Emotional well-being of adults with Down syndrome: a transdiagnostic insight
Abstract Introduction. Different studies show high rates of psychopathological disorders, such as anxiety or depression, in adults with Down syndrome (DS). In addition, some variables such as executive functions (EF) and emotion regulation (ER), essential elements in adaptive behavior, present deficits in these people. Method. This study aimed to investigate the influence of EF and ER on the development of internalizing symptoms (depression and anxiety) in adults DS. DEX, ERC and PIMRA-II questionnaires were used with a sample of 40 adults to determine whether difficulties in executive functions and emotional regulation are related to the appearance of internalized symptoms in this population. Results. Results show the association between EF, ER and depression and anxiety. Likewise, there is a relation between internalizing symptomatology and life events such as the death of a familiar. Discussion. Intervention in ER and EF should be considered to prevent the appearance of internalized symptoms and the development of emotional disturbances. More research is needed to intervene in both capacities in a more comprehensive way, especially with regard to emotion regulation.
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Aldao, A. (2012). Emotion regulation strategies as transdiagnostic processes: a closer look at the invariance of their form and function. Spanish Journal of Clinical Psychology, 17 (3), 261-277.
Amadó, A., Serrat, E. y Vallés-Majoral, E. (2016). The role of executive functions in social cognition among children with Down syndrome: relationship patterns. Frontiers in Psychology, 7 (1363), 1-12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01363.
Anderson, J., Nielsen, J., Ferguson, M., Burback, M., Cox, E., Dai, L., ... Korenberg, J. (2013). Abnormal brain synchrony in Down syndrome. Neuroimage: Clinical, 2, 703-715.
Andrés, M. L., Castañeiras, C., Stelzer, F., Canet, L. e Introzzi, I. (2016). Funciones ejecutivas y regulación de la emoción: evidencia de su relación en niños. Psicología desde el Caribe, 33 (2), 169-189. doi: 10.14482/psdc.33.2.7278.
Belva, B. C. y Matson, J. L. (2015). Examining the psychometrics of the Psychopathology Inventory for Mentally Retarded Adults-II for individuals with mild and moderate intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 36, 291-302. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.017.
Borella, E., Carretti, B. y Lanfranchi, S. (2013). Inhibitory mechanisms in Down syndrome: Is there a specific or general déficit? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 65-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.07.017.
Camp, J. S., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Thomas, M. S. C. y Karran, E. K. (2016). Cross-syndrome comparison of real-world executive functioning and problem-solving using a new problem-solving questionnaire. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 59, 80-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.07.006.
Carney, D., Brown, J. H. y Henry, L. A. (2013). Executive function in Williams and Down syndromes. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 46-55. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.07.013.
Costanzo, F., Varuzza, C., Menghini, D., Addona, F., Gianesini, T. y Vicari, S. (2013). Executive functions in intellectual disabilities: A comparison between Williams syndrome and Down syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 1770-1780. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.01.024.
Cunningham, C. (2011). El síndrome de Down. Una introducción para padres. Barcelona: Paidós.
Daunhauer, L. A., Fidler, D. J., Hahn, L., Will, E., Lee, N. y Hepburn, S. (2014). Profiles of everyday executive functioning in young children with Down syndrome. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 119 (4), 303-318. doi: 10.1352/1944-7558-119.4.303.
Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Anual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750.
Dierssen, M. (2012). Down syndrome: the brain in trisomic mode. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13, 844-858.
Dykens, E. M., Shah, B., Davis, B., Baker, C., Fife, T. y Fitzpatrick, J. (2015). Psychiatric disorders in adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome and other intellectual disabilities. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 7, 1-8. doi: 10.1186/s11689-015-9101-1.
Esbensen, A. J., Boshkoff, E., Amaral, J. L., Tan, C. M. y Macks, R. (2015). Differentiating aging among adults with Down syndrome and comorbid dementia or psychopathology. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 121 (1), 13-24. doi: 10.1352/1944-7558-121.1.13.
