Invisible victims. Analysis of a case of abuse from the perspective of the victim with intellectual disability
Abstract This article aims to analyze the experience of abuse by a person with intellectual disability. For this purpose, a semi-structured interview was recorded, transcribed and analyzed according to the existing scientific literature. The results show the emotional impact of the abuse experience on the victim. It also identifies false myths in relation to the emotional experience of people with intellectual disabilities and provides psychological explanations for the actions of the different people involved in the aggressions. The plurality of abuse situations which the victim may face, as well as the permanence of abuse over the years, define a common characteristic in the maltreatment of individuals with intellectual disabilities. Understanding all the dynamics that can lead to abuse in people with intellectual disabilities provides a new perspective in the assessment and intervention with these victims.
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Aarons, N. y Powell, M. (2003). Issues related to the interviewer's ability to elicit reports from children with an intellectual disability: A review. Current issues in Criminal Justice, 14, 257-268.
Aarons, N., Powell, M. y Snow, P. (2006). An examination of the questioning styles of police, officers and caregivers when interviewing children with an intellectual disability. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 11, 35-53. American Psychiatric Association (2013). DSM-5. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author.
Arruabarrena, I., De Paúl, J. y Torres, B. (1996). El maltrato infantil: detección, notificación, investigación y evaluación. Madrid: Ministerio de Asuntos Sociales (2.ª edición).
Baladerian, N. J. (2004). Interviewing skills to use with abuse victims who have intellectual Disabilities. Washington D. C.: National Aging Resource Center on Elder Abuse.
Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. En W. M. Kurtines y J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development (pp. 45-103). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bandura, A., Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Pastorelli, C. y Regalia, C. (2001). Sociocognitive self-regulatory mechanisms governing transgressive behaviour. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 125-135. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.125
Bromley, J. y Emerson, E. (1995). Beliefs and emotional reactions of care staff working with people with challenging behavior. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 39 (4), 341-352. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.1995.tb00526.x
Bull, R. (2010). The investigative interviewing of children and other vulnerable witnesses: Psychological research and working/professional practice. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 15, 5-23. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466509X440160
Callaghan, A. C., Murphy, G. H. y Clare, I. (2003). The impact of abuse on men and women with severe learning disabilities and their families. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 31 (4), 175-180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2003.00254.x
Cantón, J. y Cortés, M. R. (2000). Guía para una entrevista de investigación. En J. Cantón y M. R. Cortés, Guía para la evaluación del abuso sexual infantil. Madrid: Pirámide.
Cantón, J. y Cortés, M. R. (2001). Sintomatología, evaluación y tratamiento del abuso sexual infantil. En V. E. Caballo y M. A. Simón (Eds.), Manual de Psicología clínica infantil y adolescente. Madrid: Pirámide.
Cohen, J. A. y Mannarino, A. P. (1998). Intervention for sexually abused children: initial treatment outcome findings. Child Maltreatment, 3, 17-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559598003001002
Deal, M. (2007). Aversive disablism: subtle prejudice toward disabled people. Disability and Society, 22 (1), 93-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590601056667
Echeburúa, E. (2004). Superar un trauma. Madrid: Pirámide.
Echeburúa, E., Amor, P. J., Sarasua, B., Zubizarreta, I., Holgado-Tello, F. y Mu-oz, J.M. (2016). Escala de Gravedad de Síntomas Revisada (EGS-R) del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático según el DSM-5: propiedades psicométricas. Terapia Psicológica, 3 (2), 111-128. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082016000200004
Echeburúa, E. y Corral, P. (2007). Intervención en crisis en víctimas de sucesos traumáticos: ¿cuándo, cómo y para qué? Psicología Conductual, 15, 373-387.
Echeburúa, E. y Guerricaechevarría, C. (1999). Abuso sexual en la infancia: concepto, factores de riesgo, y efectos psicopatológicos. En J. Sanmartín (Ed.), Violencia contra niños. Barcelona: Ariel.
