julie (2019): «Russian governance of the North Caucasus: dilemmas of force and inclusion», en Derek Averre y Kevork Oskanian (dirs.): Security, Society and the State in the Caucasus. Londres: Routledge. pp. 37-56.
Zhemukhov, Sufian (2018): «The North Caucasus: How Islam and Nationalism Shaped Stability and Conflict in the Region», en Bryan Fredericky Katya Migacheva (dirs.): Religion, Conflict and Stability in the Former Soviet Union. Santa Monica: rand, pp. 35-65.
Zhukov, Yuri (2012). «Counterinsurgency in a non-democratic state: the Russian example», en Paul Rich e Isabelle Duvyesteyn (dirs.): The Routledge handbook of insurgency and counter-insurgency. Londres: Routledge, pp. 286-301.
Mori Márquez, D. (2023). The Anti-Terrorist Strategy of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasus. Studia Historica. Historia Contemporánea, 41, 133–154. https://doi.org/10.14201/shhc202341133154
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