Flórez, J., Garvía, B. y Fernández-Olaria, R. (2015). Síndrome de Down: Neurobiología, neuropsicología y salud mental. Bases para la intervención en el aprendizaje, la conducta y el bienestar mental. Madrid: cepe.
Foley, K. R., Jacoby, P., Einfeld, S., Girdler, S., Bourke, J., Riches, V. y Leonard, H. (2014). Day occupation is associated with psychopathology for adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome. BMC Psychiatry, 14, 1-8.
Gross, J. (2015). The extended process model of emotion regulation: elaborations, applications, and future directions. Psychological Inquiry, 26, 130-137. doi: 10.1080/1047840X.2015.989751.
Gunbey, H., Bilgici, M., Aslan, K., Has, A., Ogur, Alhan, A. e Incesu, L. (2017). Structural brain alterations of Down’s syndrome in early childhood evaluation by DTI and volumetric analyses. European Radiology, 27, 3013-3021.
Hofmann, W., Schmeichel, B. J. y Baddeley, A. D. (2012). Executive functions and self-regulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6 (3), 174-180. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.006.
Jahromi, L. B., Gulsrud, A. y Kasari, C. (2008). Emotional competence in children with Down syndrome: negativity and regulation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 1 (113), 32-43.
Janke, K. y Klein-Tasman, B. (2012). Executive functions in intellectual disability syndromes. En S. J. Hunter y E. P. Sparrow (Coords.), Executive function and dysfunction. Identification, assessment and treatment (pp. 5-16). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kinkead, A. P., Garrido, L. y Uribe, N. (2011). Modalidades evaluativas en la regulación emocional: aproximaciones actuales. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 20, 29-39.
Kruszka, P., Porras, A. R., Sobering, A. K., Ikolo, F. A., La Qua, S., Shotelersuk, V., … Muenke, M. (2016). Down syndrome in diverse populations. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 173, 42-53. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38043.
Lee, N., Anand, P., Will, E., Adeyemi, E. I., Clasen, L. S., Blumenthal, J. D., … Edgin, J. O. (2015). Everyday executive functions in Down syndrome from early childhood to young adulthood: evidence for both unique and shared characteristics compared to youth with sex chromosome trisomy (XXX and XXY). Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9 (264), 1-15. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00264.
Liogier, X., Edgin, J. O., Bouis, C., De Sola, S., Goeldner, C., Kishnani, P., … Khwaja, O. (2015). Assessment of cognitive scales to examine memory, executive function and language in individuals with Down syndrome: implications of a 6-month observational study. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9 (300), 1-11. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00300.
Mallardo, M., Cuskelly, M., White, P. y Jobling, A. (2014). Mental health problems in adults with Down syndrome and their association with life circumstances. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 7 (3), 229-245. doi: 10.1080/19315864.2013.842622.
Marchal, J. P., Maurice-Stam, H., Houtzager, B. A., Rutgers, S. L., Oostrom, K. J., Grootenhuis, M. A. y Paul, A. S. (2016). Growing up with Down syndrome: development from 6 months to 10.7 years. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 59, 437-450. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.09.019.
McWilliams, J., De Terte, I., Leathem, J., Malcolm, S. y Watson, J. (2014). Transformers: a programme for people with an intellectual disability and emotion regulation difficulties. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 5 (4), 178-188. doi: 10.1108/jidob-06-2014-0009.
Merrells, J., Buchanan, A. y Waters, R. (2017). The experience of social inclusion for people with intellectual disability within community recreational programs: a systematic review. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability. doi: 10.3109/13668250.2017.1283684.
Molina, P., Nives, M., Zappulla, C., Bonfigliuoli, C., Cavioni, V., Zanetti, M. A. y Cicchetti, D. (2014). The emotion regulation checklist-italian translation. Validation of parent and teachers versions. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 11 (5), 624-634. doi: 10.1080/17405629.2014.898581.
