Cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disorder in people with intellectual disability
Abstract The aim of this study is to explore the prevalence of cognitive impairment in a sample of individuals with intellectual disability (ID) aged 35 years old and over, with the purpose of establishing an early diagnosis. Participants were 36 individuals with ID whose ages ranged from 35 to 61 years old, all of them receiving services at Fundación Personas (Asprosub) in Zamora. The Spanish version (Esteba-Castillo et al., 2013) of the Cambridge examination for mental disorders of older people with Down syndrome and others with intellectual disabilities, CAMDEX-DS (Ball, Dodd, Holland, Huppert and Treppner, 2006) was applied. As part of this assessment instrument, the neuropsychological Cambridge Cognitive Examination battery, CAMCOG, aimed at measuring cognitive impairment, was applied; when scores indicated a suspicion of cognitive impairment, an interview with a professional was carried out to obtain information about possible changes that could have arisen in the behavior of our participants. Results indicated that 22% of the sample has a risk of cognitive impairment. According to the informants, these individuals have manifested behavioral and personality changes, and changes in their abilities of daily life. No significant differences were found in the diagnosis of cognitive impairment as a function of age. On the other hand, when analyzing the etiology and the degree of ID (mild or moderate), people with Down syndrome scored significantly lower than those whose ID was not due to this etiology. On the other hand, individuals with moderate ID presented a higher ratio of cognitive impairment than those with mild ID. The results obtained are discussed and the limitations of the study are indicated.
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Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría (2013). Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (DSM-5). Arlington: Panamericana
Ball, S., Dodd, K., Holland, T., Huppert, F. y Treppner, P. (2006). CAMDEX-DS. Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of Older people with Down's Syndrome and Others with Intellectual Disabilities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ball, S., Holland, T., Huppert, F. A., Treppner, P. y Dodd, K. (2013). Prueba de Exploración Cambridge para la Valoración de los Trastornos Mentales en Adultos con Síndrome de Down o con Discapacidad Intelectual. Madrid, Espa-a: TEA Ediciones.
Barrio del Campo, J. A., Árias, M., Ruiz Fernández, M. I. y Vicente Castro, F. (2007). Envejecimiento y discapacidad intelectual: la nueva etapa. INFAD Resvista de Psicologia, 1(2), 43-56.
Bell, D. M., Turnbull, A. y Kidd, W. B. (2009). Differential diagnosis of dementia in the field of learning disabilities: A case study. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 37(1), 56-65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2008.00524.x
Díaz, E., Gómez, L. E. y Alcedo, M. Á. (2016). Síndrome de Down y enfermedad de Alzheimer: factores de riesgo, evaluación e intervención. Revista Espa-ola de Discapacidad, 4(1), 27-51. https://doi.org/10.5569/2340-5104.04.01.02
Esteba-Castillo, S., Dalmau-Bueno, A., Ribas-Vidal, N., Ribas-Vilà, M., Novell-Alsina, R. y García-Alba, J. (2013). Adaptación y validacion del Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of Older People with Down's Syndrome and Others with Intellectual Disabilities (CAMDEX-DS) en población espa-ola con discapacidad intelectual. Revista de Neurologia, 57(8), 337-346.
Esteba-Castillo, S., Ribas, N., Baró, M. y Novell, R. (2006). Envejecimiento saludable en personas con síndrome de Down y demencia: necesidad de promover programas de formación y soporte a los usuarios, familias y entidades. Revista Médica Internacional sobre el Síndrome de Down, 10(2), 25-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1138-2074(06)70046-X
Eurilngs, H. L., Evenhuis H. M. y Kengen, M. F. (2006). Dementia Questionnaire for People with Learning Disabilities (DLD), San Antonio, TX; Harcourt Assesment
Fletcher, R. J., Barnhill, J. y Cooper, S. (2017). Diagnostic Manual- Intellectual Disability (2nd edition). Kingston, NY: NAAD Press.
