The myth of the Amazons in the literature of the age of Augustus
Abstract This paper aims to compile and interpret the mentions of the myth of the Amazons in literary sources contemporary to the principality of Octavian. This period was fundamental for the creation of a symbolic image of the new power, with religion as the great legitimizing axis; thus, from Octavian’s environment a series of divinities and myths were selected and deliberately incorporated both in the public iconography associated with the princeps and in some literary works of the time, with the ultimate aim of endorsing the new political regime. We will try to demonstrate that the myth of the Amazons was one of them through the analysis of a selection of texts that mention it. Through the literary analysis and historical contextualization of the selected texts, we aim to provide interpretative clues about the function of the myth of the Amazons in the construction and evolution of the triumphal image of Augustan Rome.
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Albertson, Fred. “The Basilica Aemilia Frieze: Religion and Politics in Late Republican Rome”. Latomus, 49, 1990, 801–815.
Antonaccio, Carla. An archaeology of ancestors. Tomb cult and Hero Cult in Early Greece. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1994.
Bellido, José A. “El motivo literario de la milita amoris en Plauto y su influencia en Ovidio”. Estudios Clásicos, 95, 1989, 21-34.
Bennet, Florence. Religious cults associated with Amazons. New York: Columbia University, 1912. https://doi.org/10.7312/benn92592.
Bernabé, Alberto. Fragmentos de épica griega arcaica. Madrid: Gredos, 1979.
Blok, Josine. The Early Amazons: Modern and Ancient Perspectives on a Persistent Myth. Leiden: Brill, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004301436.
Borza, Eugene y Olga Palagia. “The Chronology of the Macedonian Royal Tombs at Vergina”. Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, 122, 2007, 81–122.
Bothmer, Dietrich. Amazons in Greek art. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957.
Bowersock, Glen (2002). “The New Hellenism of Augustan Athens”. Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, 7(1), 2002, 1-16.
Bremmer, Jan. Greek religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Calandra, Oscar. “Naumaquias, el mayor espectáculo de Roma”. Boletín del Centro Naval, 822, 2008, 447-458.
Camp, John. The Archaeology of Athens. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.
Capdeville, Gérard. “La jeunesse de Camille”. Antiquité, 104, 1, 1992, 303-338. https://doi.org/10.3406/mefr.1992.1759.
Chalkia, Eugenia. “Nikopolis”. En Heaven & Earth. Cities and countryside in Byzantine Greeze, editado por Jenny Albani y Eugenia Chalkia, 140-155. Atenas: Ministry of Culture and Sports, 2013.
Chrysostomou, Paulos y Frankiska Kefallonitou. Nikopolis. Atenas: Ministry of Culture, 2001.
Crawford, Michael. Roman Republican Coinage. London: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
Davies, Ceri. “Poetry in the ‘circle’ of Messalla”. Greece & Rome, 1, 1973, 25-35.
Dowden, Ken. “The Amazons: Development and functions”. Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, 140, 1997, 97-128.
Du Quesnay, Ian. “Horace and Maecenas: the propaganda value of Sermones I”. En Politics and Poetry in the age of Augustus, editado por. A. J. Woodman y D. West, 19-58. London: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Ducci, Elena. “Le terrecotte architettoniche della Catona”. Instituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici, 55, 1987, 131-152.
Fantham, Elaine. “The image of woman in Propertius’ poetry”. En Brill’s companion to Propertius, 183-198. Leiden: Brill, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047404835_009.
Farrell, Joseph. “The Augustan Period: 40 BC-AD 14”. En A Companion to Latin Literature, editado por S. Harrison, 45-57. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996683.ch4.
García, Manel. “Female dress in the Augustean Age”. En Purpureae Vestes Textiles, Basketry and Dyes in the Ancient Mediterranean World, editado por J. Ortiz, C. Alfaro, L. Turell y M. J. Martínez, 71-85. València: Universitat de València, 2016.