Moore, M., Conners, F. A. y Barth, J. M. (2014). Emotion knowledge in children and adolescents with Down syndrome: A new methodological approach. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 119 (5), 405-421. doi: 10.1352/1944-7558-119.5.405.
Ochsner, K. y Gross, J. (2014). The neural bases of emotion and emotion regulation: a valuation perspective. En J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 23-42). Nueva York: The Guilford Press.
Pedrero, E. J., Ruiz, J. M., Rojo, G., Llanero, M., Olivar, A., Bouso, J. C. y Puerta, C. (2009). Versión española del Cuestionario Disejecutivo (DEXSp): propiedades psicométricas en adictos y población no clínica. Adicciones, 21 (2), 155-166.
Pochon, R. y Declerq, C. (2013). Emotion recognition by children with Down syndrome: a longitudinal study. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 38 (4), 332-343. doi: 10.3109/13668250.2013.826346.
Pochon, R. y Declerq, C. (2014). Emotional lexicon understanding and emotion recognition: a longitudinal study in children with Down syndrome. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 26, 549-563. doi: 10.1007/s10882-014-9380-6.
Pochon, R., Touchet, C. e Ibernon, L. (2017). Emotion Recognition in Adolescents with Down syndrome: A nonverbal approach. Brain Sciences, 6 (6). doi: 10.3390/brainsci7060055.
Pritchard, A. E., Kalback, S., McCurdy, M. y Capone, G. T. (2015). Executive functions among young with Down syndrome and co-existing neurobehavioural disorders. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59 (12), 1130-1141. doi: 10.1111/jir.12217.
Reis, A., Silva, S., Ruschel, D., Côrtes, N., Abreu, N. y Mara, T. (2016). Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC): preliminary studies of cross-cultural adaptation and validation for Use in Brazil. Trends in Psychology, 24 (1), 97-116. doi: 10.9788/TP2016.1-07.
Santana, C., De Souza, W. y Feitosa, M. A. (2014). Recognition of facial emotional expressions and its correlation with cognitive abilities in children with Down syndrome. Psychology and Neuroscience, 7 (2), 73-81. doi: 10.3922/j.psns.2014.017.
Shaw, S., Oei, T. y Sawang, S. (2015). Psychometric validation of the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX). Psychological Assessment, 27 (1), 138-147.
Shields, A. y Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school age children: The development and validation of a new criterion q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33 (6), 906-916.
Skotko, B. G., Levine, S. P. y Goldstein, R. (2011). Self-perceptions from people with Down syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 155, 2360-2369. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34235.
Smith, M. C. y Walden, T. A. (14-18 agosto, 1998). Emotion regulation in children with Down syndrome. En American Psychological Association Annual Convention. San Francisco.
Straccia, C., Baggio, S. y Barisnikov, K. (2014). Mental illness, behavior problems, and social behavior in adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 7 (1), 74-90. doi: 10.1080/19315864.2012.741660.
Tassé, M. J., Navas, P., Havercamp, S. M., Benson, B. A., Allain, D. C., Manickam, K. y Davis, S. (2016). Psychiatric conditions prevalent among adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 13 (2), 173-180. doi: 10.1111/jppi.12156.
Walton, C. y Kerr, M. (2015). Down syndrome: systematic review of the prevalence and nature of presentation of unipolar depression. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 9 (4), 151-162. doi: 10.1108/AMHID-11-2014-0037.
Will, E., Fidler, D. y Daunhauer, L. A. (2014). Executive function and planning in early development in Down syndrome. International Review of Research in Developmental Disabilities, 47, 77-98. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800278-0.00003-8.
William, K. R., Wishart, J. G., Pitcairn, T. K. y Willis, D. S. (2005). Emotion recognition by children with Down syndrome: investigation of specific impairments and error patterns. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 110 (5), 378-392.