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. California: Stanford University Press. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identify. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Joseph, S., Williams, R. y Yule, W. (1997). Understanding Post Traumatic Stress: A Psychosocial Perspective on PTSD and Treatment. Chichester: John Wiley y Sons.
Lovell, A. (2007). Learning disability against itself: the self-injury/self-harm conundrum. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36 (2), 109-121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2007.00477.x
Maier, S. F. y Seligman, M. E. (1976). Learned helplessness: Theory and evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 105, 3-46. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.105.1.3
Maier, S. F., Seligman, M. E. y Solomon, R. L. (1969). Pavlovian fear conditioning and learned helplessness. En B. A. Campb ell y R. M. Church (Eds.), Punishment. New York: Appleton.
Malacrea, M. (2000, 2005). Trauma y reparación. Barcelona: Paidós.
Mandeville, H. y Hanson, M. (2000). Understanding caregiver abuse as domestic violence: systemic change in Wisconsin. Impact, 13 (3), 14-15, 27.
Martinello, E. (2014). Reviewing Strategies for Risk Reduction of Sexual Abuse of Children with Intellectual Disabilities: A Focus on Early Intervention. Sexuality and Disability,32, 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-014-9345-9
Martorell, A. y Tsakanikos, E. (2008). Traumatic experiences and life events in people with intellectual disability. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 21 (5) 2, 445-448. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e328305e60e
McCarthy, J. (2001). Post-traumatic stress disorder in people with learning disability. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 7, 163-169. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.7.3.163
Montero, D. (1996). Evaluación de la conducta adaptativa en personas con discapacidades. Adaptación y validación del ICAP. 3.ª ed. España: Mensajero.
Murphy, G. H., O'Callaghan, A. C. y Clare, I. (2007). The impact of alleged abuse on behaviour in adults with severe intellectual disabilities. Journal on Intellectual Disability Research, 51, 741-749. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2007.00973.x
Nijnatten, C. Van y Heestermans, M. (2010). Interviewing victims of sexual abuse with an intellectual disability: A dutch single case study. Journal of Social Work Practice, 24 (4), 391-407. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650531003593509
Peckham, N. (2007). The Vulnerability and sexual abuse of people with learning disabilities. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 35 (2), 131-137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2006.00428.x
Peckham, N., Corbett, A., Howlett, S., McKee, A. y Pattison, A. (2007). The delivery of a survivors' group for learning disabled women with significant learning disabilities who have been sexually abused. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 35 (4), 236-244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4187.2006.00426.x
Quamby, K. (2008). Getting away with murder: Disabled people's experiences of hate crime in the UK. Scope.
Quamby, K. (2011). Scapegoat: Why we are falling disabled person. London: Portobello Books.
Reiter, S., Bryen, D. y Shachar, I. (2007). Adolescents with intellectual disabilities as victims of abuse. Journal on Intellectual Disability Research, 11 (4), 371-387. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744629507084602
Robinson, S. y Chenoweth, L. (2012). Understanding emotional and psychological harm of people with intellectual disability: an evolving framework. The Journal of Adult Protection,14 (3), 110-121. https://doi.org/10.1108/14668201211236313
Schalock, R. L., Borthwick-Duffy, S. A., Bradley, V., Buntix, W. H. E., Coulter, M. D., Craig, E. M., Gómez, S. C., Lachapelle, Y., Luckasson, R., Reeve, A., Shogren, K. A.,Snell, M. E., Spreat, S., Tassé, M. J., Thompson, J. R., Verdugo, M. Á.,Wehmeyer, M.L. y Yeager, M. H. (2010). Intellectual disability. Definition, Classification, and Systems of Supports. 11th Edition. Washington, D.C.: American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 2010. [Traducción al español: Verdugo, M. Á. (2011). AAIDD. Discapacidad intelectual. Definición, clasificación y sistemas de apoyo. 11.ª ed. Madrid: Alianza Editorial].