García, Manel. “Que viva el que ama: sexualidad y género en la época de Augusto”. En Mujeres, género y estudios clásicos: un diálogo entre España y Brasil, editado por M. García y R. S. Garraffoni, 215-240. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, 2019.
Green, Carin. Roman religion and the cult of Diana at Aricia. London: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Gruen, Erich. “Culture as Policy: The Attalids of Pergamon”. En From Pergamon to Sperlonga. Sculpture and context, editado por N. Grummond, y B. S. Ridgway, 17-31. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520924833-005.
Guerrini, Lucia. “A propósito del così detto Auriga dei conservatori”. Archeologia Classica, 11, 1959, 171-178.
Hardie, Philip. “Fifth Century Athenian and Augustan Images of the Barbarian Other”. Classics Ireland, 4, 1997, 46-56. https://doi.org/10.2307/25528308.
Haselberger, Lothar. “Urbem Adornare. Die Stadt Rom und ihre Gestaltungswandlung unter Augustus. Rome’s Urban Metamorphosis under Augustus”. Portsmouth: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2007.
Haupt, Moriz. Opuscula III. Leipzig: Salomón Hirzelis, 1876.
Hölscher, Tonio. “Der Tempel des Apollo in circo in Rom und seine Bauherren”. Archäologischer Anzeiger, 2023(1), 2023, 340-361.
Huber, Melissa. “Rome Becoming Athens, Athens Becoming Rome: Building Cultural Reciprocity in the Augustan Period”. Chrestomathy, 10, 2011, 204-219.
Janan, Micaela. The politics of desire. Propertius IV. Berkeley: University of Los Angeles Press, 2001.
La Rocca, Eugenio. Amazzonomachia. Le sculture frontonali del tempio di Apollo Sosiano. Mainz & Rhein: Phillip von Zabern, 1985.
La Rocca, Eugenio. L’Auriga dell’Esquilino. Roma: L’Erma di Bretschneider, 1987.
Larson, Jennifer. Greek Heroine Cults. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995.
Lozano, Fernando. La religión del poder. El culto imperial en Atenas en época de Augusto y los emperadores Julio-Claudios. Oxford: BAR, 2002.
Lozano, Fernando. Un dios entre los hombres. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, 2010.
Martino, Luis. “Augusto y el mos maiorum en el Carmen Saeculare de Horacio”. Circe, 10, 2006, 217-228.
Meyer, Wilhelm. Pomponii Porphyrionis Commentarii in Q. Horatium Flaccum. Lipsiae: B. G. Teubneri, 1874.
Murray, William y Photios Petsas. Octavian’s Campsite Memorial for the Actian War. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1989. https://doi.org/10.70249/9798893981469-005.
Neel, Jaclyn. “Sculpting History into Myth: Tarpeia and Foreign Conquest”. En Myth and History in the Historiography of Early Rome, 212-241. Leiden: Brill, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004534506_012.
Nisbet, Robert. “Horace’s epodes and history”. En Politics and Poetry in the age of Augustus, editado por. A. J. Woodman y D. West, 1-18. London: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Oller Marta y Gemma Puigvert. Quan les dones tenien el poder. Lideratge femení a l’antiga Grècia i Roma. Barcelona: La Magrana, 2024.
Pachoumi, Eleni (2017). The Concepts of the Divine in the Greek Medical Papyri. Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck.
Palagia, Olga. “An Athena Promachos from the Acropolis of Sparta”. En Sculpture from Arcadia and Laconia, editado por O. Palagia y W. Coulson, 167-175. Oxford: Oxbow, 1993.
Pena, María José y Marta Oller. “Hipólito y Orestes en el santuario de Diana en Nemi: contaminaciones mitográficas antiguas y modernas. Análisis crítico de las fuentes literarias”. Latomus, revue d’études latines, 71, 2012, 338-373.
Plácido, Domingo. “La construcción de la imagen del Imperio desde Grecia: La historia romana de Dión Casio”. Studia Historica. Historia antigua, 29, 2011, 223-233.
