Employability skills and quality of life among employees with mild and moderate intellectual disability who attend occupation centres in catalonia (Spain)
Abstract Background: The study explores the relationship between quality of life (QoL) and employability skills in a non-random sample of 100 employees of occupational centres (OCs) in Barcelona (Spain). The influence of gender, age and level of intellectual disability (ID) is also explored. Method: A quantitative approach was adopted to collect and examine data, gathered through two different instruments: the GENCAT SCALE (Verdugo et al., 2008) (and the Employability Skills Scale (Jariot, Laborda and González, 2020). Results: A correlation between QoL and employability skills has been found. A relationship between age and employability skills was also found, in which younger individuals reported better in employability skills. Age was also found to have an effect on some QoL domains. The ID level turned out to be a significant factor in the development of employability skills, as well as in some QoL domains. The crucial role of job placement in personal development is underlined, as well as the need for more inclusive procedures in occupancy services.
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AAIDD. (2011). Discapacidad intelectual. Definición, clasificación y sistemas de apoyo. Madrid: Alianza.
BLANCO, A. (2008). Formación universitaria basada en competencias [Skills based University education]. In L. PRIETO (Ed.), La enseñanza universitaria centrada en el aprendizaje [Learning-centred university education] (pp. 31-59). Barcelona: Octaedro.
BLAS, F. (2007). Competencias profesionales en la formación profesional [Professional skills in vocational training]. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
COCKS, E., THORESEN, S. and LEE, E. (2015). Pathways to employment and quality of life for apprenticeship and traineeship graduates with disabilities. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 62(4), 422-437.
CUMMINS, R. (2016). Quality of life. In N. SINGH , Handbook of practices in intellectual and developmental disabilities (pp. 169-228). Augusta: Springer.
DOCAMPO, G. and MORÁN, M. C. (2014). Evaluación de la competencia profesional en personas con discapacidad intelectual: una propuesta de adaptación de la metodología e instrumentos INCUAL para la igualdad de oportunidades. [Professional skills evaluation in people with intellectual disability: a proposal of and adaptation of the INCUAL methodology and instruments for the equal opportunity]. Revista Española de Discapacidad, 2(1), 71-96.
ELLENKAMP, J., BROUWERS, E., EMBREGTS, P., JOOSEN, M. and VAN WEEGHEL, J. (2016). Work environment-related factors in obtaining and maintaining work in a competitive employment setting for employees with intellectual disability: a systematic review. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 26, 56-69.
FILLARY, R. and PERNICE, R. (2005). Workplace culture analysis where people with intellectual disabilities work: a case study approach. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 30(3), 176-180.
GILSON, C., CARTER, E. and BIGGS, E. (2017). Systematic review of instructional methods to teach employment skills to secondary students with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 42(2), 89-107.
HOLMES, J. and FILLARY, R. (2000). Handling small talk at work: challenges for workers with intellectual disabilities. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 47(3), 273-291.
JAHODA, A., KEMP, J., RIDDELL, S. and BANKS, P. (2008). Feelings about work: a review of the socio-emotional impact of supported employment on people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 21(1), 1-18.
JARIOT, M., LABORDA, C. and GONZÁLEZ, H. (2020). El perfil competencial laboral de personas con discapacidad intelectual en centros ocupacionales. Revista de Investigación Educativa, 38(2), 475-493. doi: 10.6018/rie.312241
KOBER, R. and EGGLETON, I. (2005). The effect of different types of employment on quality of life. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 756-760.
LABORDA, C. and GONZÁLEZ, H. (2017). Características diferenciales del empleo de personas con discapacidad intelectual. Prácticas innovadoras inclusivas: retos y oportunidades. En XIV Congreso Internacional de Educación Inclusiva. XXXIV Jornadas de Universidades y Educación Inclusiva (pp. 2621-2628). Oviedo: Servicio de Publicaciones Universidad de Oviedo.
LINDSTROM, L., DOREN, B. and MIESCH, J. (2011). Waging a living: career development and long-term employment outcomes for young adults with disabilities. Exceptional Children, 77(4), 423-434.
LÖVGREN, V. and HAMREBY, K. (2011). Factors of importance in the world of work for young people with intellectual disabilities. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 13(2), 91-117.
LUCAS, S., ARIAS, B. and OVEJERO, A. (2005). Orientación profesional e inserción sociolaboral de personas con discapacidad intelectual. [Career guidance and employability of people with intellectual disability]. Revista Universitaria de Ciencias del Trabajo, 6, 393-414.
NOTA, L., GINEVRA, M. and CARRIERI, L. (2010). Career interests and self-efficacy beliefs among young adults with an intellectual disability. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 7(4), 250-260.