Scior, K., McLoughilin, A. y Sheridan, J. (2010). Public attitudes toward people with intellectual disabilities: A cross-cultural study. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 48 (4), 278-289. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-48.4.278
Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development and death. San Francisco: Freeman.
Seligman, M. E. P., Maier, S. F. y Solomon, R. L. (1971). Unpredictable and uncontrollable aversive events. En F. R. Brush (Ed.), Aversive conditioning and learning. New York: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-137950-6.50011-0
Solomons, G. y Young, H. A. (1978). Malpractice and child abuse. Journal of the Iowa Medical Society, 7, 239-243.
Summit, R. C. (1983). The child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome. Child Abuse & Neglect, 7, 177-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(83)90070-4
Taggart, L., McLaughlin, D., Quinn, B. y McFarlane, C. (2007). Listening to people with intellectual disabilities who misuse alcohol and drugs. Health &Social Care in the Community, 15 (4), 360-368. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2007.00691.x
Ternes, M. y Yuille, J. C. (2008). Eyewitness memory and eyewitness identification performance in adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 21, 519-531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2008.00425.x
Ticoll, M. (1994). Violence and People with Disabilities: A Review of the Literature. Canada, Toronto: The Roeher Institute.
Van Nijnatten, C. y Heestermans, M. (2010). Interviewing victims of sexual abuse with an intellectual disability: A Dutch single case study. Journal of Social Work Practice, 24 (4), 391-407. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650531003593509
Verdugo, M. Á., Bermejo, B. G. y Fuertes, J. (1993). Maltrato infantil y minusvalía. Madrid:Ministerio de Asuntos Sociales.
Verdugo, M. Á., Bermejo, B. G. y Fuertes, J. (1995). The maltreatment of intellectually handicapped children and adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19 (2), 205-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(94)00117-D
Verdugo, M. Á. y Schalock, R. L. (2010). Últimos avances en el enfoque y concepción de las personas con discapacidad intelectual. Siglo Cero, vol. 41 (4), 236, 7-21.
Wilson, M. C. y Scior, K. (2015). Implicit attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities: Their relationship with explicit attitudes, social distance, emotions and contact. Plos ONE, 10 (9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137902
Yule, W. (2000). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders: Concepts and Therapy. New York: Wiley.
Zimbardo, P. (2012). El efecto Lucifer. El porqué de la maldad. Barcelona: Paidós.
Aarons, N., Powell, M. y Snow, P. (2006). An examination of the questioning styles of police, officers and caregivers when interviewing children with an intellectual disability. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 11, 35-53. American Psychiatric Association (2013). DSM-5. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author.
Arruabarrena, I., De Paúl, J. y Torres, B. (1996). El maltrato infantil: detección, notificación, investigación y evaluación. Madrid: Ministerio de Asuntos Sociales (2.ª edición).
Baladerian, N. J. (2004). Interviewing skills to use with abuse victims who have intellectual Disabilities. Washington D. C.: National Aging Resource Center on Elder Abuse.
Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. En W. M. Kurtines y J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development (pp. 45-103). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bandura, A., Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Pastorelli, C. y Regalia, C. (2001). Sociocognitive self-regulatory mechanisms governing transgressive behaviour. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 125-135. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.125
Bromley, J. y Emerson, E. (1995). Beliefs and emotional reactions of care staff working with people with challenging behavior. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 39 (4), 341-352. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.1995.tb00526.x
Bull, R. (2010). The investigative interviewing of children and other vulnerable witnesses: Psychological research and working/professional practice. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 15, 5-23. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466509X440160
Callaghan, A. C., Murphy, G. H. y Clare, I. (2003). The impact of abuse on men and women with severe learning disabilities and their families. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 31 (4), 175-180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2003.00254.x
Cantón, J. y Cortés, M. R. (2000). Guía para una entrevista de investigación. En J. Cantón y M. R. Cortés, Guía para la evaluación del abuso sexual infantil. Madrid: Pirámide.