Raymond-Dufouleur, Emmanuelle. “Entre sexe et genre : le personnage de Camille au livre XI de l’Énéide”. Vita Latina, 193-194, 2016, 45-68. https://doi.org/10.3406/vita.2016.1827.
Ridgway, Brunilde. Prayers in Stone. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997.
Ruzicka, Stephen. Politics of a Persian Dynasty: The Hecatomnids in the Fourth Century B.C. Oklahoma: Norman, 1992.
Schniebs, Alicia. “Las letras de Augusto”. En Augusto, yo, emperador de Roma editado por H. Zurutuza y H. Botalla, 1-10. Buenos Aires: Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2010.
Schollmeyer, Patrick. “Die «Amazone» Roma: Ein Sinnbild antiker Städteherrlichkeit”. Antike Welt, 5, 2010, 15-19.
Spawforth, Antony. “The Early Reception of the Imperial Cult in Athens: Problems and Ambiguities”. En The Romanization of Athens, editado por M. C. Hoff y S. I. Rotroff, 183-202. Oxford: Oxbow, 1997.
Stahl, Hans-Peter. “Political stop-overs on a Mythological Travel Route: From Battling Harpies to the Battle of Actium. Aeneid 3.268-93”. En Vergil’s Aeneid: Augustan Epic and Political Context, editado por H.P. Stahl, 37-84. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, 1998. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvvnb40.8.
Steingräber, Stephan. “Pergamene influences on Etruscan Hellenistic Art”. En From Pergamon to Sperlonga. Scupture and context, editado por N.T. de Grummond y B.S. Ridgway, 235-256. Oakland: University of California Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520924833-013.
Stewart, Andrew et al. “Classical Sculpture from the Athenian Agora, part 3. The pediments, metopes and akroteria of the temple of Ares (temple of Athena Pallenis)”. Hesperia, 90, 2021, 533-604. https://doi.org/10.2972/hesperia.90.3.0533.
Tarrant, Richard. “Aspects of Virgil’s reception in Antiquity”. En The Cambridge Companion to Virgil, editado por C. Martindale y F. McGóráin, 43-62. London: Cambridge University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316756102.005.
Thom, Samuel. “Horace on Horace odes IV”. Akroterion, 46, 2012, 43-49. https://doi.org/10.7445/49-0-88.
Tyrell, William. Las amazonas. Un estudio de los mitos atenienses. México, D.F.: Fondo de Cultura económica, 1989.
Vacinová, Lenka. “The punishment of Tarpeia and its possible iconographic inspiration”. Acta universitatis Carolinae Philologica, 2, 2017, 43–55. https://doi.org/10.14712/24646830.2017.12.
Vermeule, Cornelius. The Goddess Rome in the art of the Roman Empire. London: Spink & son, 1959.
Vernant, Jean-Pierre. Mito y religión en la Grecia Antigua. Barcelona: Ariel, 1991.
Veyne, Paul. La elegía erótica romana. México D.F.: Fondo de Cultura económica, 2006.
Viscogliosi, Alessandro. “Apollo, Aedes in Circo”. Lexicus Topographicum Urbis Romae, 1, 1993, 49-54.
Warden, John. “Another Would-Be Amazon: Propertius 4, 4, 71-72”. Hermes, 106(1), 1978, 177-187.
Welch, Tara. “Songworthy Athens, Invincible Rome: Tarpeia in Plutarch’s Romulus”. En Tarpeia: workings on Roman Myth, 254-283. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 2015. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv5jxq4j.
White, Peter. Promised Verse. Poets in the Society of Augustan Rome. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674437302.
Willemsen, Sara. “De amazone in centraal-Italië: symbool van een nieuw tijdperk”. Tijdschrift voor. Mediterrane Archeologie, 39, 2008, 3-8.
Wise, Jessica. Gender, rhetoric, authority: Ovid’s Fasti and augustan thought on women. Tesis doctoral. Universidad de North Carolina, 2017.