PERALTA, F. and ARELLANO, A. (2014). La autodeterminación de las personas con discapacidad intelectual: situación actual en España. [Self-determination and autonomy of people with intellectual disability: the status of the issue in Spain]. Revista CES Psicología, 7(2), 59-77.
ROBERTSON, J., HATTON, C., BEYER, S., EMERSON, E. and BAINES, S. (2019). The association between employment and the health of people with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32, 1335-1348. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12632
SÁIZ, O. and SANTAMARÍA-VÁZQUEZ, M. (2015). La influencia de las variables sociodemográficas en la calidad de vida analizadas con el Whoqol-Bref. [The influence of sociodemographic variables in quality of life analysed with Whoqol-Bref]. TOG, 12(21).
SCHALOCK, R., KEITH, K., VERDUGO, M. and GÓMEZ, L. (2010). Quality of life model develop-ment in the field of intellectual disability. In R. KOBER (Ed.), Quality of life for people with intellectual disability (pp. 17-32). New York: Springer.
STEPHENS, D., COLLINS, M. and DODDER, R. (2005). A longitudinal study of employment and skill acquisition among individuals with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 26(5), 469-486.
UNESCO. (1981). The Sundberg Declaration, available at http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/sundbe_e.pdf
UNESCO. (1994). The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education. Available at http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/salama_e.pdf
VERDUGO, M., ARIAS, B., GÓMEZ, L. and SCHALOCK, R. (2008). Formulari de l’Escala Gencat de Qualitat de vida. Manual d’aplicació de l’Escala Gencat de Qualitat de vida. [Gencat’s Quality of Life scale form: application manual of the Gencat’s Quality of life scale]. Barcelona: Departament de Acció Social i Ciudadania, Generalitat de Catalunya.
VERDUGO, M., ARIAS, B., IBÁÑEZ, A. and SCHALOCK, R. (2010). Development of an objective instrument to assess quality of life in social services: reliability and validity in Spain. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 10, 105-123.
VERDUGO, M. Á., SCHALOCK, R. L., GÓMEZ, L. E. and ARIAS, B. (2007). Construcción de escalas de calidad de vida multidimensionales centradas en el contexto; la escala Gencat. [Building process of the multidimensional centered in the context quality of life scales: the GENCAT scale]. Siglo Cero, 38, 57-72.
WEST, M., WEHMAN, P. and WEHMAN, P. (2005). Competitive employment outcomes for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities: the national impact of the Best Buddies Jobs Program. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 23(1), 51-63.
WILLIAMS, J. and MAVIN, S. (2012). Disability as constructed difference: a literature review and research agenda for management and organization studies. International Journal of Management Reviews, 14, 159-179.
BLANCO, A. (2008). Formación universitaria basada en competencias [Skills based University education]. In L. PRIETO (Ed.), La enseñanza universitaria centrada en el aprendizaje [Learning-centred university education] (pp. 31-59). Barcelona: Octaedro.
BLAS, F. (2007). Competencias profesionales en la formación profesional [Professional skills in vocational training]. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
COCKS, E., THORESEN, S. and LEE, E. (2015). Pathways to employment and quality of life for apprenticeship and traineeship graduates with disabilities. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 62(4), 422-437.
CUMMINS, R. (2016). Quality of life. In N. SINGH , Handbook of practices in intellectual and developmental disabilities (pp. 169-228). Augusta: Springer.
DOCAMPO, G. and MORÁN, M. C. (2014). Evaluación de la competencia profesional en personas con discapacidad intelectual: una propuesta de adaptación de la metodología e instrumentos INCUAL para la igualdad de oportunidades. [Professional skills evaluation in people with intellectual disability: a proposal of and adaptation of the INCUAL methodology and instruments for the equal opportunity]. Revista Española de Discapacidad, 2(1), 71-96.
ELLENKAMP, J., BROUWERS, E., EMBREGTS, P., JOOSEN, M. and VAN WEEGHEL, J. (2016). Work environment-related factors in obtaining and maintaining work in a competitive employment setting for employees with intellectual disability: a systematic review. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 26, 56-69.
FILLARY, R. and PERNICE, R. (2005). Workplace culture analysis where people with intellectual disabilities work: a case study approach. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 30(3), 176-180.
GILSON, C., CARTER, E. and BIGGS, E. (2017). Systematic review of instructional methods to teach employment skills to secondary students with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 42(2), 89-107.
HOLMES, J. and FILLARY, R. (2000). Handling small talk at work: challenges for workers with intellectual disabilities. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 47(3), 273-291.