Cantón, J. y Cortés, M. R. (2001). Sintomatología, evaluación y tratamiento del abuso sexual infantil. En V. E. Caballo y M. A. Simón (Eds.), Manual de Psicología clínica infantil y adolescente. Madrid: Pirámide.
Cohen, J. A. y Mannarino, A. P. (1998). Intervention for sexually abused children: initial treatment outcome findings. Child Maltreatment, 3, 17-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559598003001002
Deal, M. (2007). Aversive disablism: subtle prejudice toward disabled people. Disability and Society, 22 (1), 93-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590601056667
Echeburúa, E. (2004). Superar un trauma. Madrid: Pirámide.
Echeburúa, E., Amor, P. J., Sarasua, B., Zubizarreta, I., Holgado-Tello, F. y Mu-oz, J.M. (2016). Escala de Gravedad de Síntomas Revisada (EGS-R) del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático según el DSM-5: propiedades psicométricas. Terapia Psicológica, 3 (2), 111-128. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082016000200004
Echeburúa, E. y Corral, P. (2007). Intervención en crisis en víctimas de sucesos traumáticos: ¿cuándo, cómo y para qué? Psicología Conductual, 15, 373-387.
Echeburúa, E. y Guerricaechevarría, C. (1999). Abuso sexual en la infancia: concepto, factores de riesgo, y efectos psicopatológicos. En J. Sanmartín (Ed.), Violencia contra niños. Barcelona: Ariel.
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. California: Stanford University Press. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identify. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Joseph, S., Williams, R. y Yule, W. (1997). Understanding Post Traumatic Stress: A Psychosocial Perspective on PTSD and Treatment. Chichester: John Wiley y Sons.
Lovell, A. (2007). Learning disability against itself: the self-injury/self-harm conundrum. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36 (2), 109-121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2007.00477.x
Maier, S. F. y Seligman, M. E. (1976). Learned helplessness: Theory and evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 105, 3-46. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.105.1.3
Maier, S. F., Seligman, M. E. y Solomon, R. L. (1969). Pavlovian fear conditioning and learned helplessness. En B. A. Campb ell y R. M. Church (Eds.), Punishment. New York: Appleton.
Malacrea, M. (2000, 2005). Trauma y reparación. Barcelona: Paidós.
Mandeville, H. y Hanson, M. (2000). Understanding caregiver abuse as domestic violence: systemic change in Wisconsin. Impact, 13 (3), 14-15, 27.
Martinello, E. (2014). Reviewing Strategies for Risk Reduction of Sexual Abuse of Children with Intellectual Disabilities: A Focus on Early Intervention. Sexuality and Disability,32, 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-014-9345-9
Martorell, A. y Tsakanikos, E. (2008). Traumatic experiences and life events in people with intellectual disability. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 21 (5) 2, 445-448. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e328305e60e
McCarthy, J. (2001). Post-traumatic stress disorder in people with learning disability. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 7, 163-169. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.7.3.163
Montero, D. (1996). Evaluación de la conducta adaptativa en personas con discapacidades. Adaptación y validación del ICAP. 3.ª ed. España: Mensajero.
Murphy, G. H., O'Callaghan, A. C. y Clare, I. (2007). The impact of alleged abuse on behaviour in adults with severe intellectual disabilities. Journal on Intellectual Disability Research, 51, 741-749. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2007.00973.x
Nijnatten, C. Van y Heestermans, M. (2010). Interviewing victims of sexual abuse with an intellectual disability: A dutch single case study. Journal of Social Work Practice, 24 (4), 391-407. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650531003593509
Peckham, N. (2007). The Vulnerability and sexual abuse of people with learning disabilities. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 35 (2), 131-137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2006.00428.x
Peckham, N., Corbett, A., Howlett, S., McKee, A. y Pattison, A. (2007). The delivery of a survivors' group for learning disabled women with significant learning disabilities who have been sexually abused. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 35 (4), 236-244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4187.2006.00426.x
Quamby, K. (2008). Getting away with murder: Disabled people's experiences of hate crime in the UK. Scope.