Wyke, Maria. “Augustan Cleopatras: female power and poetic authority”. En Roman poetry and propaganda in the age of Augustus, editado por A. Powell, 98-140. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 1992.
Zachos, Konstantinos. “The Tropaeum of the Sea-Battle of Actium at Nikopolis: Interim Report”. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 16, 2003, 65-92. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047759400013003.
Zanker, Paul. The power of Images in the age of Augustus. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1988. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.12362.
Antonaccio, Carla. An archaeology of ancestors. Tomb cult and Hero Cult in Early Greece. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1994.
Bellido, José A. “El motivo literario de la milita amoris en Plauto y su influencia en Ovidio”. Estudios Clásicos, 95, 1989, 21-34.
Bennet, Florence. Religious cults associated with Amazons. New York: Columbia University, 1912. https://doi.org/10.7312/benn92592.
Bernabé, Alberto. Fragmentos de épica griega arcaica. Madrid: Gredos, 1979.
Blok, Josine. The Early Amazons: Modern and Ancient Perspectives on a Persistent Myth. Leiden: Brill, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004301436.
Borza, Eugene y Olga Palagia. “The Chronology of the Macedonian Royal Tombs at Vergina”. Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, 122, 2007, 81–122.
Bothmer, Dietrich. Amazons in Greek art. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957.
Bowersock, Glen (2002). “The New Hellenism of Augustan Athens”. Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, 7(1), 2002, 1-16.
Bremmer, Jan. Greek religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Calandra, Oscar. “Naumaquias, el mayor espectáculo de Roma”. Boletín del Centro Naval, 822, 2008, 447-458.
Camp, John. The Archaeology of Athens. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.
Capdeville, Gérard. “La jeunesse de Camille”. Antiquité, 104, 1, 1992, 303-338. https://doi.org/10.3406/mefr.1992.1759.
Chalkia, Eugenia. “Nikopolis”. En Heaven & Earth. Cities and countryside in Byzantine Greeze, editado por Jenny Albani y Eugenia Chalkia, 140-155. Atenas: Ministry of Culture and Sports, 2013.
Chrysostomou, Paulos y Frankiska Kefallonitou. Nikopolis. Atenas: Ministry of Culture, 2001.
Crawford, Michael. Roman Republican Coinage. London: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
Davies, Ceri. “Poetry in the ‘circle’ of Messalla”. Greece & Rome, 1, 1973, 25-35.
Dowden, Ken. “The Amazons: Development and functions”. Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, 140, 1997, 97-128.
Du Quesnay, Ian. “Horace and Maecenas: the propaganda value of Sermones I”. En Politics and Poetry in the age of Augustus, editado por. A. J. Woodman y D. West, 19-58. London: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Ducci, Elena. “Le terrecotte architettoniche della Catona”. Instituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici, 55, 1987, 131-152.
Fantham, Elaine. “The image of woman in Propertius’ poetry”. En Brill’s companion to Propertius, 183-198. Leiden: Brill, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047404835_009.
Farrell, Joseph. “The Augustan Period: 40 BC-AD 14”. En A Companion to Latin Literature, editado por S. Harrison, 45-57. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996683.ch4.
García, Manel. “Female dress in the Augustean Age”. En Purpureae Vestes Textiles, Basketry and Dyes in the Ancient Mediterranean World, editado por J. Ortiz, C. Alfaro, L. Turell y M. J. Martínez, 71-85. València: Universitat de València, 2016.
García, Manel. “Que viva el que ama: sexualidad y género en la época de Augusto”. En Mujeres, género y estudios clásicos: un diálogo entre España y Brasil, editado por M. García y R. S. Garraffoni, 215-240. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, 2019.
Green, Carin. Roman religion and the cult of Diana at Aricia. London: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Gruen, Erich. “Culture as Policy: The Attalids of Pergamon”. En From Pergamon to Sperlonga. Sculpture and context, editado por N. Grummond, y B. S. Ridgway, 17-31. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520924833-005.
Guerrini, Lucia. “A propósito del così detto Auriga dei conservatori”. Archeologia Classica, 11, 1959, 171-178.