Wilson, B. A., Alderman, N., Burgess, P. W., Emslie, H. y Evans, J. J. (1996). Behavioural assessment of the dysexecutive syndrome. Bury St. Edmunds, UK: Thames Valley Test Company.
Wishart, J. G., Cebula, K. R., Willis, D. S. y Pitcairn, T. K. (2007). Understanding of facial expressions of emotion by children with intellectual disabilities of differing aetiology. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51, 551-563. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00947.x.
Amadó, A., Serrat, E. y Vallés-Majoral, E. (2016). The role of executive functions in social cognition among children with Down syndrome: relationship patterns. Frontiers in Psychology, 7 (1363), 1-12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01363.
Anderson, J., Nielsen, J., Ferguson, M., Burback, M., Cox, E., Dai, L., ... Korenberg, J. (2013). Abnormal brain synchrony in Down syndrome. Neuroimage: Clinical, 2, 703-715.
Andrés, M. L., Castañeiras, C., Stelzer, F., Canet, L. e Introzzi, I. (2016). Funciones ejecutivas y regulación de la emoción: evidencia de su relación en niños. Psicología desde el Caribe, 33 (2), 169-189. doi: 10.14482/psdc.33.2.7278.
Belva, B. C. y Matson, J. L. (2015). Examining the psychometrics of the Psychopathology Inventory for Mentally Retarded Adults-II for individuals with mild and moderate intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 36, 291-302. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.017.
Borella, E., Carretti, B. y Lanfranchi, S. (2013). Inhibitory mechanisms in Down syndrome: Is there a specific or general déficit? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 65-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.07.017.
Camp, J. S., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Thomas, M. S. C. y Karran, E. K. (2016). Cross-syndrome comparison of real-world executive functioning and problem-solving using a new problem-solving questionnaire. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 59, 80-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.07.006.
Carney, D., Brown, J. H. y Henry, L. A. (2013). Executive function in Williams and Down syndromes. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 46-55. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.07.013.
Costanzo, F., Varuzza, C., Menghini, D., Addona, F., Gianesini, T. y Vicari, S. (2013). Executive functions in intellectual disabilities: A comparison between Williams syndrome and Down syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 1770-1780. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.01.024.
Cunningham, C. (2011). El síndrome de Down. Una introducción para padres. Barcelona: Paidós.
Daunhauer, L. A., Fidler, D. J., Hahn, L., Will, E., Lee, N. y Hepburn, S. (2014). Profiles of everyday executive functioning in young children with Down syndrome. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 119 (4), 303-318. doi: 10.1352/1944-7558-119.4.303.
Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Anual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750.
Dierssen, M. (2012). Down syndrome: the brain in trisomic mode. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13, 844-858.
Dykens, E. M., Shah, B., Davis, B., Baker, C., Fife, T. y Fitzpatrick, J. (2015). Psychiatric disorders in adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome and other intellectual disabilities. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 7, 1-8. doi: 10.1186/s11689-015-9101-1.
Esbensen, A. J., Boshkoff, E., Amaral, J. L., Tan, C. M. y Macks, R. (2015). Differentiating aging among adults with Down syndrome and comorbid dementia or psychopathology. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 121 (1), 13-24. doi: 10.1352/1944-7558-121.1.13.
Flórez, J., Garvía, B. y Fernández-Olaria, R. (2015). Síndrome de Down: Neurobiología, neuropsicología y salud mental. Bases para la intervención en el aprendizaje, la conducta y el bienestar mental. Madrid: cepe.
Foley, K. R., Jacoby, P., Einfeld, S., Girdler, S., Bourke, J., Riches, V. y Leonard, H. (2014). Day occupation is associated with psychopathology for adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome. BMC Psychiatry, 14, 1-8.
Gross, J. (2015). The extended process model of emotion regulation: elaborations, applications, and future directions. Psychological Inquiry, 26, 130-137. doi: 10.1080/1047840X.2015.989751.