Huppert F.A., Mountjoy C.Q., Roth M. y Tym E. Camdex-R: The Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Instituto Nacional de Estadística (2008). Encuesta sobre Discapacidad, Autonomía personal y situaciones de Dependencia, EDAD. Portal Mayores, 87, 12
Janicki, M. P., Heller, T., Seltzer, G. B. y Hogg, J. (1996). Practice guidelines for the clinical assessment and care management of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias among adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 40(4), 374-382.
Livingston, G., King, M., Hassiotis, A. y Stydom, A. (2007). Prevalence of dementia in intellectual disability using different diagnostic criteria. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 150-157. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.028845
Makary, A. T., Testa, R., Tonge, B. J., Einfeld, S. L., Mohr, C. y Gray, K. M. (2015). Association between adaptive behaviour and age in adults with down syndrome without dementia: Examining the range and severity of adaptive behaviour problems. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59(8), 689-702. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12172
McCarron, M., McCallion, P., Reilly, E. y Mulryan, N. (2014). A prospective 14year longitudinal followup of dementia in persons with Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 58(1), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12074
Moran, J. A., Rafii, M. S., Keller, S. M., Singh, B. K. y Janicki, M. P. (2013). The National Task Group on intellectual disabilities and dementia practices consensus recommendations for the evaluation and management of dementia in adults with intellectual disabilities. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 88(8), 831-840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.04.024
Oliver, C., Adams, D. y Kalsy, S. (2008). Ageing, dementia and people with intellectual disability. En B. Woods y L. Clare (Eds.), Handbook of the Clinical Psychology of Ageing (pp. 341-349). Chichester, Reino Unido: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470773185.ch20
Presson, A. P., Partyka, G., Jensen, K. M., Devine, O. J., Rasmussen, S. A., McCabe, L. L. y McCabe, E. R. B. (2013). Current estimate of Down syndrome population prevalence in the United States. The Journal of Pediatrics, 163(4), 1163-1168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.06.013
Sheehan, R., Sinai, A., Bass, N., Blatchford, P., Bohnen, I., Bonell, S., y Mukherji, K. (2015). Dementia diagnostic criteria in Down syndrome. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 30(8), 857-863. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4228
Silverman, W. P., Zigman, W. B., Krinsky?McHale, S. J., Ryan, R. y Schupf, N. (2013). Intellectual disability, mild cognitive impairment, and risk for dementia. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 10(3), 245-251. https://doi.org/10.1111/jppi.12042
Walsh, D. M., Doran, E., Silverman, W., Tournay, A., Movsesyan, N. y Lott, I. T. (2015). Rapid assessment of cognitive function in Down syndrome across intellectual level and dementia status. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59(11), 1071-1079. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12200
Ball, S., Dodd, K., Holland, T., Huppert, F. y Treppner, P. (2006). CAMDEX-DS. Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of Older people with Down's Syndrome and Others with Intellectual Disabilities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ball, S., Holland, T., Huppert, F. A., Treppner, P. y Dodd, K. (2013). Prueba de Exploración Cambridge para la Valoración de los Trastornos Mentales en Adultos con Síndrome de Down o con Discapacidad Intelectual. Madrid, Espa-a: TEA Ediciones.
Barrio del Campo, J. A., Árias, M., Ruiz Fernández, M. I. y Vicente Castro, F. (2007). Envejecimiento y discapacidad intelectual: la nueva etapa. INFAD Resvista de Psicologia, 1(2), 43-56.
Bell, D. M., Turnbull, A. y Kidd, W. B. (2009). Differential diagnosis of dementia in the field of learning disabilities: A case study. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 37(1), 56-65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2008.00524.x
Díaz, E., Gómez, L. E. y Alcedo, M. Á. (2016). Síndrome de Down y enfermedad de Alzheimer: factores de riesgo, evaluación e intervención. Revista Espa-ola de Discapacidad, 4(1), 27-51. https://doi.org/10.5569/2340-5104.04.01.02
Esteba-Castillo, S., Dalmau-Bueno, A., Ribas-Vidal, N., Ribas-Vilà, M., Novell-Alsina, R. y García-Alba, J. (2013). Adaptación y validacion del Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of Older People with Down's Syndrome and Others with Intellectual Disabilities (CAMDEX-DS) en población espa-ola con discapacidad intelectual. Revista de Neurologia, 57(8), 337-346.