JAHODA, A., KEMP, J., RIDDELL, S. and BANKS, P. (2008). Feelings about work: a review of the socio-emotional impact of supported employment on people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 21(1), 1-18.
JARIOT, M., LABORDA, C. and GONZÁLEZ, H. (2020). El perfil competencial laboral de personas con discapacidad intelectual en centros ocupacionales. Revista de Investigación Educativa, 38(2), 475-493. doi: 10.6018/rie.312241
KOBER, R. and EGGLETON, I. (2005). The effect of different types of employment on quality of life. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 756-760.
LABORDA, C. and GONZÁLEZ, H. (2017). Características diferenciales del empleo de personas con discapacidad intelectual. Prácticas innovadoras inclusivas: retos y oportunidades. En XIV Congreso Internacional de Educación Inclusiva. XXXIV Jornadas de Universidades y Educación Inclusiva (pp. 2621-2628). Oviedo: Servicio de Publicaciones Universidad de Oviedo.
LINDSTROM, L., DOREN, B. and MIESCH, J. (2011). Waging a living: career development and long-term employment outcomes for young adults with disabilities. Exceptional Children, 77(4), 423-434.
LÖVGREN, V. and HAMREBY, K. (2011). Factors of importance in the world of work for young people with intellectual disabilities. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 13(2), 91-117.
LUCAS, S., ARIAS, B. and OVEJERO, A. (2005). Orientación profesional e inserción sociolaboral de personas con discapacidad intelectual. [Career guidance and employability of people with intellectual disability]. Revista Universitaria de Ciencias del Trabajo, 6, 393-414.
NOTA, L., GINEVRA, M. and CARRIERI, L. (2010). Career interests and self-efficacy beliefs among young adults with an intellectual disability. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 7(4), 250-260.
PERALTA, F. and ARELLANO, A. (2014). La autodeterminación de las personas con discapacidad intelectual: situación actual en España. [Self-determination and autonomy of people with intellectual disability: the status of the issue in Spain]. Revista CES Psicología, 7(2), 59-77.
ROBERTSON, J., HATTON, C., BEYER, S., EMERSON, E. and BAINES, S. (2019). The association between employment and the health of people with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32, 1335-1348. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12632
SÁIZ, O. and SANTAMARÍA-VÁZQUEZ, M. (2015). La influencia de las variables sociodemográficas en la calidad de vida analizadas con el Whoqol-Bref. [The influence of sociodemographic variables in quality of life analysed with Whoqol-Bref]. TOG, 12(21).
SCHALOCK, R., KEITH, K., VERDUGO, M. and GÓMEZ, L. (2010). Quality of life model develop-ment in the field of intellectual disability. In R. KOBER (Ed.), Quality of life for people with intellectual disability (pp. 17-32). New York: Springer.
STEPHENS, D., COLLINS, M. and DODDER, R. (2005). A longitudinal study of employment and skill acquisition among individuals with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 26(5), 469-486.
UNESCO. (1981). The Sundberg Declaration, available at http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/sundbe_e.pdf
UNESCO. (1994). The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education. Available at http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/salama_e.pdf
VERDUGO, M., ARIAS, B., GÓMEZ, L. and SCHALOCK, R. (2008). Formulari de l’Escala Gencat de Qualitat de vida. Manual d’aplicació de l’Escala Gencat de Qualitat de vida. [Gencat’s Quality of Life scale form: application manual of the Gencat’s Quality of life scale]. Barcelona: Departament de Acció Social i Ciudadania, Generalitat de Catalunya.
VERDUGO, M., ARIAS, B., IBÁÑEZ, A. and SCHALOCK, R. (2010). Development of an objective instrument to assess quality of life in social services: reliability and validity in Spain. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 10, 105-123.
VERDUGO, M. Á., SCHALOCK, R. L., GÓMEZ, L. E. and ARIAS, B. (2007). Construcción de escalas de calidad de vida multidimensionales centradas en el contexto; la escala Gencat. [Building process of the multidimensional centered in the context quality of life scales: the GENCAT scale]. Siglo Cero, 38, 57-72.
WEST, M., WEHMAN, P. and WEHMAN, P. (2005). Competitive employment outcomes for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities: the national impact of the Best Buddies Jobs Program. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 23(1), 51-63.
WILLIAMS, J. and MAVIN, S. (2012). Disability as constructed difference: a literature review and research agenda for management and organization studies. International Journal of Management Reviews, 14, 159-179.
González Fernández, H. ., Laborda Molla, C. ., & Jariot García , M. (2021). Employability skills and quality of life among employees with mild and moderate intellectual disability who attend occupation centres in catalonia (Spain). Siglo Cero, 52(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero20215214557
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