Gunbey, H., Bilgici, M., Aslan, K., Has, A., Ogur, Alhan, A. e Incesu, L. (2017). Structural brain alterations of Down’s syndrome in early childhood evaluation by DTI and volumetric analyses. European Radiology, 27, 3013-3021.
Hofmann, W., Schmeichel, B. J. y Baddeley, A. D. (2012). Executive functions and self-regulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6 (3), 174-180. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.006.
Jahromi, L. B., Gulsrud, A. y Kasari, C. (2008). Emotional competence in children with Down syndrome: negativity and regulation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 1 (113), 32-43.
Janke, K. y Klein-Tasman, B. (2012). Executive functions in intellectual disability syndromes. En S. J. Hunter y E. P. Sparrow (Coords.), Executive function and dysfunction. Identification, assessment and treatment (pp. 5-16). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kinkead, A. P., Garrido, L. y Uribe, N. (2011). Modalidades evaluativas en la regulación emocional: aproximaciones actuales. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 20, 29-39.
Kruszka, P., Porras, A. R., Sobering, A. K., Ikolo, F. A., La Qua, S., Shotelersuk, V., … Muenke, M. (2016). Down syndrome in diverse populations. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 173, 42-53. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38043.
Lee, N., Anand, P., Will, E., Adeyemi, E. I., Clasen, L. S., Blumenthal, J. D., … Edgin, J. O. (2015). Everyday executive functions in Down syndrome from early childhood to young adulthood: evidence for both unique and shared characteristics compared to youth with sex chromosome trisomy (XXX and XXY). Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9 (264), 1-15. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00264.
Liogier, X., Edgin, J. O., Bouis, C., De Sola, S., Goeldner, C., Kishnani, P., … Khwaja, O. (2015). Assessment of cognitive scales to examine memory, executive function and language in individuals with Down syndrome: implications of a 6-month observational study. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9 (300), 1-11. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00300.
Mallardo, M., Cuskelly, M., White, P. y Jobling, A. (2014). Mental health problems in adults with Down syndrome and their association with life circumstances. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 7 (3), 229-245. doi: 10.1080/19315864.2013.842622.
Marchal, J. P., Maurice-Stam, H., Houtzager, B. A., Rutgers, S. L., Oostrom, K. J., Grootenhuis, M. A. y Paul, A. S. (2016). Growing up with Down syndrome: development from 6 months to 10.7 years. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 59, 437-450. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.09.019.
McWilliams, J., De Terte, I., Leathem, J., Malcolm, S. y Watson, J. (2014). Transformers: a programme for people with an intellectual disability and emotion regulation difficulties. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 5 (4), 178-188. doi: 10.1108/jidob-06-2014-0009.
Merrells, J., Buchanan, A. y Waters, R. (2017). The experience of social inclusion for people with intellectual disability within community recreational programs: a systematic review. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability. doi: 10.3109/13668250.2017.1283684.
Molina, P., Nives, M., Zappulla, C., Bonfigliuoli, C., Cavioni, V., Zanetti, M. A. y Cicchetti, D. (2014). The emotion regulation checklist-italian translation. Validation of parent and teachers versions. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 11 (5), 624-634. doi: 10.1080/17405629.2014.898581.
Moore, M., Conners, F. A. y Barth, J. M. (2014). Emotion knowledge in children and adolescents with Down syndrome: A new methodological approach. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 119 (5), 405-421. doi: 10.1352/1944-7558-119.5.405.
Ochsner, K. y Gross, J. (2014). The neural bases of emotion and emotion regulation: a valuation perspective. En J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 23-42). Nueva York: The Guilford Press.
Pedrero, E. J., Ruiz, J. M., Rojo, G., Llanero, M., Olivar, A., Bouso, J. C. y Puerta, C. (2009). Versión española del Cuestionario Disejecutivo (DEXSp): propiedades psicométricas en adictos y población no clínica. Adicciones, 21 (2), 155-166.