Hardie, Philip. “Fifth Century Athenian and Augustan Images of the Barbarian Other”. Classics Ireland, 4, 1997, 46-56. https://doi.org/10.2307/25528308.
Haselberger, Lothar. “Urbem Adornare. Die Stadt Rom und ihre Gestaltungswandlung unter Augustus. Rome’s Urban Metamorphosis under Augustus”. Portsmouth: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2007.
Haupt, Moriz. Opuscula III. Leipzig: Salomón Hirzelis, 1876.
Hölscher, Tonio. “Der Tempel des Apollo in circo in Rom und seine Bauherren”. Archäologischer Anzeiger, 2023(1), 2023, 340-361.
Huber, Melissa. “Rome Becoming Athens, Athens Becoming Rome: Building Cultural Reciprocity in the Augustan Period”. Chrestomathy, 10, 2011, 204-219.
Janan, Micaela. The politics of desire. Propertius IV. Berkeley: University of Los Angeles Press, 2001.
La Rocca, Eugenio. Amazzonomachia. Le sculture frontonali del tempio di Apollo Sosiano. Mainz & Rhein: Phillip von Zabern, 1985.
La Rocca, Eugenio. L’Auriga dell’Esquilino. Roma: L’Erma di Bretschneider, 1987.
Larson, Jennifer. Greek Heroine Cults. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995.
Lozano, Fernando. La religión del poder. El culto imperial en Atenas en época de Augusto y los emperadores Julio-Claudios. Oxford: BAR, 2002.
Lozano, Fernando. Un dios entre los hombres. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, 2010.
Martino, Luis. “Augusto y el mos maiorum en el Carmen Saeculare de Horacio”. Circe, 10, 2006, 217-228.
Meyer, Wilhelm. Pomponii Porphyrionis Commentarii in Q. Horatium Flaccum. Lipsiae: B. G. Teubneri, 1874.
Murray, William y Photios Petsas. Octavian’s Campsite Memorial for the Actian War. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1989. https://doi.org/10.70249/9798893981469-005.
Neel, Jaclyn. “Sculpting History into Myth: Tarpeia and Foreign Conquest”. En Myth and History in the Historiography of Early Rome, 212-241. Leiden: Brill, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004534506_012.
Nisbet, Robert. “Horace’s epodes and history”. En Politics and Poetry in the age of Augustus, editado por. A. J. Woodman y D. West, 1-18. London: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Oller Marta y Gemma Puigvert. Quan les dones tenien el poder. Lideratge femení a l’antiga Grècia i Roma. Barcelona: La Magrana, 2024.
Pachoumi, Eleni (2017). The Concepts of the Divine in the Greek Medical Papyri. Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck.
Palagia, Olga. “An Athena Promachos from the Acropolis of Sparta”. En Sculpture from Arcadia and Laconia, editado por O. Palagia y W. Coulson, 167-175. Oxford: Oxbow, 1993.
Pena, María José y Marta Oller. “Hipólito y Orestes en el santuario de Diana en Nemi: contaminaciones mitográficas antiguas y modernas. Análisis crítico de las fuentes literarias”. Latomus, revue d’études latines, 71, 2012, 338-373.
Plácido, Domingo. “La construcción de la imagen del Imperio desde Grecia: La historia romana de Dión Casio”. Studia Historica. Historia antigua, 29, 2011, 223-233.
Raymond-Dufouleur, Emmanuelle. “Entre sexe et genre : le personnage de Camille au livre XI de l’Énéide”. Vita Latina, 193-194, 2016, 45-68. https://doi.org/10.3406/vita.2016.1827.
Ridgway, Brunilde. Prayers in Stone. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997.
Ruzicka, Stephen. Politics of a Persian Dynasty: The Hecatomnids in the Fourth Century B.C. Oklahoma: Norman, 1992.
Schniebs, Alicia. “Las letras de Augusto”. En Augusto, yo, emperador de Roma editado por H. Zurutuza y H. Botalla, 1-10. Buenos Aires: Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2010.