Quamby, K. (2011). Scapegoat: Why we are falling disabled person. London: Portobello Books.
Reiter, S., Bryen, D. y Shachar, I. (2007). Adolescents with intellectual disabilities as victims of abuse. Journal on Intellectual Disability Research, 11 (4), 371-387. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744629507084602
Robinson, S. y Chenoweth, L. (2012). Understanding emotional and psychological harm of people with intellectual disability: an evolving framework. The Journal of Adult Protection,14 (3), 110-121. https://doi.org/10.1108/14668201211236313
Schalock, R. L., Borthwick-Duffy, S. A., Bradley, V., Buntix, W. H. E., Coulter, M. D., Craig, E. M., Gómez, S. C., Lachapelle, Y., Luckasson, R., Reeve, A., Shogren, K. A.,Snell, M. E., Spreat, S., Tassé, M. J., Thompson, J. R., Verdugo, M. Á.,Wehmeyer, M.L. y Yeager, M. H. (2010). Intellectual disability. Definition, Classification, and Systems of Supports. 11th Edition. Washington, D.C.: American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 2010. [Traducción al español: Verdugo, M. Á. (2011). AAIDD. Discapacidad intelectual. Definición, clasificación y sistemas de apoyo. 11.ª ed. Madrid: Alianza Editorial].
Scior, K., McLoughilin, A. y Sheridan, J. (2010). Public attitudes toward people with intellectual disabilities: A cross-cultural study. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 48 (4), 278-289. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-48.4.278
Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development and death. San Francisco: Freeman.
Seligman, M. E. P., Maier, S. F. y Solomon, R. L. (1971). Unpredictable and uncontrollable aversive events. En F. R. Brush (Ed.), Aversive conditioning and learning. New York: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-137950-6.50011-0
Solomons, G. y Young, H. A. (1978). Malpractice and child abuse. Journal of the Iowa Medical Society, 7, 239-243.
Summit, R. C. (1983). The child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome. Child Abuse & Neglect, 7, 177-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(83)90070-4
Taggart, L., McLaughlin, D., Quinn, B. y McFarlane, C. (2007). Listening to people with intellectual disabilities who misuse alcohol and drugs. Health &Social Care in the Community, 15 (4), 360-368. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2007.00691.x
Ternes, M. y Yuille, J. C. (2008). Eyewitness memory and eyewitness identification performance in adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 21, 519-531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2008.00425.x
Ticoll, M. (1994). Violence and People with Disabilities: A Review of the Literature. Canada, Toronto: The Roeher Institute.
Van Nijnatten, C. y Heestermans, M. (2010). Interviewing victims of sexual abuse with an intellectual disability: A Dutch single case study. Journal of Social Work Practice, 24 (4), 391-407. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650531003593509
Verdugo, M. Á., Bermejo, B. G. y Fuertes, J. (1993). Maltrato infantil y minusvalía. Madrid:Ministerio de Asuntos Sociales.
Verdugo, M. Á., Bermejo, B. G. y Fuertes, J. (1995). The maltreatment of intellectually handicapped children and adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19 (2), 205-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(94)00117-D
Verdugo, M. Á. y Schalock, R. L. (2010). Últimos avances en el enfoque y concepción de las personas con discapacidad intelectual. Siglo Cero, vol. 41 (4), 236, 7-21.
Wilson, M. C. y Scior, K. (2015). Implicit attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities: Their relationship with explicit attitudes, social distance, emotions and contact. Plos ONE, 10 (9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137902
Yule, W. (2000). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders: Concepts and Therapy. New York: Wiley.
Zimbardo, P. (2012). El efecto Lucifer. El porqué de la maldad. Barcelona: Paidós.
Gutiérrez-Bermejo, B. (2017). Invisible victims. Analysis of a case of abuse from the perspective of the victim with intellectual disability. Siglo Cero, 48(1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero2017481921
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