Pochon, R. y Declerq, C. (2013). Emotion recognition by children with Down syndrome: a longitudinal study. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 38 (4), 332-343. doi: 10.3109/13668250.2013.826346.
Pochon, R. y Declerq, C. (2014). Emotional lexicon understanding and emotion recognition: a longitudinal study in children with Down syndrome. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 26, 549-563. doi: 10.1007/s10882-014-9380-6.
Pochon, R., Touchet, C. e Ibernon, L. (2017). Emotion Recognition in Adolescents with Down syndrome: A nonverbal approach. Brain Sciences, 6 (6). doi: 10.3390/brainsci7060055.
Pritchard, A. E., Kalback, S., McCurdy, M. y Capone, G. T. (2015). Executive functions among young with Down syndrome and co-existing neurobehavioural disorders. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59 (12), 1130-1141. doi: 10.1111/jir.12217.
Reis, A., Silva, S., Ruschel, D., Côrtes, N., Abreu, N. y Mara, T. (2016). Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC): preliminary studies of cross-cultural adaptation and validation for Use in Brazil. Trends in Psychology, 24 (1), 97-116. doi: 10.9788/TP2016.1-07.
Santana, C., De Souza, W. y Feitosa, M. A. (2014). Recognition of facial emotional expressions and its correlation with cognitive abilities in children with Down syndrome. Psychology and Neuroscience, 7 (2), 73-81. doi: 10.3922/j.psns.2014.017.
Shaw, S., Oei, T. y Sawang, S. (2015). Psychometric validation of the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX). Psychological Assessment, 27 (1), 138-147.
Shields, A. y Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school age children: The development and validation of a new criterion q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33 (6), 906-916.
Skotko, B. G., Levine, S. P. y Goldstein, R. (2011). Self-perceptions from people with Down syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 155, 2360-2369. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34235.
Smith, M. C. y Walden, T. A. (14-18 agosto, 1998). Emotion regulation in children with Down syndrome. En American Psychological Association Annual Convention. San Francisco.
Straccia, C., Baggio, S. y Barisnikov, K. (2014). Mental illness, behavior problems, and social behavior in adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 7 (1), 74-90. doi: 10.1080/19315864.2012.741660.
Tassé, M. J., Navas, P., Havercamp, S. M., Benson, B. A., Allain, D. C., Manickam, K. y Davis, S. (2016). Psychiatric conditions prevalent among adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 13 (2), 173-180. doi: 10.1111/jppi.12156.
Walton, C. y Kerr, M. (2015). Down syndrome: systematic review of the prevalence and nature of presentation of unipolar depression. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 9 (4), 151-162. doi: 10.1108/AMHID-11-2014-0037.
Will, E., Fidler, D. y Daunhauer, L. A. (2014). Executive function and planning in early development in Down syndrome. International Review of Research in Developmental Disabilities, 47, 77-98. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800278-0.00003-8.
William, K. R., Wishart, J. G., Pitcairn, T. K. y Willis, D. S. (2005). Emotion recognition by children with Down syndrome: investigation of specific impairments and error patterns. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 110 (5), 378-392.
Wilson, B. A., Alderman, N., Burgess, P. W., Emslie, H. y Evans, J. J. (1996). Behavioural assessment of the dysexecutive syndrome. Bury St. Edmunds, UK: Thames Valley Test Company.
Wishart, J. G., Cebula, K. R., Willis, D. S. y Pitcairn, T. K. (2007). Understanding of facial expressions of emotion by children with intellectual disabilities of differing aetiology. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51, 551-563. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00947.x.
Álvarez-Couto, M., Sáez-Suanes, G. P., & D’orey Roquete, M. (2020). Emotional well-being of adults with Down syndrome: a transdiagnostic insight. Siglo Cero, 50(4), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero2019504721
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