Schollmeyer, Patrick. “Die «Amazone» Roma: Ein Sinnbild antiker Städteherrlichkeit”. Antike Welt, 5, 2010, 15-19.
Spawforth, Antony. “The Early Reception of the Imperial Cult in Athens: Problems and Ambiguities”. En The Romanization of Athens, editado por M. C. Hoff y S. I. Rotroff, 183-202. Oxford: Oxbow, 1997.
Stahl, Hans-Peter. “Political stop-overs on a Mythological Travel Route: From Battling Harpies to the Battle of Actium. Aeneid 3.268-93”. En Vergil’s Aeneid: Augustan Epic and Political Context, editado por H.P. Stahl, 37-84. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, 1998. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvvnb40.8.
Steingräber, Stephan. “Pergamene influences on Etruscan Hellenistic Art”. En From Pergamon to Sperlonga. Scupture and context, editado por N.T. de Grummond y B.S. Ridgway, 235-256. Oakland: University of California Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520924833-013.
Stewart, Andrew et al. “Classical Sculpture from the Athenian Agora, part 3. The pediments, metopes and akroteria of the temple of Ares (temple of Athena Pallenis)”. Hesperia, 90, 2021, 533-604. https://doi.org/10.2972/hesperia.90.3.0533.
Tarrant, Richard. “Aspects of Virgil’s reception in Antiquity”. En The Cambridge Companion to Virgil, editado por C. Martindale y F. McGóráin, 43-62. London: Cambridge University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316756102.005.
Thom, Samuel. “Horace on Horace odes IV”. Akroterion, 46, 2012, 43-49. https://doi.org/10.7445/49-0-88.
Tyrell, William. Las amazonas. Un estudio de los mitos atenienses. México, D.F.: Fondo de Cultura económica, 1989.
Vacinová, Lenka. “The punishment of Tarpeia and its possible iconographic inspiration”. Acta universitatis Carolinae Philologica, 2, 2017, 43–55. https://doi.org/10.14712/24646830.2017.12.
Vermeule, Cornelius. The Goddess Rome in the art of the Roman Empire. London: Spink & son, 1959.
Vernant, Jean-Pierre. Mito y religión en la Grecia Antigua. Barcelona: Ariel, 1991.
Veyne, Paul. La elegía erótica romana. México D.F.: Fondo de Cultura económica, 2006.
Viscogliosi, Alessandro. “Apollo, Aedes in Circo”. Lexicus Topographicum Urbis Romae, 1, 1993, 49-54.
Warden, John. “Another Would-Be Amazon: Propertius 4, 4, 71-72”. Hermes, 106(1), 1978, 177-187.
Welch, Tara. “Songworthy Athens, Invincible Rome: Tarpeia in Plutarch’s Romulus”. En Tarpeia: workings on Roman Myth, 254-283. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 2015. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv5jxq4j.
White, Peter. Promised Verse. Poets in the Society of Augustan Rome. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674437302.
Willemsen, Sara. “De amazone in centraal-Italië: symbool van een nieuw tijdperk”. Tijdschrift voor. Mediterrane Archeologie, 39, 2008, 3-8.
Wise, Jessica. Gender, rhetoric, authority: Ovid’s Fasti and augustan thought on women. Tesis doctoral. Universidad de North Carolina, 2017.
Wyke, Maria. “Augustan Cleopatras: female power and poetic authority”. En Roman poetry and propaganda in the age of Augustus, editado por A. Powell, 98-140. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 1992.
Zachos, Konstantinos. “The Tropaeum of the Sea-Battle of Actium at Nikopolis: Interim Report”. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 16, 2003, 65-92. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047759400013003.
Zanker, Paul. The power of Images in the age of Augustus. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1988. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.12362.
Monje Gutiérrez, S. (2025). The myth of the Amazons in the literature of the age of Augustus. Studia Historica. Historia Antigua, 43, e32092. https://doi.org/10.14201/shha32092
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