Esteba-Castillo, S., Ribas, N., Baró, M. y Novell, R. (2006). Envejecimiento saludable en personas con síndrome de Down y demencia: necesidad de promover programas de formación y soporte a los usuarios, familias y entidades. Revista Médica Internacional sobre el Síndrome de Down, 10(2), 25-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1138-2074(06)70046-X
Eurilngs, H. L., Evenhuis H. M. y Kengen, M. F. (2006). Dementia Questionnaire for People with Learning Disabilities (DLD), San Antonio, TX; Harcourt Assesment
Fletcher, R. J., Barnhill, J. y Cooper, S. (2017). Diagnostic Manual- Intellectual Disability (2nd edition). Kingston, NY: NAAD Press.
Huppert F.A., Mountjoy C.Q., Roth M. y Tym E. Camdex-R: The Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Instituto Nacional de Estadística (2008). Encuesta sobre Discapacidad, Autonomía personal y situaciones de Dependencia, EDAD. Portal Mayores, 87, 12
Janicki, M. P., Heller, T., Seltzer, G. B. y Hogg, J. (1996). Practice guidelines for the clinical assessment and care management of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias among adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 40(4), 374-382.
Livingston, G., King, M., Hassiotis, A. y Stydom, A. (2007). Prevalence of dementia in intellectual disability using different diagnostic criteria. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 150-157. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.028845
Makary, A. T., Testa, R., Tonge, B. J., Einfeld, S. L., Mohr, C. y Gray, K. M. (2015). Association between adaptive behaviour and age in adults with down syndrome without dementia: Examining the range and severity of adaptive behaviour problems. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59(8), 689-702. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12172
McCarron, M., McCallion, P., Reilly, E. y Mulryan, N. (2014). A prospective 14year longitudinal followup of dementia in persons with Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 58(1), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12074
Moran, J. A., Rafii, M. S., Keller, S. M., Singh, B. K. y Janicki, M. P. (2013). The National Task Group on intellectual disabilities and dementia practices consensus recommendations for the evaluation and management of dementia in adults with intellectual disabilities. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 88(8), 831-840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.04.024
Oliver, C., Adams, D. y Kalsy, S. (2008). Ageing, dementia and people with intellectual disability. En B. Woods y L. Clare (Eds.), Handbook of the Clinical Psychology of Ageing (pp. 341-349). Chichester, Reino Unido: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470773185.ch20
Presson, A. P., Partyka, G., Jensen, K. M., Devine, O. J., Rasmussen, S. A., McCabe, L. L. y McCabe, E. R. B. (2013). Current estimate of Down syndrome population prevalence in the United States. The Journal of Pediatrics, 163(4), 1163-1168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.06.013
Sheehan, R., Sinai, A., Bass, N., Blatchford, P., Bohnen, I., Bonell, S., y Mukherji, K. (2015). Dementia diagnostic criteria in Down syndrome. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 30(8), 857-863. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4228
Silverman, W. P., Zigman, W. B., Krinsky?McHale, S. J., Ryan, R. y Schupf, N. (2013). Intellectual disability, mild cognitive impairment, and risk for dementia. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 10(3), 245-251. https://doi.org/10.1111/jppi.12042
Walsh, D. M., Doran, E., Silverman, W., Tournay, A., Movsesyan, N. y Lott, I. T. (2015). Rapid assessment of cognitive function in Down syndrome across intellectual level and dementia status. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59(11), 1071-1079. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12200
Domínguez García, J., & Navas Macho, P. (2018). Cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disorder in people with intellectual disability. Siglo Cero, 49(1), 53–67. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero20184915367
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